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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Effect of corneal hydration and intraocular pressure on keratometric power after experimental radial keratotomy.

Persistent diurnal fluctuations in vision are common after radial keratotomy (RK), associated with a myopic change in refraction and keratometric power as the day progresses. A possible relation between keratometric power and either intraocular pressure (IOP) or corneal hydration was investigated in a cadaver eye model. First, keratometric power was measured before and after RK while IOP was varied from less than 0.5 to 20 mmHg. A nonlinear relation was found; in particular, changes in IOP in the physiologic range had no effect on keratometric power after RK. In a second set of experiments, keratometric power was measured after RK as the dehydrated corneas were gradually hydrated with balanced salt solution. After RK, keratometric power decreased markedly as corneal hydration increased (0.33 diopters [D] per 10-microns increase in thickness). The keratometric power of control corneas was not affected by changes in IOP or hydration. The author concludes that diurnal fluctuations in refraction after RK are probably caused by diurnal fluctuations in corneal hydration rather than changes in IOP.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1984

The biologic basis for the clinical application of the silicones. A correlate to their biocompatibility.

The polysiloxanes (silicones) are a group of inert and inorganic compounds that were introduced over two decades ago. The pure form, termed medical-grade silicone, has a wide variety of clinical applications. Almost all surgical fields have used a product made of silicone. Silicone has been found to be an inert material, with minimal reaction of the biologic system to its presence. However, multiple clinical problems still exist due to certain applications of silicone products. The problems are related to its surface properties; In the blood thrombi form around silicone implants that may dislodge and cause symptoms around the implants. Scar formation may occur, and internal wound healing problems in the breast cause spherical contracture. In the eyes, where transparencies are needed, as in the intraocular lens implant, the scar interfaces with the visual image transmissions. Some of these internal problems relate to the hydrophobic nature of the silicone surface and have been resolved in part by adsorbing a wetting agent, such as povidone, to the surface. Such obviation has gained wide clinical application in surface coating of the intraocular lens. In search of an ideal implantable material, silicone, the most applicable, is still far from being called the ideal implant. Perhaps with the changes of its surface properties, such as introducing wetting agents to its surface, a new dimension in clinical applications will open the horizons of silicone in the 1980s.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Detection of intraocular antibody production to herpesviruses in acute retinal necrosis syndrome.

In order to improve the determination of the causative agent in acute retinal necrosis syndrome, we evaluated the detection of intraocular antibody production to herpesviruses in 28 patients with this disease. Intraocular antibody production was determined by calculation of the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient whereby specific antibody titers in the inflamed eye and circulation are related to the total IgG content in ocular fluid and serum. Specific antibody titers to herpesviruses and Toxoplasma were determined by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Thirty-five patients with ocular toxoplasmosis, cataract, or proliferative vitreoretinal disorders were tested as controls. By this technique, intraocular antibody production to varicella zoster virus or herpes simplex virus could be established in 16 (57%) of the patients with the typical clinical features of acute retinal necrosis, compared to none of the controls. Of the 33 affected eyes, 21 (64%) had a visual outcome of less than 20/200. We concluded that detection of intraocular antibody production to herpesviruses may be a useful diagnostic tool in establishing the causative agents in acute retinal necrosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Ab interno retinochoroidectomy in primates.

Primates underwent the ab interno removal of up to a 6 X 7-disc diameter area of the retina and choroid adjacent to the optic disc. The area of resection was treated three weeks before surgery with an encircling row of xenon arc photocoagulation. Surgery involved photocoagulation of the entire resected area and removal of the retina and choroid using a wide-angle cutter vitrophage. Vitreous fluid was replaced in 50% of the eyes with sodium hyaluronate (Healon). The majority of eyes in which the vitrectomy fluid was replaced with saline solution became phthisical. All but one eye containing sodium hyaluronate recovered preoperative intraocular pressures and maintained the integrity of the remaining intraocular structures.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Herpes zoster virus sclerokeratitis and anterior uveitis in a child following varicella vaccination.

