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PubMed1994

Characteristics associated with pathogenicity of avian septicaemic Escherichia coli strains.

Seventeen strains of E. coli, isolated from chickens with colisepticaemia, were studied with respect to their pathogenic characteristics including: serum resistance, toxin production, pathogenicity for one-day-old chicks, colicin production, adherence to and invasiveness of HeLa cells, plasmid DNA profile and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of membrane proteins, as well as electron microscope studies and hemagglutination tests for fimbriae. We concluded that the adherence to and the invasiveness of HeLa cells were not related to the pathogenicity of these strains for chickens. Plasmid profiles were not related to the bactericidal activity of the serum. Toxin production was correlated to the highest levels of pathogenicity. Some of the strains had mannose-resistant fimbriae. SDS-PAGE of membrane proteins of all the strains which were either not pathogenic or which had a very high LD50 lacked two major protein subunits of 40.7 kDa and 28.8 kDa found only in pathogenic strains.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Relationship between intracellular survival in macrophages and pathogenicity of Streptococcus suis type 2 isolates.

Naturally-occurring Streptococcus suis type 2 meningitis affects pigs and man; experimental models of the disease have also been established in pigs and mice. A sustained, high-level bacteraemia is an important phase preceding the development of S. suis type 2 meningitis. The main cellular clearance mechanism for circulating bacteria is the resident hepatic and splenic macrophages. The interaction between various isolates of S. suis type 2 and murine macrophages was investigated to determine whether there were differences in the outcome of the interaction that would reflect observed differences in pathogenicity. Phagocytosed non-pathogenic isolates were killed whereas intracellular pathogenic organisms survived and replicated within phagosomes in the absence of anti-S. suis type 2 antibody and complement. The addition of anti-S. suis type 2 antibody and complement to macrophages containing ingested pathogenic organisms resulted in inactivation of the intracellular bacteria. Thus whilst the pathogenicity of S. suis type 2 isolates may be related to an ability to survive within macrophages, immunity to S. suis type 2 meningitis may result from anti-S. suis type 2 antibody preventing pathogenic organisms surviving within macrophages.

Acridine Orange↗

PubMed2004

In vitro investigation of voriconazole susceptibility for keratitis and endophthalmitis fungal pathogens.

PURPOSE: To update the spectrum of ocular fungal isolates and investigate the in vitro efficacy of voriconazole and other antifungals. DESIGN: Experimental study. METHODS: Microbiology database was scanned and fungal isolates associated with keratitis (419) and endophthalmitis (122) were analyzed for classification and isolate frequency. The Sensititre YeastOne microdilution antifungal susceptibility test was used to evaluate susceptibility (MICs) of 34 common fungal pathogens against amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole, 5-flucytosine, itraconazole, and voriconazole. Ten of the test isolates were sent to a reference laboratory to validate the Sensititre results. RESULTS: Fusarium species remains the most frequent corneal fungal pathogen (60.1%). Colletotrichum species (4.1%) has emerged as the fifth most common mold in keratitis. Top yeast isolates from cornea included Candida albicans (52.3%) and Candida parapsilosis (37.3%). Half of the intraocular pathogens were Candida species. Paecilomyces (2.9%) and Philophora (1.9) were unusual pathogens. In vitro susceptibility profiles were voriconazole (100%), ketoconazole (82.4%), amphotericin (76.5%), itraconazole (67%), fluconazole (60%), and 5-FC (60%). Voriconazole MIC(90) were lowest for Candida species (0.016 microg/ml) and highest for Fusarium species (2 microg/ml). Reference laboratory MICs correlated 100% for yeast isolates (0.016 microg/ml) but were fourfold higher for Fusarium species (8 microg/ml). MIC(90) for Aspergillus species was 0.5 microg/ml. CONCLUSIONS: Candida, Fusarium, and Aspergillus species remain frequent fungal pathogens. Voriconazole may have a role in the therapeutic management of Candida and Aspergillus ocular infections. Clinical efficacy must determine the role for other fungal pathogens. Human use and animal models will determine its use in the clinical setting.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed2006

Membrane rafts in host-pathogen interactions.

