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PubMed2001

In vitro assessment of the mucoadhesion of cholestyramine to porcine and human gastric mucosa.

Previous in vivo studies have suggested that the extended gastric residence and uniform intragastric distribution of cholestyramine may be due to mucoadherent properties. This series of in vitro investigations explored the possibility of the anion exchange resin exhibiting bioadhesive behaviour, and investigated the characteristics, such as particle size and surface charge, that may affect it. Tensile strength measurements were carried out to determine the mucoadhesion of cholestyramine and other test materials (resin particulates, polymers and hydrogels) with varying adhesive properties, to isolated porcine and human gastric mucosa. Optimal instrumental parameters for the system were determined initially and used; all procedures were carried out at room temperature (22 degrees C). The particle size of cholestyramine did not affect mucoadhesion to either porcine or human gastric mucosa (P=0.673, porcine; P=0.969, human), whilst anionic exchangers were found to provide better mucoadhesion than cationic exchangers (P=0.0002, porcine; P=0.0009, human). In some instances, it was found that the detachment forces recorded were lower with human gastric mucosa than with porcine gastric mucosa, although this was not consistently statistically significant. A rank order of mucoadhesion was constructed from a comparison of cholestyramine with eight other test materials. Cholestyramine produced the second highest degree of mucoadhesion, with Carbopol producing the greatest adhesion. Dextran and polyethylene glycol did not display good mucoadhesion under these conditions. From the findings presented here, we have found that cholestyramine demonstrates good mucoadhesion to both porcine and human gastric mucosa when compared to other known bioadhesives. It is suggested that particle size does not contribute to this mucoadherent behaviour but the surface charge of the resin has a significant part to play.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of intratracheal instillation as an alternative for aerosol inhalation toxicity testing.

In collecting inhalation toxicity data for the evaluation of the health hazard from occupational exposure to the aerosols of a drug or a chemical, the determination of the inhaled dose in relation to the animal response is most desirable. Intratracheal administration is most likely to deliver an exact dose of a compound to the lungs of an experimental animal. In a series of tests, microliter (microl) quantities of a solution or a suspension of a test material were nebulized into the trachea of an anesthetized rat using an intratracheal fast instillation (ITFI) method. The dose-response in terms of the minimal effective dose (MED) and the median lethal dose (LD50) were determined. The ITFI dose-response for four drugs, five chemicals or chemical intermediates and four pesticides were compared with those obtained via inhalation (IH) and ingestion (p.o.). In addition, the dose-responses of the four pesticides were compared with two additional parameters, intranasal instillation (IN) and intravenous injection (i.v.). The MED end-points for studies via the respiratory administration route were no pharmacotoxic signs other than transient respiratory rales and/or dyspnea and no gross lesions, whereas those for the intranasal, oral and the intravenous administration routes were transient and slight body weight loss and no pharmacotoxic signs and/or gross lesions. The MED ratios between ITFI, IH and p.o. were 1 : 9.3+/-6.5 : 201.4+/-133.3, respectively, for the drugs, chemicals and chemical intermediates. The MED ratios for ITFI, IH, IN, i.v. and p.o. for the four pesticides were 1 : 2.2+/-1.4 : 2.1+/-1.3 : 1.1+/-0.7 : 1.4+/-0.9. The MED ratios for the two categories of test materials were fairly consistent between different routes of administration. Thus, the ITFI dose can be used for extrapolating the IH dose. The simplicity of the ITFI procedure and its requirement of only microliters of a compound to generate a meaningful and reliable dose-response suggests that ITFI may be an alternative method for acute inhalation toxicity evaluation of materials that may present inhalation hazards from liquid or solid aerosols.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2002

A biomechanical study of four different meniscal repair systems, comparing pull-out strengths and gapping under cyclic loading.

