SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “NEWCASTLE DISEASE”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources

PubMed1975

Methylation of messenger RNA of Newcastle disease virus in vitro by a virion-associated enzyme.

Purified Newcastle disease virus contains an enzyme that incorporates the methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine into RNA synthesized in vitro by the virion-associated RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase). Incorporation of radioactivity from S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine was totally dependent upon RNA synthesis. The methylation reaction was completely inhibited by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, suggesting the transfer of only the methyl group of S-adenosyl-methionine to RNA products. Velocity sedimentation and hybridization of the in vitro product RNA indicated that both [3H]methyl and [32P]GMP labels resided in single-stranded 18S RNA molecules which were virus specific. Approximately 1 to 2 methyl groups were incorporated per RNA molecule. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of product RNA after alkaline hydrolysis suggested that the 5' terminus was the site of methylation.

Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose↗

PubMed2000

Newcastle disease: outbreak losses and control policy costs.

The costs of controlling and eradicating the epidemic of Newcastle disease in Northern Ireland in 1973 are presented. The parameters of the 1973 epidemic have been adjusted to simulate the effect of the same epidemic in 1997, taking into account the relative changes of input and output prices, and the changes in the structure of the poultry industry. The costs and their distribution between producers, government and the industry, in 1973 and 1997 are compared, and the costs of an alternative vaccination strategy are compared with the eradication policy in both years.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Newcastle disease virus vaccines: differences between Line C and Line 15I chickens with respect to virus replication and IgA responses in the gut and Harderian gland.

The Ulster 2C and Hitchner B1 strains of Newcastle disease virus were inoculated into inbred White Leghorn birds of the Reaseheath-C and 15I lines by the oculonasal route. Both viruses replicated in the Harderian gland (HG) and induced virus-specific IgA in the tears and bile. Ulster 2C but not Hitchner B1 replicated in the small intestine and induced virus-specific antibody forming cells (AFC) in the small intestine. Line 15I birds produced 120-fold more virus and 13-fold more IgA-AFC in the small intestine than Line C birds. Line C birds produced 20-fold more virus in the HG and at least three-fold higher titres of lacrimal IgA than Line 15I birds. The level of local virus replication in the HG or small intestine, which varied according to the line of bird, positively predicted the local antibody response in the same organ. When low doses of Ulster 2C were inoculated into Line C birds virus replication was low and irregular in birds older than 18 days whereas low doses of Hitchner B1 replicated in all ages of bird.

Aging↗

PubMed2006

Third genome size category of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (Newcastle disease virus) and evolutionary implications.

The goal of the study was to establish if there was a relationship between molecular patterns and virus evolution. Therefore the complete genome sequence of two distinct apathogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains was determined and a third genome size category, containing 15,198 nucleotides, was recognized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two major separations resulting in three genome size categories occurred during the history of NDV. An ancient division in the primordial reservoir (wild waterbird species) led to two basal sister clades, class I and II, with genome sizes 15,198 (due to a 12 nucleotide insert in the phosphoprotein gene) and 15,186 nucleotides, respectively. Ancestors of only class II viruses colonized chicken populations and subsequently converted to virulent forms. These took place more than once and resulted in an early lineage [including genotypes I-IV and H33(W)] with genome size of 15,186 nucleotides. A second division occurred in the 20th century in the secondary (chicken) host. This gave rise to the branching-off of a clade (including recent genotypes V-VIII consisting of only pathogenic viruses) with the concomitant insertion of six nucleotides into the 5' non-coding region of the nucleoprotein gene thereby increasing the genome size to 15,192 nucleotides.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Optimization of hydrophile-lipophile balance for improved efficacy of Newcastle disease and avian influenza oil-emulsion vaccines.

Preparations of inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) oil-emulsion vaccines with surfactant hydrophile-lipophile-balance (HLB) values between 4.3 and 9.5 were evaluated for their efficacy in broiler-type white rock chickens. Chickens were vaccinated at 3-4 weeks of age and bled at 2-week intervals over 8 weeks. Post-vaccinal hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) geometric mean titers (reciprocals) ranged from 197 to 485 for ND vaccines and from 184 to 1040 for AI vaccines. Based on the HI response, an HLB value of 7.0 induced the greatest stimulation of antibody titers. Ten percent surfactant in the oil phase of the vaccines induced maximum titers at this HLB. The oil:aqueous ratios of the vaccines did not greatly influence the overall serologic response when the vaccines had an HLB of 7.0. These results indicate that manipulating surfactant HLB values of OE vaccine may maximize the HI response in broilers.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

RNA sequence and transcriptional properties of the 3' end of the Newcastle disease virus genome.