Central elements in the infection of mammalian cells with viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens include the adhesion of the pathogen to surface receptors of the cell, recruitment of additional receptor proteins to the infection-site, a re-organization of the membrane and, in particular, the intracellular signalosome. Internalization of the pathogen results in the formation of a phagosome that is supposed to fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes, which serve the degradation of the pathogen, an event actively prevented by some pathogens. In summary, these changes in the infected cell permit pathogens to trigger apoptosis (for instance of macrophages paralysing the initial immune response), to invade the cell and/or to survive in the cell, but they also serve the mammalian cell to defeat the infection, for instance by activation of transcription factors and the release of cytokines. Distinct membrane domains in the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles that are mainly composed of sphingolipids and cholesterol or enriched with the sphingolipid ceramide, are critically involved in all of these events occurring during the infection. These membrane structures are therefore very attractive targets for novel drugs to interfere with bacterial, viral and parasitic infections.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Antibiotic activity and synergistic effect of antimicrobial peptide against pathogens from a patient with gallstones.

HP (2-20) is a peptide derived from the N-terminus of Helicobacter pylori ribosomal protein L1 that has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against various species of bacteria. When we tested the effects of HP (2-20), we found that this peptide displayed strong activity against pathogens from a patient with gallstones, but it did not have hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. We also found that HP (2-20) had potent activity against cefazolin sodium-resistant bacterial cell lines, and that HP (2-20) and cefazolin sodium had synergistic effects against cell lines resistant to the latter. To investigate the mechanism of action of HP (2-20), we performed fluorescence activated flow cytometry using pathogens from the patient with gallstones. As determined by propidium iodide (PI) staining, pathogenic bacteria treated with HP (2-20) showed higher fluorescence intensity than untreated cells, similar to melittin-treated cells, and that HP (2-20) acted in an energy- and salt-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopy showed that HP (2-20) caused significant morphological alterations in the cell surface of pathogens from the patient with gallstones. By determining their 16S rDNA sequences, we found that both the pathogens from the patient with gallstones and the cefazolin sodium-resistant cell lines showed 100% homology with sequences from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Taken together, these results suggest that HP (2-20) has antibiotic activity and that it may be used as a lead drug for the treatment of acquired pathogens from patients with gallstones and antibiotic-resistant cell lines.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2004

Detection of pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 using self-excited PZT-glass microcantilevers.

Composite self-excited PZT-glass cantilevers (5 and 3 mm in length, 1.8 and 2.0 mm wide) were fabricated and their resonance characteristics were determined in air and at 1 mm liquid immersion. In air, resonance occurred at 65.8 and 63.4 kHz for the two cantilevers used in this paper. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific to the pathogen Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 was immobilized at the cantilever glass tip, and then exposed to pathogen in the concentration range of 7x10(2) to 7x10(7)bacteria/mL. Resonance of the second mode decreased due to pathogen attachment in accordance with a proposed kinetic model. The specific attachment rate constant was found to be 3x10(-9) to 5x10(-9) min-1 (cell/mL)-1. Exposure to a mixed population containing both a pathogenic and non-pathogenic strain showed that the antibody-immobilized cantilever is highly selective, thus demonstrating its usefulness for detecting water-borne pathogens.

Antibodies↗

PubMed2006

Anti-immunology: evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens.

Multicellular organisms possess very sophisticated defense mechanisms that are designed to effectively counter the continual microbial insult of the environment within the vertebrate host. However, successful microbial pathogens have in turn evolved complex and efficient methods to overcome innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, which can result in disease or chronic infections. Although the various virulence strategies used by viral and bacterial pathogens are numerous, there are several general mechanisms that are used to subvert and exploit immune systems that are shared between these diverse microbial pathogens. The success of each pathogen is directly dependant on its ability to mount an effective anti-immune response within the infected host, which can ultimately result in acute disease, chronic infection, or pathogen clearance. In this review, we highlight and compare some of the many molecular mechanisms that bacterial and viral pathogens use to evade host immune defenses.