Most studies comparing the biomechanical properties of different meniscal repair systems have simply investigated load to failure. Meniscal tissue is highly anisotropic, and far weaker under tension in the radial direction. Radially oriented loading to failure may not therefore be the most physiologically relevant in vitro test for repair of circumferential tears, and determining gapping across repair sites under cyclical loading at lower loads may be of greater importance. Using bovine menisci, vertical circumferential incisions were repaired using a simple vertical 2-0 PDS suture, Meniscal Arrow, Meniscal Fastener or T-Fix. Repairs were tested by simple loading to failure in a materials testing machine, and by cyclic loading between 5 and 10 N for 25 cycles. Initial gapping across the repairs was measured using a digital micrometer, and the increase in gapping under cyclic loading measured using a Differential Voltage Reluctance Transducer. The mean loads to failure for each of the repair groups were: sutures 72.7 N, Arrows 34.2 N, Fasteners 40.8 N and T-Fix 49.1 N. The load to failure was significantly greater with sutures than with Arrows or Fasteners. The mean gapping across the repairs for each of the repair groups after 25 loading cycles were: sutures 3.29 mm, Arrows 2.18 mm, Fasteners 3.99 mm and T-Fix 3.47 mm. The mean gapping was significantly less with Arrows than with Sutures, Fasteners or T-Fix. These results confirm that meniscal repair by suturing gives the highest load to failure, but show that Arrows give superior hold under lower loads, with the least gapping across repairs under cyclic loading of the four methods tested.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Synthesis of novel test compounds for antiviral chemotherapy of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

This contribution reviews the synthesis of a range of experimental drugs designed for and aiming at antiviral chemotherapy of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-induced human disease conditions. The selection of 25 test materials includes eleven trioxa-adamantane-triols (TATs) [BN, IBNCA, ABNCA, VANBA, ethylVANBA, euBN, euVANBA, ansaBN, Ehrlich BN, [6]prismaneBN, nitrodiBN], trivially termed bananins, one trioxa-adamantan-ol (TAO) THYMOBA, one bis-bananin pi-bananin (piBN), one triazaadamantane delta-bananin (deltaBN), seven potential nucleic acid-binding drugs (XBQC, INDO, PivINDO, AZTRION, AZADO, AZOCYS, AZOGALL), one potential antiviral interferon-inducer and distant nucleoside analog diazon, one potential HIV protein Vif antagonist AZODIAZON, one folic acid-diazon condensate DIAZONOFOL, and one special nucleoside analog (fructoinosine/fructovir). Four of the eleven bananins (BN, IBNCA, VANBA, euBN) were already demonstrated to constitute effective inhibitors of SARS-CoV NSP10/nsp13 RNA/DNA helicase/NTPase protein ATPase enzymatic function. Bananin (BN) was an effective inhibitor of both SARS-CoV RNA/DNA helicase nucleic acid unwinding function and SARS-CoV (Coronaviridae, Coronavirus) RNA-viral replication in cell culture. In summary, at least one selected compound of the synthesized test materials represents an interesting drug candidate for treatment of SARS-CoV-induced human disease (SARS). Viewed in aspects of organic chemistry [6]prismaneBN and nitrodiBN are the first true hexaprismane derivatives synthesized, and all reported compounds are entirely new.

Antiviral Agents↗

PubMed2000

The mechanical properties of intact and traumatized epidural catheters.

UNLABELLED: Comparative data on the mechanical properties of epidural catheters used clinically are not available. We performed a controlled laboratory investigation to assess the mechanical performance of three different intact or traumatized catheter types (Polyurethane, clear nylon, and radiopaque nylon catheters, designed for 18-gauge Tuohy needles). We studied a control (intact) and two trauma groups (needle bevel and surgical blade). Catheters were loaded to their breaking points by using a Lloyd LS500 material testing machine (Lloyd, Southampton, UK). Maximal load and extension values before breakage were measured, and modulus of elasticity and toughness values were calculated. Intact polyurethane catheters did not break within the limits of the experimental study (extension up to 3 times the original length of a specimen). The toughness values obtained from polyurethane and clear nylon catheters were significantly higher than those for the radiopaque catheters in intact specimens (P < 0.05). In the traumatized groups, polyurethane catheters had the highest toughness values (P < 0.05). Modulus of elasticity values were higher in both control and trauma groups of the radiopaque catheters when compared with the polyurethane and clear nylon catheters, which indicates a higher stiffness to elastic deformation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, polyurethane catheters are the most durable catheter type to tensile loading, either intact or traumatized. Mechanical properties can be used to predict complications related to the clinical use of these catheters. IMPLICATIONS: Using a computer-assisted material testing machine, we studied the mechanical properties of three different types of epidural catheters, either intact or traumatized, in a blinded, controlled study. This information may be vital to clinicians who implant epidural catheters by helping them choose a catheter that has the lowest probability of failure.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Prince Edward Island.

