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PubMed1996

Prediction of successful ablation site of concealed posteroseptal accessory pathways by a novel algorithm using baseline electrophysiological parameters: implication for an abbreviated ablation procedure.

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency catheter ablation of concealed posteroseptal accessory pathways (APS) has been a relatively difficult task for electrophysiologists. Without a detailed mapping procedure, the left versus the right posteroseptal AP could not be distinguished. We investigated the electrophysiological characteristics of concealed posteroseptal APs and defined criteria from baseline parameters to predict the successful ablation site. Validity of the criteria was prospectively verified. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty-nine consecutive patients with a single concealed posteroseptal AP underwent successful radiofrequency catheter ablation. Of the initial 48 patients (group 1), the right posteroseptal area was first mapped. If no ideal electrogram could be obtained, or after several ineffective radiofrequency pulses, the left posteroseptal area was then mapped. Special attention was paid to the stability of the coronary sinus catheter with the most proximal electrode straddling the ostium, verified by coronary sinus venography, in all patients. Six patients (12.5%) had the earliest retrograde atrial activation at the middle electrode of the coronary sinus catheter, and successful ablation could only be achieved at the left posteroseptal area. For patients who presented with the earliest atrial activation at the proximal electrode, the presence of long RP' tachycardia suggested a right endocardial approach, while the delta VA (defined as the difference in the VA intervals between that recorded at the His bundle catheter and that at one of the electrode groups recording the earlier atrial activation) >-25 ms during tachycardia suggested a left endocardial approach. The subsequent 41 patients (group 2) were randomized into two subgroups. The initial mapping site was guided by the algorithm in group 2B, while it was not in group 2A. The successful ablation site could be predicted accurately in 18 (90%) of the 20 patients in group 2B. The radiofrequency pulses, ablation time, and fluoroscopic time were markedly reduced in Group 2B, mainly because of the omission of unnecessary mapping procedure in the right posteroseptal area in patients with "left atrio-left ventricular" fibers. CONCLUSIONS: By the algorithm based on baseline electrophysiological parameters, the successful ablation site could be accurately predicted in a majority of patients with concealed posteroseptal APs. Radiofrequency pulses, ablation time, and fluoroscopic time were markedly reduced.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Rate of successful recording of blood flow signals in the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler sonography.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To assess the usefulness of transcranial Doppler sonography, we investigated the rate of blood flow signal recording failure in the middle cerebral artery in Japanese subjects. Furthermore, we studied the effect of increased emitted power on the rate of successful recording in some of the patients in whom recording failure had been detected at the standard transducer power of 100 mW/cm2. METHODS: To evaluate the rate of successful recording, we measured blood flow signals in 597 patients (age range, 16 to 89 years) for screening of cerebrovascular disease by using a 2-MHz range-gated, pulsed-wave Doppler instrument at the standard transducer power. In 18 elderly patients with recording failure at the standard power, we assessed the effect of increased emitted power of 400 mW/cm2 on flow signal recording. RESULTS: Blood flow signals were recorded in 920 (77.1%) of the 1194 middle cerebral arteries of the 597 patients studied. The rate of successful recording of bilateral middle cerebral artery flow signals (70.9%; 423 of 597 patients) decreased with age, especially in females (17.0% in women aged 70 years or older). In 12 of 18 elderly patients with recording failure at the standard power, blood flow signals could be detected at the increased emitted power of 400 mW/cm2. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of successful recording of blood flow signals in Japanese subjects decreases with advancing age, especially in females. Increasing the emitted power markedly improves the successful recording rate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Capsaicin cough sensitivity decreases with successful treatment of chronic cough.