The 3' end of the genomic RNA of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been sequenced and the leader RNA defined. Using hybridization to a 3'-end-labeled genome, leader RNA species from in vitro transcription reactions and from infected cell extracts were found to be 47 and 53 nucleotides long. In addition, the start site of the 3'-proximal mRNA was determined by sequence analysis of in vitro [beta-82P]GTP-labeled transcription products. The genomic sequence extending beyond the leader region demonstrated an open reading frame for at least 42 amino acids and probably represents the amino terminus of the nucleocapsid protein (NP). The terminal 8 nucleotides of the NDV genome were identical to those of measles virus and Sendai virus while the sequence of the distal half of the leader region was more similar to that of vesicular stomatitis virus. These data argue for strong evolutionary relatedness between the paramyxovirus and rhabdovirus groups.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Mapping of the RNA promoter of Newcastle disease virus.

The RNA promoters of the genome and antigenome of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied by mutational analysis of their 3' terminal ends. Similarly to other paramyxoviruses, NDV RNA replication follows the rule of six, and the genomic and antigenomic promoters require two discontinuous regions: conserved region I (first 18 nucleotides) and conserved region II (nucleotides 73-90). Proper spacing between those regions and the phase of six in region II is critical for efficient RNA promoter activity. As expected, the gene start signal at the 3' end of the NDV genome was required for mRNA transcription, but not for RNA replication. Surprisingly, mutation of the polyadenylation signal in the 5' end did not affect gene expression transcription. Although the conserved region I of NDV (avulavirus) promoter appears to be more similar to that of Sendai virus (SeV) (respirovirus), conserved region II is analogous to that of rubulaviruses.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2002

Serosurvey for Newcastle disease and avian influenza A virus antibodies in great cormorants from France.

Inland great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) culled in France were examined in the winter of 1997-98 and 1998-99 for antibodies to Newcastle disease (ND) and influenza A strains H5 and H7 by the hemagglutination inhibition test. Antibodies to influenza A group antigen were tested by agar gel precipitin test. Ten of 53 adult individuals were seropositive for ND virus. All sera were negative for influenza A antibodies. It is speculated that ND occurred in the sampled population.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Relationships among the polypeptides of Newcastle disease virus.

We have studied the relationships among the polypeptides of Newcastle disease virus by using both kinetic and tryptic peptide analyses. The results of our tryptic peptide analyses suggest that there are at least six unique viral polypeptides--L, HN, FO(F), NP, M, and a 47,000-dalton polypeptide. The small virion glycopolypeptide F is related to FO, a glycopolypeptide found only in infected cells. In addition, several smaller polypeptides, including a 53,000-dalton polypeptide found both in purified virions and in infected cells, are related to the nucleocaspid protein. Kinetic analysis of each viral polypeptide reveals that all of the major viral polypeptides, with the possible exception of L, are stable after an amino acid chase. A precursor-product relationship between FO and F was not demonstrable by pulse-chase experiments. Also, almost the same relative amount of F, the putative product, was present in infected cultures after either 5 or 30 min of radioisotopic labeling. These results suggest that FO is processed rapidly.

Glycopeptides↗

PubMed1970

Growth in chick chorioallantoic membranes of strains of Newcastle disease virus of differing virulence.

The growth of eight strains of Newcastle disease virus in chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes was studied by comparing, at different times after infection, the amounts of haemagglutinin released into the allantoic fluid (extracellular haemagglutinin) with that associated with the membrane (cell-associated haemagglutinin). The virulence of the strains examined differed in that some killed chick embryos more rapidly than others. All strains released similar amounts of extracellular haemagglutinin and maximum titres were achieved about 12 hr. after infection. With virulent strains cell-associated haemagglutinin titres increased exponentially until the death of the host and maximum titres were much higher than those of extracellular haemagglutinin. With avirulent strains cell-associated haemagglutinin titres increased exponentially for only a limited time and titres were always lower than the titres of extracellular haemagglutinin.Similar results were obtained when the titres of neuraminidase and viral ribo-nucleoprotein were measured during the growth of two virulent and two avirulent strains. Virulence appears to be associated with the continued intracellular accumulation of viral antigens.

Allantoin↗

PubMed1980

Synthesis, stability, and cleavage of Newcastle disease virus glycoproteins in the absence of glycosylation.