In Prince Edward Island, all diabetic inhabitants who register annually with the Provincial Department of Health can obtain prescribed hypoglycemic medications and urine testing materials free of charge. Since 1964, this drug program has served as an informal register of the diabetic patients living on the island. Based on the data available, the following observations are made: (1) The prevalence rate of diabetes increased from 0.89% in 1966 to 1.53% in 1977. The prevalence rates increased from 0.05% in the less than 9-yr age group to 8.4% in the greater than 90-yr age group. The prevalence rate of diabetes among school children was 0.19%. (2) The incidence rate was 1.89/1000 in 1977. The highest incidence rate was in the greater than 40-yr age group and the lowest in the less than 10-yr age group. (3) Fourteen and a half percent of the diabetic persons were treated with diet alone, 52.7% with oral agents, and 32.5% with insulin in 1977. (4) In 1978, the cost per diabetic person for providing benefits was: oral agent = $14.88, insulin = $84.75, urine testing materials = $9.29, and education = $38.08.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Radiopacity of compomers, flowable and conventional resin composites for posterior restorations.

The objective of this study was to densitometrically determine the relative radiopacity (aluminum [Al]-equivalent values) of dentin, enamel, and 20 resin composite materials currently used for posterior restorations. Specimens 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick were fabricated from 20 materials (n = 7) for a total of 140 specimens. Human molars were longitudinally sectioned 2.0 mm thick to include both enamel and dentin. The optical densities of enamel, dentin, restorative materials, lead, and aluminum step wedge were obtained from radiographic images, using a transmission photodensitometer. The Al equivalent (mm) for each material was calculated from the linear regression equation of the log of normalized optical density and Al mm thickness obtained from the step wedge. A linear regression of the logarithm of normalized optical density and Al mm thickness was plotted (r2 = 0.9953), and the relative radiopacities, expressed as equivalent thickness of Al, were ranked ordinally. All materials tested, with the exception of an unfilled resin adhesive, complied with ISO Standard 4049, being at least as radiopaque as a 2.0 mm thickness of 99.6% pure Al. Four of six flowable composites had radiopacity values that fell between that of dentin and enamel, while two materials were more radiopaque than enamel. The three compomers tested had radiopacities greater than enamel. In addition, all traditional light- and chemical-cure resin composite materials tested were more radiopaque than enamel. All materials tested, with the exception of one adhesive resin, were at least as radiopaque as dentin and complied with ISO Standard 4049. Clinicians should be able to distinguish these restorative materials radiographically from recurrent decay, voids, gaps, or other defects that lead to clinical failure. Utilization of materials ranked more radiopaque than enamel would enable clinicians to distinguish the restorative material from tooth structure.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Changes associated with long-term oral administration of the penem antibiotic FCE 22891 to rats and monkeys with particular emphasis on the urinary tract and the urine.

FCE 22891, a synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic of the penem class, was administered by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats and cynomolgus monkeys for 26 wk (with and without a 6-wk recovery). Rats received the test material at doses of 0, 200, 500, and 1,250 mg/kg/day, and monkeys were given doses of 0, 100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg/day. At the end of the 26-wk treatment period, approximately two-thirds of the animals (both species) were sacrificed, and the remaining animals were held without treatment for a further 6 wk. A treatment-related mortality occurred in female monkeys receiving 600 mg/kg. There was a reduction in body weight gain in the high-dose groups of both species. Male rats were more affected than the females and, conversely, female monkeys were affected more than the males. At higher dose levels, both species exhibited an early, but transient, azotemia and oliguria with an increase in specific gravity and reduced pH. In rats, microscopic examination revealed treatment-related renal cortical tubular degenerative and regenerative changes with associated interstitial inflammation and fibrosis and diffuse urothelial hyperplasia in the urinary bladder. In general, female rats were less severely affected, and in both sexes there was a trend to recovery of most of these effects. In monkeys given 600 mg/kg of the test material, renal cortical tubular degeneration was seen only in those females that died in the first 5 wk of dosing. In other animals at this dose level, the renal lesions were determined to be reversible.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1990

Use of UVB and UVA to induce and elicit contact photoallergy in the mouse.