PURPOSE: To report a case of herpes zoster virus sclerokeratitis with anterior uveitis following vaccination with live attenuated varicella vaccine (Oka strain). DESIGN: Case report. METHODS: The case records of the patient were reviewed retrospectively. Pertinent literature citations were identified using MEDLINE. RESULTS: A 9-year-old boy presented with herpes zoster ophthalmicus 3 years following vaccination with live attenuated varicella vaccine (Oka strain). Examination of the affected eye revealed a moderate follicular response on the palpebral conjunctiva, decreased corneal sensation, mildly elevated intraocular pressure, diffuse anterior scleritis with marginal keratitis, and a moderately severe anterior uveitis. Amplified DNA from fluid taken from the base of a cutaneous vesicle produced wild-type varicella zoster virus (VZV) DNA, not Oka strain. CONCLUSIONS: Herpes zoster virus infection needs to be considered in all patients who present with scleritis, keratitis, or anterior uveitis, regardless of their varicella vaccination status.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1964

THE ACTION OF SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES ON THE OUTFLOW OF AQUEOUS HUMOUR FROM THE EYE.

The actions of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline on the resistance to outflow of aqueous humour from the rabbit eye are described. In some experiments, correlations have been made with pupil diameter. Intravitreous injections of adrenaline, noradrenaline and large doses of isoprenaline decreased the resistance to outflow of fluid from the eye and dilated the pupil. Intravitreous injection of phentolamine was without effect on the intraocular pressure and resistance to outflow of aqueous humour, although such injections resulted in miosis. The actions of adrenaline, noradrenaline and large doses of isoprenaline on the outflow resistance were antagonized by phentolamine. Postganglionic sympathetic denervation did not affect the aqueous humour dynamics when the eyes where examined 2 weeks later, but all the denervated eyes exhibited miosis at this time. Much smaller doses of noradrenaline were required to lower the intraocular pressure and decrease the resistance to outflow of aqueous humour in the denervated eyes; in addition, the dose/response curve for the effect of noradrenaline on the outflow resistance was shifted to the left in these experiments. These results support the view that adrenaline alpha-receptors are associated with the resistance to outflow of aqueous humour from the rabbit eye.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Elevated vitreous concentration of monoclonal immunoglobulin manifesting as schlieren in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated uveitis.

We report the clinical findings and analysis of the immunoglobulin (Ig) composition of the vitreous of a 10-year-old girl with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated uveitis. The vitreous had a schlieren appearance at the time of pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy. Analysis of the vitreous fluid revealed marked elevation of IgG, IgM, IgA, and albumin levels relative to vitreous fluids from control patients without uveitis. The immunoglobulin coefficients were also elevated for the IgG and IgM classes of immunoglobulins. Immunofixation electrophoresis of the vitreous fluid revealed 2 distinct bands of restricted electrophoretic mobility. These studies suggest that there may be local (intraocular) production of immunoglobulins as an immunologic response in ocular inflammatory diseases such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated uveitis and that this immunologic response may be monoclonal (possibly biclonal or oligoclonal) in nature.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the diagnosis of supraciliochoroidal fluid after trabeculectomy.

PURPOSE: To report supraciliochoroidal effusion after trabeculectomy with the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy. METHODS: In a prospective study, 28 eyes of 19 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma that underwent trabeculectomy were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively by ultrasound biomicroscopy. RESULTS: Four eyes showed a hypoechogenic suprachoroidal space that remained stable for 6 months postoperatively. These four eyes had intraocular pressures of 11 mm Hg or less on no antiglaucoma medications and without signs of choroidal detachment. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound biomicroscopy proved to be a useful method of detecting, after trabeculectomy, supraciliochoroidal fluid without clinically detectable choroidal detachment. This fluid may signify an iatrogenic cyclodialysis during surgery or, less likely, subclinical ciliochoroidal detachment.

Anterior Chamber↗
PubMed1987

Effect of body position on intraocular pressure and aqueous flow.

