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PubMed1990

Two neglected categories of immigrants to Canada: temporary immigrants and returning Canadians.

Results are presented from an attempt to improve Canadian statistics on international migration so as to comply with U.N. guidelines by including data on long-term residents with temporary status and Canadian citizens and permanent residents returning from abroad. "The estimation procedures involve extensive operations on three Canadian administrative data systems: the Visitors Immigration Data System of Employment and Immigration Canada; the Family Allowances Files of Health and Welfare Canada; and the Customs and Excise Files of Revenue Canada. These data are used to produce the number of immigrants in both of the neglected categories, as well as to calculate the geographic (origin and destination) and demographic (sex, age, marital status) structures of these groups. Results of the analysis of estimates for the period 1982-1988 show that, due to their size and characteristics, both of these neglected categories of immigrants constitute a significant part of immigration to Canada, and their importance has and will continue to increase over time."

Americas↗
PubMed1992

Immigration and immigrant generations in population projections.

This paper proposes a new model for population projections. This model projects an initial population under conditions of fertility, mortality, and international migration (like standard cohort-component models), but considers the population arrayed by generation. The model incorporates 4 generations: a foreign-born first generation (the immigrants), a second generation (sons and daughters of immigrants), a third generation (grandsons and granddaughters of immigrants), and fourth-and-higher generations. The model requires fertility, mortality, and migration equations by generation, which take a somewhat different form than in conventional cohort-component population projection. Consideration of the model also makes apparent that assignment of births to generations may not follow a simple form: the paper presents a method for including the empirical description of intergenerational births within the generational framework. As an example, the authors examine the next century of population growth for the Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White non-Hispanic populations in the US, comparing their growth rates and their composition within the total US population. With annual net immigration of 950,000, the total US population of 249 million in 1990 will top 400 million in 2070 and reach about 432 million in 2090. Thus, the level of immigration and emigration assumed in these projections suggests considerable population growth for the next hundred years. The racial/ethnic composition of the US will shift markedly during the next century, as described in the paper.

Americas↗
PubMed2003

Engendering migrant networks: the case of Mexican migration.

This article compares the impact of family migrant and destination-specific networks on international and internal migration. We find that migrant networks are more important for international moves than for internal moves and that female networks are more important than male networks for moves within Mexico. For moves to the United States, male migrant networks are more important for prospective male migrants than for female migrants, and female migrant networks lower the odds of male migration, but significantly increase female migration. We suggest that distinguishing the gender composition and destination content of migrant networks deepens our understanding of how cumulative causation affects patterns of Mexican migration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Finnish immigrants and dental care in Stockholm county.

In recent decades Sweden has become an immigrant country. The proportion of persons of foreign origin in the population has risen from 0.5% in the 1940s to slightly more than 10% in the early 1980s. Migration to Sweden is a part of the extensive international migration of labour that has occurred in Europe since the Second World War. Almost half of the immigrants in Sweden come from Finland. The common Nordic Labour market since 1954 allows free migration of nordic citizens. No comprehensive dental health studies have been performed on immigrants in Sweden. The aim of this study was to assess and analyse the dental situation and utilization of dental services by Finnish immigrants to Stockholm county. Three different methods were used to gather dental epidemiological data. A clinical examination of an age-stratified random sample consisting of 170 adult Finnish citizens living at Huddinge, a suburb of Stockholm, provided data on the oral health during 1977. A questionnaire survey of a random sample of 1332, 20-59 yr old Finnish citizens in the same community in 1981 provided information on utilization of dental services, dental visiting behaviour and factors which determined this and also on perceived treatment needs in this population group. Finally, a comparison of use of dental services by and treatment provided to all Finnish citizens aged between 17-64 yr, born on the 20th of any month and living in the County of Stockholm, and to a matched comparison group of Swedes, was based on data from 1975. National health statistics, available since the introduction of the Dental Insurance scheme in Sweden, were used. A longitudinal follow-up survey of utilization of dental services and secular changes in dental attendance in 1976-1980 by 1152 settled Finnish immigrants, selected in the afore mentioned way, and a Swedish comparison group was also done using the same information source. The results of the investigations can be summarized as follows: The clinical and questionnaire studies revealed poorer oral health i.e., number of teeth and more untreated caries in the group studied than has been shown in epidemiological surveys on Swedish populations. The questionnaire study showed that about 23% of the respondents had not visited a dentist in Sweden. These were often recently immigrated and had poor knowledge of Swedish. About 23% of the respondents had sometimes used the Finnish dental services and 5.5% did so regularly while living in Sweden.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Highly-skilled international migrants, careers and internal labour markets.