The development of a contact photoallergic response in animals or humans requires irradiation of the test material. Since consumers are exposed to both UVB and UVA radiation following the use of topically applied products, we have developed a mouse ear swelling photoallergy model for the screening of potential photoallergens. This model incorporates the use of UVB, as well as UVA, radiation for the induction and elicitation phases of the photoallergic response. In this report, we show that the use of a 10 J/cm2 UVA and 45 mJ/cm2 UVB dose regimen during both the induction and elicitation phases results in an augmented photoallergic response to 6-methylcoumarin as compared with the responses of mice treated with 6-methylcoumarin and irradiated with UVA or UVB alone or UVA plus UVB radiation for induction and then UVA or UVB radiation alone at challenge. Photoallergic responses to tetrachlorosalicylanilide and musk ambrette were neither augmented nor diminished by the use of UVB radiation at induction and challenge as compared with the use of UVA treatment alone. The non-photocontact allergic response to oxazolone was reduced approximately 25% when mice were treated with oxazolone plus UVB and UVA radiation as compared with mice treated with oxazolone alone. These results suggest that in screening a test material's photoallergic potential, UVB and UVA radiation should be included for both the induction and elicitation phases of the mouse ear swelling photoallergy protocol.

Allergens↗

PubMed2005

Antibacterial properties of aged dental cements evaluated by direct-contact and agar diffusion tests.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Since failure of fixed partial dentures is most frequently caused by caries, it would be advantageous if cements possessed antibacterial properties. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of 3 dental cements using the direct-contact test and agar diffusion test. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the direct-contact test, wells (n = 4) of microtiter plates were coated with the tested cements (Harvard cement, Duralon, and Ketac-Cem) while Streptococcus mutans suspension was placed directly on the cements. Bacterial growth was evaluated by a temperature-controlled microplate spectrophotometer. Eight wells of bacteria without the tested cements served as the positive control. Six wells of the tested cement without bacteria served as the negative control. For the agar diffusion test, triplicate specimens of freshly mixed cements were poured into uniform wells (5 mm in diameter) punched in the agar plates inoculated with Streptococcus mutans . After incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, the agar plates were examined for bacterial growth and the diameter of the halo formed in the bacterial lawn was measured. In both tests, each cement was mixed in 2 different powder/liquid ratios. For the direct-contact test, data were initially recorded after 1 hour of incubation. Additional experiments were performed on specimens that were aged for 24 hours, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months before assessment by either direct-contact test or agar diffusion test. The data were subjected to 1-way ANOVA with the Tukey post hoc test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Compared with the control group, Duralon and Harvard cements demonstrated antibacterial properties even after 3 months with the direct-contact test (P <.002), while Ketac-Cem exhibited no antibacterial properties. In the agar diffusion test, no antibacterial activity was observed for any of the tested cements. The different powder/liquid ratios had a negligible effect on the antibacterial properties of the tested cements. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, Duralon and Harvard cements possessed prolonged antibacterial properties, while Ketac-Cem exhibited no antibacterial activity. The direct-contact test may be a more suitable test than the agar diffusion test to evaluate antibacterial properties of definitive cements.

Agar↗

PubMed2001

Comparison of models for describing measured VOC emissions from wood-based panels under dynamic chamber test condition.

Measured emission factors are the experimental data used to represent emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from testing materials under dynamic chamber test conditions. A simple empirical model that describes the measured emission factors will be very useful for practical purposes. In this study, a power law model was compared with a widely used first-order exponential decay model in their ability to describe measured emission factors of wood-based panel materials. It was demonstrated that the power law model is a better choice than the first-order model for describing emission characteristics for short-term (less than 100 h) experimental data. The power law model was also more superior in predicting long-term (up to 900 h) emission factors.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗

PubMed1985

Machinability of some dentin simulating materials.