Antigenic Variation↗

PubMed2006

Isolation of pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes in faeces of wild animals in captivity.

The isolation of pathogenic Listeria spp. in faecal samples of captive wild animals was studied. Isolation of the pathogen was attempted from the samples by selective enrichment in University of Vermont Medium and plating onto Dominguez-Rodriguez isolation agar, PALCAM agar and modified McBride Listeria agar. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by Christie, Atkins, Munch Petersen test, phosphotidylinositol-specific phospholipase C assay, mice inoculation test and chick embryo bioassay. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from eight (16%) of 50 faecal samples from six different mammals and one bird. Out of eight isolates, one isolate from jackal proved to be pathogenic by all the pathogenicity testing assays. PCR amplification of virulence genes suggested that the isolate was potentially pathogenic.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Mechanisms of resistance among respiratory tract pathogens.

Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract pathogens represents a significant health care threat. Identifying the antimicrobial agents that remain effective in the presence of resistance, and knowing why, requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of action of the various agents as well as the mechanisms of resistance demonstrated among respiratory tract pathogens. The primary goal of antimicrobial therapy is to eradicate the pathogen, via killing or inhibiting bacteria, from the site of infection; the defenses of the body are required for killing any remaining bacteria. Targeting a cellular process or function specific to bacteria and not to the host limits the toxicity to patients. Currently, there are four general cellular targets to which antimicrobials are targeted: cell wall formation and maintenance, protein synthesis, DNA replication, and folic acid metabolism. Resistance mechanisms among respiratory tract pathogens have been demonstrated for all four targets. In general, the mechanisms of resistance used by these pathogens fall into one of three categories: enzymatic inactivation of the antimicrobial, prevention of intracellular accumulation, and modification of the target site to which agents bind to exert an antimicrobial effect. Resistance to some agents can be overcome by modifying the dosage regimens (e.g., using high-dose therapy) or inhibiting the resistance mechanism (e.g., b-lactamase inhibitors), whereas other mechanisms of resistance can only be overcome by using an agent from a different class. Understanding the mechanisms of action of the various agents and the mechanisms of resistance used by respiratory tract pathogens can help clinicians identify the agents that will increase the likelihood of achieving optimal outcomes.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

Lipidomics of host-pathogen interactions.

The cell biology of intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, eukaryotic parasites) has provided us with molecular information of host-pathogen interactions. As a result it is becoming increasingly evident that lipids play important roles at various stages of host-pathogen interactions. They act in first line recognition and host cell signaling during pathogen docking, invasion and intracellular trafficking. Lipid metabolism is a housekeeping function in energy homeostasis and biomembrane synthesis during pathogen replication and persistence. Lipids of enormous chemical diversity play roles as immunomodulatory factors. Thus, novel biochemical analytics in combination with cell and molecular biology are a promising recipe for dissecting the roles of lipids in host-pathogen interactions.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Induction of CD69 expression and Th1 cytokines release from human peripheral blood lymphocytes after in vitro stimulation with Alloiococcus otitidis and three middle ear pathogens.

Alloiococcus otitidis is a recently discovered pathogen of otitis media. However, only a limited number of studies are available about the pathogenic and immunological role of A. otitidis. The aim of this study was to investigate the activation and the cytokine production of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at the early immune response after stimulation with A. otitidis. After stimulation of whole human peripheral blood lymphocytes for 18 h with whole killed A. otitidis or the three major middle ear pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis), the expression of CD69 and the production of cytokines were analyzed. The expression of CD69 on T cells and B cells was dose-dependently enhanced after stimulation with A. otitidis. The release of interleukin (IL)-12 was induced after stimulation with A. otitidis, whereas the release of IL-4 was not induced after stimulation with A. otitidis. In addition, the release of interferon (IFN)-gamma was induced after stimulation with A. otitidis. Although the release of IFN-gamma started within 18 h after stimulation with A. otitidis, intracellular production of IFN-gamma was not observed in either CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells within 18 h upon stimulation. The patterns of CD69 expression and T helper-type 1 (Th1)-promoting cytokines production were similarly shown when human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated with the other three major pathogens. Our results suggest that A. otitidis has sufficient immunogenic potential to modulate a host immune response, like the other three major middle ear pathogens, and also suggest that the immunogenicity of A. otitidis is very similar, at the early immune response, to that of the three major middle ear pathogens.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Shedding of foodborne pathogens by Caenorhabditis elegans in compost-amended and unamended soil.