"This paper is addressed to the interplay of careers and internal labour markets (ILMs) in explaining the international migration of professional and technical personnel, particularly within transnational corporations (TNCs). It begins by reviewing the current state of the theoretical art, focusing on five main elements: the international spatial division of labour; the concept of career; the organization of ILMs; the lubrication of the migration system by recruitment, placement and relocation agencies; and reintegration of returning expatriates. There follows a discussion of selected aspects of the volume and characteristics of ILM migrations among the highly-skilled, using government, employer organization's and individual company data."

Demography↗
PubMed2025

Policy paper of the Committee on Ethics and Task Force on Migration and Mental Health: Migration and mental health of migrants, refugees, asylum seekers - Ethical dilemmas and concerns.

BACKGROUND: International migration is a complex phenomenon of global and historical relevance. It includes voluntary, forced, and workforce migration, shaped by diverse determinants. Push factors comprise war, persecution, and political instability, while pull factors include stability, economic opportunities, education, and favorable living conditions. Forced migration is frequently associated with displacement and a disproportionate burden of mental health disorders, which are urgent yet difficult to address due to structural, cultural, and legal barriers. METHODS: Evidence demonstrates that restricted health care access exacerbates psychiatric disorders, while treatment delays contribute to poorer outcomes. Barriers include administrative limitations, linguistic and cultural differences, stigma, and resource shortages. This policy paper was developed by the Committee on Ethics and the Task Force on Migration and Mental Health of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA). Relevant literature was reviewed and combined with the professional expertise of committee members. The draft was subsequently evaluated by the Publication Committee and the EPA Board, and revised accordingly. RESULTS: Ethical principles in refugee care are insufficiently implemented in many European countries. Core principles of medical ethics - beneficence, respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, and justice - as well as the obligation to advance psychiatric standards and apply psychiatric expertise for societal benefit, are inconsistently upheld. CONCLUSIONS: The primary duty of physicians is to promote health and well-being through competent, timely, and compassionate care. The EPA therefore advocates coordinated strategies to mitigate the mental health consequences of war, displacement, and trauma, and to secure equitable access to psychiatric services for migrants and refugees.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Migration of physicians and nurses: a world wide picture.

WHO's Multinational Study of the International Migration of Physicians and Nurses, the subject of this paper, was the first step of WHO's response to a mandate calling for a study of health manpower migration and for collaborative efforts to regulate such migration where found to be undesirable. The study, which is both diagnostic and prescriptive, is based on an extensive library of published and unpublished literature. Major reports emanating from the study were: an analytical review of the literature; a statistical report on stocks and flows of migrant physicians and nurses for each of 137 countries; and a final report which provides an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the migrants, the dimensions, directions, possible determinants, and consequences of the migration, and the actions taken by countries to regulate migration. It also suggests options for dealing with undesirable migration. Perhaps the most important finding is that countries which produce far more physicians and nurses than they can economically afford become donors of such manpower and those that produce fewer than they can afford become recipients. Almost all other factors either derive from or are secondary to the economic factor.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Residential mobility in the elderly. Current results of geographic mobility research in unified Germany].

Elderly migrations are often considered as amenity-oriented long distance moves or as decisions for a change by moving into homes for the aged. The intention of this contribution is to prove the validity of these assumptions in the light of actual results of migration research in unified Germany. The findings of the spatial pattern of internal migrations as well as the characteristics of the migrants and their reasons underline the necessity of more differentiated considerations. They neither prove the relationships between migration participation and the available personal resources, nor the assumption that elderly migrants usually prefer long distance moves to attractive regions. Due to this, the relocations into institutions or retirement areas together only represent about one third of all migrations. The majority leaves their community and migrates to kin-oriented networks when they feel they are not able to manage their living conditions by themselves. Beside this exogenous reasons within the housing environments or the housing demands of the ethnic germans from eastern Europe force elderly to decide to move.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[Significance of migration patterns on self-evaluated health among Norwegian women aged 34-69 years].

In order to study how internal migration effects the evaluation of one's health, information was collected by a postal questionnaire from a total of 75,750 women during 1991-1992 (34-49 years) and 1995-1996 (45-69 years). The women were selected at random from the Norwegian National Register. All the women were sent a questionnaire and one reminder. The overall response rate was 56.5%, decreasing with increasing age. Women who had lived in the same area since childhood were considered "non-movers", while those who lived in a different area to where they grew up were classified as "internal movers". We found that among people who were brought up and still lived in northern Norway there was a higher rate of their reporting poor or very poor health than among "non-movers" in southern Norway. The adjusted relative rate was 1.39 (1.29-1.49). The reason for the higher rates could be semantic differences, more actual illness, or the effect of selective migration of healthy individuals out of the region of northern Norway.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The migration of doctors and nurses from South Pacific Island Nations.