Machinability in low speed drilling was investigated for pure aluminium, Frasaco teeth, ivory, plexiglass and human dentin. The investigation was performed in order to find a suitable test material for drilling experiments using paralleling instruments. A material simulating human dentin in terms of cuttability at low drilling speeds was sought. Tests were performed using a specially designed apparatus. Holes to a depth of 2 mm were drilled with a twist drill using a constant feeding force. The time required was registered. The machinability of the materials tested was determined by direct comparison of the drilling times. As regards cuttability, first aluminium and then ivory were found to resemble human dentin most closely. By comparing drilling time variances the homogeneity of the materials tested was estimated. Aluminium, Frasaco teeth and plexiglass demonstrated better homogeneity than ivory and human dentin.

Aluminum↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Choice of phantom material and test protocols to determine radiation exposure rates for fluoroscopy.

The image intensifier entrance exposure rate (IIEER)) and entrance skin exposure rate (ESER) are two characteristics that can be used to determine whether a fluoroscope is adjusted to operate at an optimal dose rate level. This article presents solutions to some of the practical problems that are encountered when measuring these parameters. Because the energy response of the ion chamber used to measure exposure rates is different from that of the image intensifier, a fluoroscope with a perfect automatic exposure rate control will have an IIEER that depends on the phantom composition, phantom thickness, and x-ray tube potential. The authors developed a simple mathematic model to investigate the relationship of ion chamber response to image intensifier response and to determine the effects of phantom composition and thickness. Results from this model were compared with measurements made with two C-arm fluoroscopes. Variations of 40% or more in the IIEER and ESER can be ascribed to these phenomena.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed2001

Mechanical testing of a single rod versus a double rod in a long-segment animal model.

This study involved the mechanical testing of single-rod segmental hook fixation and double-rod segmental hook fixation in a long-segment animal model. The goals were first to compare the flexibility of a single-rod scoliosis construct with that of a double-rod construct when tested in torsion, and second, to determine the effect of not using instrumentation with every vertebral segment for the single rod. Another study found that the single-rod construct was as stiff in torsion as the standard double-rod construct in a model of 10 vertebral segments. The amount of neutral zone (NZ) rotation was tested in five calf spines using an MTS (Material Testing System) machine. Five constructs were tested and included 1) a single rod with hooks at every level except the apex; 2) a single rod with two fewer hooks; 3) a single rod with four fewer hooks; 4) a double-rod construct; and 5) no instrumentation. The amount of NZ rotation between vertebral segments was measured over 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, and 2 vertebral segments. An analysis of variance with all constructs showed that the instrumented spines had significantly less movement than did the uninstrumented spine. Statistical comparison using analysis of variance of constructs (constructs 1 to 4) showed that over 12 vertebral segments (T4-L3), all single-rod constructs (constructs 1 to 3) allowed more NZ rotation than did the standard double-rod construct. This testing indicated that over 12 vertebral segments the single rod allowed more NZ rotation than a double-rod construct.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Examination of the bone-metal interface of titanium implants coated by the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition method.

PURPOSE: Diamond layers can be plated with microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MWP-CVD) treatment on metal bases such as titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). The bonding strength of the diamond layer to the metal base is very high, so that no fissures and partial loss of coating take place-well known phenomena that may occur with other coatings in tribologic material testing. In an experimental study using 40 New Zealand White rabbits, a new method for coating implant material was tested for stability of the bone-metal interface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of histomorphometric and biomechanical evaluation of coated and uncoated probes implanted in the distal femur of 40 rabbits were compared. The animals were divided into 3 groups, with observation times of 42, 84, and 168 days. RESULTS: The bone-implant contact was 5% to 18% less in coated than in uncoated probes. Only the early group, with 42 days healing time showed significant differences. Values for the pull-off force of uncoated material were about 3 to 4 times higher than coated material (diamond layer = 2.7 microm). The force increased 2 to 3 times when 200-nm coatings were tested. Electron microscopy detected undercuts of the rough surface that were obturated by diamond when the coating was too thick. DISCUSSION: Diamond-coated material seems to have no corrosion problems in contrast to all other known implant material. CONCLUSION: An inert diamond layer on a metal base can become osseointegrated. Biomechanical stability increased by thinning the diamond coating.