Polypeptides synthesized in Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected CHO cells in the absence of glycosylation were characterized. Incorporation of either [3H]mannose of [3H]glucosamine into NDV polypeptides was inhibited to greater than 99% by the antibiotic tunicamycin. Under these conditions, infected cells synthesized proteins which comigrated on polyacrylamide gels with the viral L protein, nucleocapsid protein, membrane protein, and a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 55,000 (P55). These cells did not synthesize polypeptides with the size of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein or the fusion (F0) protein. They did, however, synthesize new polypeptides with molecular weights of 75,000 (P75), 67,000 (P67), and 52,000 (P52). Peptide analysis revealed that P75 was a host cell protein whose synthesis is enhanced by tunicamycin. P67 corresponded to the unglycosylated forms of the glycoproteins were found to be relatively stable in infected cells. P55, previously thought to correspond to the cleaved form of F0, was found to be a unique viral protein which is associated with intracellular nucleocapsid structures.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Rat leukocyte interferons: production of an acid-labile interferon after induction with Newcastle disease virus.

Rat leukocytes produce three interferon species after infection with Newcastle disease virus. Two of the three interferon species (22-24,000 and 30,000 daltons) were acid and heat stable, protected rat and mouse cells from virus-mediated cytopathic effect (CPE), and were neutralized by antisera to mouse L-cell (alpha/beta) interferon. The third, 30,000-dalton interferon species was heat and acid labile; protected rat, mouse, human, and bovine cells from virus-mediated CPE; and was neutralized by antisera to mouse L-cell interferon and human leukocyte interferon. Thus, the rat leukocyte interferon system is similar to the human system in the kinetics of interferon production, the production of multiple interferons, heterologous antiviral activity, molecular weight, and in the production of an acid-labile species. The rat leukocyte interferon system therefore represents an important model for examining the normal production and action of acid-labile interferons and their possible role in the regulation of leukocyte function and cellular differentiation.

Animals↗

PubMed1971

Relationship between the ribonucleic acid synthesizing capacity of ultraviolet-irradiated Newcastle disease virus and its ability to induce interferon.

Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated Newcastle disease virus which has lost its infectivity but has the capacity to induce interferon also has the capacity to induce ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis both in vitro and early in infection in vivo. With large doses of UV irradiation, RNA-synthesizing capacity and interferon-inducing capacity are lost in parallel. Limited amounts of base-paired RNA associated with a transcriptive intermediate are involved in this RNA synthesis. These findings suggest the possibility that the single-stranded RNA of the UV-irradiated virus induces interferon by serving as a template for the synthesis of base-paired RNA. UV irradiation of the virus breaks down viral RNA but at a rate which is too slow to be a major cause of the loss of RNA-synthesizing capacity. Evidence is presented which suggests that less of the template RNA of the UV-irradiated virus is copied and that the product which is synthesized is smaller than that synthesized by nonirradiated virus.

Animals↗

PubMed1973

Isolation and purification of the envelope proteins of Newcastle disease virus.

A procedure has been developed for the isolation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) envelope proteins. The two surface glycoproteins and the non-glycosylated membrane protein were solubilized with 2% Triton X-100 and 1 m KCl. Removal of the KCl by dialysis yielded by precipitation a pure preparation of the non-glycosylated membrane protein, which is insoluble in solutions of low ionic strength. The soluble fraction consisting of the two glycoproteins possessed full neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activities. The two glycoproteins could be separated by rate zonal sedimentation in a sucrose gradient containing 1% Triton X-100 and 1 m KCl. Under these conditions, the sedimentation coefficient of the larger glycoprotein, virus protein 1, was 9.3s, and that of the smaller, virus protein 2, was 6.1s. Both hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities were associated with virus protein 1; virus protein 2 had neither activity. The results suggest that both activities reside on a single NDV glycoprotein. Similar results were obtained previously with another paramyxovirus, simian virus 5. These findings suggest that the association of hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities with one glycoprotein is a general property of the paramyxovirus group.

Amino Acids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of field isolates of Newcastle disease virus using antipeptide antibodies.