The relationship between intraocular pressure and the rate of aqueous humor formation was studied in human subjects. Intraocular pressure was altered by changing the subject's gravity-dependent body position. Aqueous humor flow was measured fluorophotometrically. An average change of intraocular pressure of 2.4 +/- 1.2 mmHg and 11.2 +/- 2.7 mmHg was recorded in subjects whose body position was alternated +/- 15 degrees from horizontal and +/- 50 degrees from horizontal. No change of the rate of fluorescein clearance was observed for the milder change of position. A small change of fluorescein clearance was noted in response to the steeper change of position. Changing intraocular pressure seems not to induce compensatory changes in aqueous flow. Therefore we conclude that aqueous formation is relatively pressure-insensitive, a conclusion one would draw from clinical instances of angle-closure glaucoma or as in other systems of secretion, such as the toad bladder or the cerebrospinal fluid, where alterations in pressure do not necessarily influence flow. If there is a regulator of aqueous flow it is not responsive to the changes in intraocular pressure brought about in this study. If aqueous flow regulates intraocular pressure or compensates for changes in intraocular pressure, the signal is not small changes in pressure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Enhancing fluid secretion by the corneal epithelium.

Swollen rabbit corneas incubated in vitro with their posterior surfaces blocked with silicone oil maintained fairly constant thickness over an 11 hr. period. Increasing the simulated intraocular pressure from 10 to 30 mm. Hg did not produce stromal thinning. When theophylline was added to stimulate epithelial Cl secretion by increasing the Cl permeability of the tear-facing epithelial membrane, corneas thinned at the average of 1.3 micrometer/hr. over a 6 1/2 hr. period. When the epithelial perfusion solution was made Cl-free by SO4 substitution to favor the passive flow of Cl from the cells to the tear solution, thinning of 3.91 micrometer/hr. over a 7 hr. period was observed. When corneas were perfused with Cl-free medium plus theophylline, thinning at the average rate of 6.20 micrometer/hr. over an 8 hr. period was achieved. Therefore the corneal epithelium is capable of thinning a swollen stroma by transport of fluid coupled to its Cl secretion, which can be enhanced by simple substitutions in the tear-side bathing solution.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of submaximal exercise with water ingestion on intraocular pressure in healthy human males.

The effects of exercise and water replacement on intraocular pressure (IOP) have not been well established. Furthermore, it is not known whether the temperature of the fluid ingested influences the IOP response. In the present study we determined the effect of water ingestion at three temperatures (10, 24 and 38 degrees C; 600 ml 15 min before and 240 ml 15, 30 and 45 min after the beginning of each experimental session) on the IOP of six healthy male volunteers (age = 24.0 +/- 3.5 years, weight = 67.0 +/- 4.8 kg, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) = 47.8 +/- 9.1 ml kg-1 min-1). The subjects exercised until exhaustion on a cycle ergometer at a 60% VO2peak in a thermoneutral environment. IOP was measured before and after exercise and during recovery (15, 30 and 45 min) using the applanation tonometry method. Skin and rectal temperatures, heart rate and oxygen uptake were measured continuously. IOP was similar for the right eye and the left eye and increased post-water ingestion under both exercising and resting conditions (P<0.05) but did not differ between resting and exercising situations, or between the three water temperatures. Time to exhaustion was not affected by the different water temperatures. Rectal temperature, hydration status, heart rate, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide extraction and lactate concentration were increased by exercise but were not affected by water temperature. We conclude that IOP was not affected by exercise and that water ingestion increased IOP as expected, regardless of water temperature.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in the diagnosis of glaucoma.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The detection of optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer damage and change is the cornerstone of glaucoma management. Assessment of the retinal nerve fiber layer for localized and diffuse damage has been traditionally based on clinical examination, with documentation of change primarily qualitative. With the latest improvements in optical imaging instruments, objective and quantitative measurements of the retinal nerve fiber layer are now possible. This review summarizes the results from recent cross-sectional studies evaluating the discriminating ability of automated retinal nerve fiber layer measurements to detect glaucoma, and from longitudinal studies assessing the ability to predict and monitor glaucomatous changes. RECENT FINDINGS: Numerous cross-sectional studies have documented good diagnostic accuracy of a scanning laser polarimeter (GDx VCC), the optical coherence tomograph (Stratus), and the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph retinal nerve fiber layer measurements for differentiating between healthy and glaucoma eyes. There are only limited data available on the ability of these retinal nerve fiber layer measurements to document change over time. SUMMARY: It is essential that the clinician understand the specific strengths and weaknesses of each technique so that only good quality retinal nerve fiber layer information will be used in conjunction with careful clinical examination and visual function testing for glaucoma management decisions. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the ability of these instruments to document retinal nerve fiber layer change over time.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed1996