Alloys↗

PubMed2004

Biomechanics in uniaxial compression of three distal radius volar plates.

PURPOSE: A new fixed-angle volar plate for a dorsally displaced distal radius fracture was designed with the aim of avoiding soft tissue problems due to dorsal plating. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of this new plate with 2 existing volar plates in a cadaver model. METHODS: Three different plates were applied on surgically simulated unstable extra-articular distal radius fractures in formalin-fixed cadaver radiuses. Group 1 (volarly placed AO titanium Distal Radius plates [Synthes Ltd, Paoli, PA]; n = 6), group 2 (volarly placed titanium Symmetry plates [DePuy ACE Co, El Segundo, CA]; n = 6), and group 3 (volarly placed newly designed titanium plates; n = 6) were tested to failure under axial compression with a materials testing machine. Specimens of all 3 groups had similar bone mineral density. RESULTS: Group 3 specimens had significantly greater elastic limit and ultimate strength than the other 2 groups. Specimens of group 3 had the greatest rigidity, although this was statistically insignificant compared with the other 2 groups. All plates (groups 1, 2, 3) failed in apex volar angulation. CONCLUSIONS: The newly designed plate fixation system is the strongest of the systems tested and may offer adequate stability for the treatment of a distal radius fracture in which the dorsal and/or volar metaphyseal cortex is comminuted severely.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Experience with osseous implants for bone and biomaterials research.

A Cancellous Access Port (CAP) osseous implant for repeated sampling of cancellous tissue was developed and tested for experimental studies of bone, marrow, and materials biocompatibility. The CAP and associated methods were shown in a series of studies to allow the repeated biopsy of unstrained cancellous tissue with little morbidity and no mortality when used in baboons, rhesus, sheep, and horses. CAP infusion, material testing, and biopsy core assemblies were developed and tested for the administration and assessment of the effects of pharmaceuticals and biologics; the placement and retrieval of a biomaterial with the surrounding tissue; and studies of cancellous bone healing and remodeling.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Functional anatomy of the deer spine: an appropriate biomechanical model for the human spine?

The object of this study was to create a database for the biomechanical and certain functional anatomical parameters of the deer spine, for comparison with the human spine. This was done with a view toward using the deer spine as an alternative model for various biomechanical experiments, as it is difficult to procure nonembalmed, fresh human spine specimens. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its human variant, Creutzfeld Jakob disease (CJD), prevent us from using bovine and sheep spine. There is a risk of transmission of disease through direct inoculation to the researcher working with infected bovine or sheep spine, and a theoretical possibility of transmission through the food chain if proper precautions for specimen disposal are not taken. We chose deer spine as an alternative for testing nonembalmed fresh human spine because, to date, there have been no reported cases of deer being carriers of prion diseases. Fifteen deer spine specimens were sectioned appropriately to obtain six functional spinal units for each level in the thoracic and lumbar spine. Each unit was tested in a Dartec materials testing machine (Dartec Ltd., Stourbridge, UK) under pure moments in three main anatomical planes. The range of motion (ROM), neutral zone (NZ), and stiffness parameters of the functional unit were determined in flexion-extension, right/left lateral bending, and axial rotation. The data obtained were compared with the corresponding human spine data in the literature. Deer spine specimens were also studied for bone mineral density (BMD) using a DEXA scan. The results revealed the overall ROM was greater for deer spine compared to the human spine in the upper thoracic region, but less compared to human spine in the lower lumbar spine region. The only comparable region for ROM was in the lower thoracic/upper lumbar region. The stiffness coefficients were also comparable in this region. The BMD was also comparable in the two species. We conclude that the lower thoracic/upper lumbar region in the deer spine can be used as a model for some human biomechanical experiments because of its biomechanical and material similarities to the human spine of the corresponding region.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