A recent Australian field isolate of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was analyzed with antipeptide antibodies capable of differentiating between the sequences at the cleavage activation sites of fusion proteins of different NDV pathotypes. The isolate was found to have the same fusion protein cleavage activation signal as the V4 isolate of the Queensland strain of NDV. However, the isolate failed to react with an antibody specific for the carboxyl-terminal extension on the hemagglutinin/neuraminidase (HN)-protein precursor (HNo-protein) of the V4 isolate and other similar strains (e.g., Ulster and D26). Identity of the fusion protein cleavage activation motif of the isolate was confirmed by chemical analysis of purified fusion protein subunits of the isolate. The combination of a V4-like fusion protein cleavage activation motif but lack of an HNo-protein has not been described before, and the findings indicate that the isolate is a distinct strain of NDV. Analysis of a range of isolates from the state of Victoria, Australia, indicated that similar strains have been present in Australia since at least 1976. Other isolates examined appeared to have fusion protein cleavage activation motifs that could not be defined with the fusion-protein-targeted antibodies. These isolates also appeared to lack the HNo-protein characteristic of the Queensland strain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1989

Differential expression of interferon alpha and beta induced with Newcastle disease virus in mouse macrophage cultures.

Stimulation of mouse macrophages with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) leads to a rapid and high interferon (IFN) response. The magnitude of this response is influenced by the mouse genotype. We have analysed NDV-induced IFN production at the protein and mRNA levels in two different populations of macrophages derived from 'high producer' C57BL/6 and 'low producer' BALB/c mice in vitro. The data indicate that bone marrow and peritoneal macrophages from both strains grown in the presence of L cell conditioned medium (CM) as a source of macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (M-CSF) or purified murine M-CSF produce 10- to 50-fold more IFN on a per cell basis than cultures of resident peritoneal macrophages. These differences were also found when steady state levels of IFN mRNA were analysed. Differential analysis for the ratios of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta showed that CM- or M-CSF-cultured macrophages produced equal amounts of both IFN species as determined by specific monoclonal antibodies and hybridization experiments using IFN-alpha and IFN-beta DNA probes, whereas resident peritoneal macrophages induced under identical conditions produced almost exclusively IFN-beta. This suggests a stimulating effect of M-CSF on IFN synthesis in NDV-induced cultures of mouse macrophages, which is in part due to additional activation of IFN-alpha gene expression.

2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase↗

PubMed1987

Detergent-treated Newcastle disease virus as an agar gel precipitin test antigen.

A soluble Newcastle disease virus (NDV) agar gel precipitin (AGP) antigen was prepared by treating 100-fold concentrated NDV with a nonionic detergent. Virus concentration prior to detergent treatment was best accomplished by ultracentrifugation or by a simple, less expensive, and more practical method involving acid (HCl) precipitation of NDV. Virus concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation was found to have a low antigen titer and was not considered suitable as an AGP antigen. Antigens derived from the LaSota, Roakin, and Texas GB strains formed at least two lines of identity in the AGP test as early as 24 hr after inoculation of the agar gels. Virus used for AGP antigen production could be grown in chicken embryos from an NDV-immune as well as susceptible breeder flock. The NDV AGP antigen was found to be stable after 20 consecutive freezing and thawing cycles and storage at -20 C or 4 C for at least 6 months. Detergent-treated NDV was used as an AGP test antigen to determine serum antibody responses of chickens following infection and vaccination. Hemagglutination-inhibition, virus neutralization, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody production was also evaluated for comparative purposes. The AGP test was found to be useful as an aid in diagnosing field infections and assessing inactivated virus vaccination responses. These purposes were achieved by demonstrating an increase in the number of AGP positive chickens between preinfection and postinfection or vaccination bleedings. The ease of performance and low cost of the AGP test favors its use for screening large numbers of serum samples, perhaps in conjunction with a quantitative serological test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Deduced amino acid sequences surrounding the fusion glycoprotein cleavage site and of the carboxyl-terminus of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of the avirulent thermostable vaccine strain I-2 of Newcastle disease virus.

A single-tube RT-PCR technique generated a 387 bp or 300 bp cDNA amplicon covering the F(0) cleavage site or the carboxyl (C)-terminus of the HN gene, respectively, of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain I-2. Sequence analysis was used to deduce the amino acid sequences of the cleavage site of F protein and the C-terminus of HN protein, which were then compared with sequences for other NDV strains. The cleavage site of NDV strain I-2 had a sequence motif of (112) RKQGRLIG(119), consistent with an avirulent phenotype. Nucleotide sequencing and deduction of amino acids at the C-terminus of HN revealed that strain I-2 had a 7-amino-acid extension (VEILKDGVREARSSR. This differs from the virulent viruses that caused outbreaks of Newcastle disease in Australia in the 1930s and 1990s, which have HN extensions of 0 and 9 amino acids, respectively. Amino acid sequence analyses of the F and HN genes of strain I-2 confirmed its avirulent nature and its Australian origin.

Amino Acid Motifs↗