A study was done to characterize the shedding of foodborne pathogenic bacteria by Caenorhabditis elegans, evaluate the persistence of worm populations cocultured with foodborne pathogens, and determine if C. elegans disperses ingested pathogens in soil as a result of shedding. Escherichia. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotype Poona, and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as E. coli OP50, a non-pathogenic strain, were studied. Synchronous populations of C. elegans were fed for 24 h on confluent lawns of nalidixic acid-adapted bacteria. C. elegans shed viable cells of ingested bacteria on tryptic soy agar supplemented with nalidixic acid (50 microg ml(-1)) (TSAN) throughout a 5-h post-feeding period. C. elegans persisted for up to 10 days by feeding on bacteria that had been shed and grew on TSAN. Eggs harvested from C. elegans cultured on shed foodborne pathogens had the same level of viability as those collected from C. elegans grown on shed E. coli OP50. After 6-7 days, 78%, 64%, 64%, and 76% of eggs laid by C. elegans that had fed on E. coli O157:H7, S. Poona, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli OP50, respectively, were viable. Worms fed on E. coli O157:H7 were inoculated into soil and soil amended with turkey manure compost. Populations of C. elegans persisted in compost-amended soil for at least 7 days but declined in unamended soil. E. coli O157:H7 was detected at 4 and 6 days post inoculation in compost-amended and unamended soil, and in unamended soil inoculated with E. coli OP50. Populations of E. coli O157:H7 in soil amended with turkey manure compost were significantly(alpha = 0.05) higher than those in unamended soil. Results indicate that C. elegans can act as a vector to disperse foodborne pathogens in soil, potentially resulting in increased risk of contaminating the surface of pre-harvest fruits and vegetables.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2006

Regional community-acquired urinary tract infections in Israel: diagnosis, pathogens, and antibiotic guidelines adherence: a prospective study.

INTRODUCTION: The identification and treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired urinary tract infections (CAUTI) may be a challenge. The pathogens causing the infection and their relative proportions vary geographically and with time. This observational prospective study had three primary goals: (1) to estimate the likelihood of diagnosis of CAUTI upon admission; (2) to evaluate adherence to the institutional recommendations; (3) to assess the compatibility of the current local antibiotic recommendations with a pathogen's distribution and with its drug sensitivities. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-three patients with positive urinary cultures fulfilling criteria for CAUTI were studied. Only 54 (24.2%) were diagnosed as having a urinary tract infection upon admission. Approximately 90% of the patients, who were correctly diagnosed, received the institutional recommended antibiotic therapy (ofloxacin or cefuroxime). Gram-negative intestinal flora comprised 86.1% (192 patients) of the causative microorganisms. Of these, 20.3% of the pathogens demonstrated resistance to ofloxacin and 19.8% to cefuroxime. The prevalence of Escherichia coli, the most common pathogen of UTI, significantly declined in the current study, from 70.5% in 1991 to 56% in 2000. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a low sensitivity in diagnosing community-acquired urinary tract infections upon admission. In patients correctly diagnosed, the use of recommended antibiotics was high. A substantial percentage of the pathogens were resistant to the recommended antibiotics. This study stresses the need for frequent re-evaluation of the prevalence of pathogens involved in regional community-acquired urinary tract infections and the adjustment of the empirical first-line treatment accordingly.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Spatial and management factors associated with exposure of smallholder dairy cattle in Tanzania to tick-borne pathogens.