Little is known of the structure of the international migration of skilled health professionals. Accelerated migration of doctors and nurses from the Pacific island states of Fiji, Samoa and Tonga to the Pacific periphery is part of the globalization of health care. The findings from a recent survey of 251 doctors and nurses from the three island countries are reported here. Key determinants of both present migration status and future migration intentions were analyzed using econometric methods. Nurses' and doctors' propensities to migrate are influenced by both income and non-income factors, including ownership of businesses and houses. Migrants also tend to have more close relatives overseas, to have trained there, and so experienced superior working conditions. Migration propensities vary between countries, and between nurses and doctors within countries. Tongan nurses have a higher propensity to migrate, mainly because of greater relative earnings differentials, but are also more likely to return home. The role of kinship ties, relative income differentials and working conditions is evident in other developing country contexts. Remittances and return migration, alongside business investment, bring some benefits to compensate for the skill drain. National development policies should focus on encouraging return migration, alongside retention and recruitment, but are unlikely to prevent out migration.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The Class of 1989 and physician supply in Canada.

BACKGROUND: "The Class of 1989" is a study of 1722 people who were awarded an MD degree by a Canadian university in 1989. This paper reports on migration, specialty choices and patterns of post-MD training in order to assess the contribution of the graduating cohort to the physician workforce of Canada. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted over 7 years after graduation to trace the current location, the post-MD training history and the professional activity of the graduating cohort. Several medical professional and educational associations in Canada and the United States provided year-by-year information on field and location of post-MD training, certification achieved, whether in practice and location of practice through to spring 1996. Information from all sources was linked to a list of 1989 medical school graduates. RESULTS: From entry to medical school through to 7 years after graduation the cohort was diminished by about 16%. The main reason for loss was migration to other countries: 193 graduates (11.2%) were outside Canada in 1995-96. Internal migration was extensive also; for example, by 1995-96 relatively few of the graduates were located in Newfoundland or Saskatchewan. Of the 1516 graduates active in Canada in 1995-96, 878 (57.9%) were in general practice/family medicine, and only 638 (42.1%) were practising or training in a specialty. INTERPRETATION: The "yield" of the Class of 1989 for Canada's physician workforce is insufficient to meet annual physician inflows from Canadian sources to serve population growth and to replace retiring or emigrating physicians. As output from Canada's medical schools drops even further, the gap between requirements and supply will grow even wider.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Migration and post-traumatic stress disorders: the case of Mexicans and Central Americans in the United States].

The process of international migration has been associated with increased levels of psychological disturbance and recently investigators have noted the experience of PTSD symptoms among recent war refugees from Southeast Asia. This study sought to first examine the overall impact of migration in a large sample of immigrants from Central America and Mexico in terms of symptoms related to depression, anxiety, somatization and generalized distress. A second aim of the study was to note the existence of specific symptoms related to PTSD diagnoses as related to self-reported reasons for migration. Immigrants were found to have overall higher levels of generalized distress symptoms when compared to non-immigrants, and self-reported reasons for migration were highly related to PTSD diagnosis, with 52% of Central American war refugees in this sample meeting the DSM-III criteria for the disorder. Results are discussed in terms of sensitizing mental health professionals to the psychological sequelae of forced migration.

Central America↗
PubMed1980

The effects of interstate migration on suicide.

Previous research on the impact of migration on suicide has focused on a few case studies of how the culture shock of international migration is associated with suicide. The present study investigates the relationship between a more limited form of culture shock, interstate migration, on the rate of suicide in the 50 American states. The rate of interstate migration was found to influence the rate of suicide independent of the control variables including income level. A one percent increase in interstate migration was associated with an 0.27 percent increase in the rate of suicide. Percent black population, an indicator of differential socialization theory, was found to influence the suicide rate independent of its association with low income and migration.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1987

Multiregional two-sex population model.

"The theory of stable population has been developed quite thoroughly in the demographic literature, but it deals with single-region populations that are assumed to be undisturbed by migration. Rogers...proposed the stable population model for the case of a multiregional population that experiences internal migration for single-sex. In this paper, considering a birth-function dependent on both sexes, the multiregional stable population model is extended for two-sex population."

Demography↗