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus endophthalmitis after cataract surgery with intraocular vancomycin.

PURPOSE: We studied a case of postoperative coagulase-negative Staphylococcus endophthalmitis in a 79-year-old man who had undergone cataract extraction in which vancomycin had been used intraoperatively in the infusion fluid. METHODS: The medical records were reviewed for the clinical history, ocular findings, and the vitreous and anterior chamber culture results. RESULTS: Acute, postoperative coagulase-negative Staphylococcus endophthalmitis developed in the patient in whom vancomycin had been used intraoperatively in the infusion fluid. CONCLUSIONS: Restraint is urged in the prophylactic use of vancomycin in the infusion fluids.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Cytomegalovirus antibodies in tear fluid of patients with retinitis.

The diagnosis of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV-R) is difficult and usually based on clinical criteria or invasive diagnostic procedures. The purpose of this study was to investigate a possible association between CMV-R and specific anti-CMV antibodies in tears. Paired tear and serum samples were obtained from 96 individuals, which included 20 children with congenital CMV infection and chorioretinitis, 56 adults with retinitis with clinical signs suggestive of viral infection, and 20 healthy control subjects, and were tested for CMV antibodies using ELISA. The prevalence of anti-CMV antibodies in tears was found to be 80% (16/20) in children, 35% (20/56) in adults, and 5% (1/20) in control subjects. Furthermore, high antibody levels were detected in 35% (7/20) of children and 10.7% (6/56) of adults with retinitis, and were not found in control subjects. There was a strong association between high tear levels of anti-CMV antibodies and active ocular infection. No correlations were found between tear and serum antibodies. ELISA sensitivity was 80% and specificity 95%. Further studies are needed to compare the tear and intraocular levels of CMV-specific antibodies in patients with retinitis to find out if CMV antibody testing in tear fluid could substitute for more invasive diagnostic procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Early post-phacoemulsification hypotony as a risk factor for intraocular contamination: in vivo model.

PURPOSE: To observe cataract wound dynamics and determine the risk for intraocular contamination under induced conditions of early postoperative hypotony after anterior chamber decompression for high intraocular pressure (IOP) spikes after uneventful phacoemulsification surgery. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's Hospital, Burton-on-Trent, United Kingdom. METHODS: In a prospective case series, 30 patients were treated with anterior chamber decompression for elevated IOP (>35 mm Hg) 1 to 2 hours after uneventful phacoemulsification through clear corneal temporal incisions. A drop of 2% fluorescein was instilled in the conjunctival sac before aqueous release to study the ocular fluid movements during and after the decompression procedure. The patterns of fluorescein movement were observed and photographed under cobalt blue light. RESULTS: Fluorescein staining of the entire corneal tunnel was observed in all 30 eyes after decompression. An immediate fluorescein flare was observed in the anterior chamber after aqueous release in 24 eyes (80%) (P<.001). Observations over several seconds after decompression found a frank influx of fluorescein-stained fluid into the anterior chamber in 12 eyes (40%) (P<.001), giving rise to an "inverse Seidel's test." An intermittent ingress of fluorescein-stained fluid continued for several minutes after the procedure in 6 eyes (20%) (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: An incompetence of clear corneal cataract wound with intraocular contamination was observed during the period of induced hypotony after anterior chamber decompression in the early post-phacoemulsification period.

Aged↗