A cross-sectional study of serum antibody responses of cattle to tick-borne pathogens (Theileria parva, Theileria mutans,Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis) was conducted on smallholder dairy farms in Tanga and Iringa Regions of Tanzania. Seroprevalence was highest for T. parva (48% in Iringa and 23% in Tanga) and B. bigemina (43% in Iringa and 27% in Tanga) and lowest for B. bovis (12% in Iringa and 6% in Tanga). We use spatial and non-spatial models, fitted using classical and Bayesian methods, to explore risk factors associated with seroprevalence. These include both fixed effects (age, grazing history and breeding status) and random effects (farm and local spatial effects). In both regions, seroprevalence for all tick-borne pathogens increased significantly with age. Animals pasture grazed in the 3 months prior to the start of the sampling period were significantly more likely to be seropositive for Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. Pasture grazed animals were more likely to be seropositive than zero-grazed animals for A. marginale, but the relationship was weaker than that observed for the other four pathogens. This study did not detect any significant differences in seroprevalence associated with other management-related variables, including the method or frequency of acaricide application. After adjusting for age, there was weak evidence of localised (<5 km) spatial correlation in exposure to some of the tick borne diseases. However, this was small compared with the 'farm-effect', suggesting that risk factors specific to the farm were more important than those common to the local neighbourhood. Many animals were seropositive for more than one pathogen and the correlation between exposure to the different pathogens remained after adjusting for the identified risk factors. Identifying the determinants of exposure to multiple tick-borne pathogens and characterizing local variation in risk will assist in the development of more effective control strategies for smallholder dairy farms.

Anaplasma marginale↗

PubMed2004

Dynamic optimization of host defense, immune memory, and post-infection pathogen levels in mammals.

When attacked by pathogens, higher vertebrates produce specific immune cells that fight against them. We here studied the host's optimal schedule of specific immune cell production. The damage caused by the pathogen increases with the pathogen amount in the host integrated over time. On the other hand, there is also a cost incurred by the production of specific immune cells, not only in terms of the energy needed to produce and maintain the cells, but also with respect to damages sustained by the host's body as a result of immune activity. The optimal strategy of the host is the one that minimizes the total cost, defined as a weighted sum of the damage caused by pathogens and the costs caused by the specific immune cells. The problem is solved by using Pontryagin's maximum principle and dynamic programming. The optimal defense schedule is typically as follows: In the initial phase after infection, immune cells are produced at the fastest possible rate. The amount of pathogen increases temporarily but is eventually suppressed. When the pathogen amount is suppressed to a sufficiently low level, the immune cell number decreases and converges to a low steady level, which is maintained by alternately switching between fastest production and no production. We examine the effect of time delay required to have fully active immune cells by comparing cases with different number of rate limiting steps before producing immune cells. We examine the effect of the duration of time (time delay) required before full-scale production of active immune cells by comparing cases with different numbers of rate-limiting steps before immune-cell production. We also discuss the role of immune memory based on the results of the optimal immune reaction.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Fluctuations in haemocyte density and microbial load may be used as indicators of fungal pathogenicity in larvae of Galleria mellonella.

A positive correlation exists between the pathogenicity of bacteria and fungi when evaluated in the insect Galleria mellonella and mice. This work sought to determine whether fluctuations in the number of haemocytes and the proliferation of yeast cells in infected larvae could be used to determine the relative pathogenicity of a range of yeast isolates. Larvae were inoculated with 1 x 10(6) stationary-phase yeast cells and incubated in the dark at 30 degrees C for 48 h. The results indicated that larvae inoculated with the most pathogenic isolates (i.e. those capable of killing >80% of infected larvae) showed a significant reduction in haemocyte density. Larvae inoculated with isolates of low pathogenicity (i.e. capable of killing <20% of infected larvae) demonstrated only a small fluctuation in haemocyte numbers. The most pathogenic yeast isolates proliferated in the larvae, whereas the isolates of low pathogenicity did not. These results demonstrate a relationship between the ability of yeast isolates to kill larvae and changes in haemocyte density and yeast cell density in infected larvae. These end points may extend the applicability of the G. mellonella system for use with a wider range of microbial isolates.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Expression analysis of defence-related genes in grapevine leaves after inoculation with a host and a non-host pathogen.

The expression of PR protein encoding genes and genes involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism was analysed on grapevine leaves of susceptible and resistant cvs. in response to inoculation with the host-pathogen Plasmopara viticola and the non-host pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the downy mildew pathogen of cucumber. These experiments were conducted to elucidate whether or not grapevine plants susceptible to downy mildew exhibit an identical defence response after inoculation with the non-host pathogen. Expression analysis of defence-related genes revealed marked differences between the susceptible cultivar "Riesling" (Vitis vinifera) and the resistant cultivar "Gloire de Montpellier" (Vitis riparia). Whereas some genes seem to be expressed constitutively in "Gloire" or induced after an inoculation with both pathogens, expression of defence-related genes in Riesling was influenced mainly after inoculation with the non-host pathogen: PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, a PGIP gene, and especially genes encoding enzymes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (DFR, F3H, LDOX) were affected. Therefore, the occurrence of the respective products (flavans and other phenolics) in inoculated leaves was investigated with appropriate histological staining techniques. These stainings revealed a production of catechins and related phenolic compounds within the first 48 hai (hours after inoculation) with Ps. cubensis but not with P. viticola in Riesling, whereas in Gloire no further production was seen, which may be due to the high content of polyphenolics as observed in control leaves. In addition to the staining procedures, sporulation intensity was monitored on leaf discs. Pretreatments of leaf discs with Ps. cubensis led to a reduced browning reaction (as a result of a hypersensitive reaction) in Gloire and significantly reduced the intensity of sporulation in Riesling after a subsequent inoculation with P. viticola.

Anthocyanins↗

PubMed2006

Attenuation of skeletal muscle reperfusion injury with intravenous 12 amino acid peptides that bind to pathogenic IgM.

BACKGROUND: The injury sustained by reperfused skeletal muscle is inflammatory and is initiated by binding of pre-formed IgM to involved tissue, followed by local complement activation and further inflammation. A clone of natural IgM has been described that initiates this injury, suggesting that specific antigens are exposed on ischemic tissues that act as ligands for this pathogenic antibody. In these experiments, we examine the properties of short peptide sequences, and their homologues, that bind to the antigen-combining site of this pathogenic IgM clone. METHODS: A 12-mer phage display library was biopanned with the pathogenic IgM clone and then negatively selected against an inactive natural IgM clone. All 8 clones that bound specifically to the pathogenic IgM had closely related amino acid sequences. P8 is the clone that bound most avidly. Tissue lysates from ischemic tissue were reacted with pathogenic IgM, and immune complexes isolated and analyzed on SDS-PAGE. Bands were excised and sequenced, identifying non-muscle myosin as the protein reacting with pathogenic antibody in ischemic gut and glycogen phosphorylase as the counterpart in ischemic skeletal muscle. Both proteins contain sequence homologous to P8; N2 and GP1 are the natural 12-mers homologues that are contained within non-muscle myosin and glycogen phosphorylase, respectively. Wild-type C57/Bl6 mice, divided into groups receiving saline, P8, N2, GP1, or a random peptide at the start of the experiment, were subjected to 2 hours of tourniquet induced hind limb ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. Muscle was assessed for injury with histology and for immune activation with histochemistry. RESULTS: Intravenous administration of P8, N2, and GP1 led to significant attenuation of muscle injury (13 +/- 1.8 injured fibers/50 counted, 12 +/- 0.81, 8.0 +/- 0.73 respectively) after reperfusion injury compared to animals receiving saline (26 +/- 2.3) or the same mass of a random peptide (22 +/- 2.3), P less than .05. This level of protection from injury is comparable to that seen in the absence of antibody altogether. As well, P8-treated animals exhibited a marked decrease in deposition of IgM (as well as C3) in comparison to saline treated controls. CONCLUSIONS: Specific peptide blockade of an injury-inducing IgM clone decreased the local consequences of skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury in wild-type animals that have the full repertoire of IgM specificities. This indicates that the antibodies that initiate reperfusion injury have specificity only for P8-related antigens. This could also indicate that the variety of relevant ischemic antigens is quite restricted.

Animals↗