To assess the role of enhanced cough sensitivity in the pathogenesis of cough, we measured cough severity on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and capsaicin cough sensitivity (the concentration required to elicit two [C2] and five [C5] coughs) in 87 consecutive patients referred with chronic cough. Measurements were repeated after complete investigation and treatment, when patients were entered into one of four study groups: (1) treatment success (primary cause of cough successfully treated with elimination of the cough, n = 48); (2) primary treatment failure (treatment of potential primary cause of cough unsuccessful, n = 12); (3) cough treatment failure subgroup A (potential primary cause of cough identified and successfully treated but no improvement in cough, n = 8); and (4) cough treatment failure subgroup B (no potential primary cause of cough identified, n = 19). All patients in groups 3 and 4 were nonsmokers, had normal chest radiography and negative histamine challenge test, and failed to respond to intensive empirical treatment for rhinitis and gastroesophageal reflux. The VAS cough severity was lower and log C2 and C5 higher after treatment compared with initial values in the treatment success group but not in the other three groups. Enhanced sensitivity of airway nerves that mediate cough is important in the pathogenesis of nonproductive cough, and successful treatment is associated with a reduction in cough sensitivity. While enhanced sensitivity of airway nerves is usually present in patients with identifiable causes of chronic nonproductive cough, it is also found in other patients in whom the cause of cough is unknown.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Predictors of successful extubation in children.

Objective criteria to predict extubation outcome in mechanically ventilated children are not available. Our goal was to study factors associated with extubation success and to evaluate the usefulness of the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) and the compliance, resistance, oxygenation, and pressure index (CROP index) in children. Data were prospectively collected on 227 mechanically ventilated children. Patients successfully extubated had significantly better lung compliance (Cdyn: 0.59 +/- 0.91 versus 0.39 +/- 0.14 ml/kg/cm H(2)O), higher Pa(O(2))/FI(O(2)) ratio (382.4 +/- 181.2 versus 279.8 +/- 93.9), and lower Pa(CO(2)) (41.3 +/- 6.7 versus 47.3 +/- 8.5 mm Hg). Spontaneous breathing parameters showed significantly lower respiratory rates (RR) (36.6 +/- 17.9 versus 52.8 +/- 23 breaths/min), larger tidal volumes (VT) (7.3 +/- 2.6 versus 4.9 +/- 1.8 ml/kg), and greater muscle strength (negative inspiratory force [NIF]: 41.8 +/- 15.4 versus 35.1 +/- 12.5 cm H(2)O) in successfully extubated children. Extubation failures had higher RSBIs and lower CROP index values. A RSBI value of </= 8 breaths/ml/kg had a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 74%, whereas a CROP value of >/= 0.15 ml/kg/breaths/min had a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 53% for extubation success. Children failing extubation demonstrate abnormalities of respiratory function. The RSBI and CROP index are useful to predict pediatric extubation success.

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed1987

Airway occlusion pressure. An important indicator for successful weaning in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The objective of this study was to determine whether airway occlusion pressure (P0.1) is a useful predictor for successful weaning during discontinuation of assisted ventilation (AV) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We studied 12 patients with COPD receiving AV with maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) less than or equal to -20 cm H2O and FVC greater than or equal to 10 ml/kg. The P0.1, VT, frequency, mean inspiratory flow rate (VT/TI), inspiratory time to total breath cycle duration (TI/Ttot), and arterial blood gases were determined just prior to weaning, within 5 min after discontinuing AV (Time 0), and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min. Five of the 12 patients failed to wean, defined as requiring AV within 24 h after discontinuing AV. At Time 0, all patients who subsequently failed to wean had a P0.1 of greater than 6 cm H2O, and those who were successfully weaned had a P0.1 of less than 6 cm H2O (p less than 0.001), although the arterial blood gas determinations were comparable in both groups. Throughout the study period, P0.1 in the patients who failed to wean was persistently higher than in the successfully weaned patients. Despite the high P0.1, VT and VT/TI decreased significantly at the termination of the study compared with those at Time 0 in 3 of the patients who failed to wean. Tachypnea was not useful in predicting failure to wean. The TI/Ttot in the patients who failed to wean was persistently lower than in the successfully weaned patients. We conclude that P0.1 is an important indicator for successful weaning.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Rate of reinfection tuberculosis after successful treatment is higher than rate of new tuberculosis.

RATIONALE: In a high-tuberculosis (TB) incidence area of Cape Town, South Africa, there is a very high rate of unexplained recurrent TB. The incidence of new bacteriologically confirmed disease in the area is 313 per 100,000 individuals. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the rate of recurrent TB attributable to reinfection after successful treatment. METHODS: All patients with reported TB in the area between 1993 and 1998 were followed up to 2001 for disease needing retreatment (recurrences). Patients who were multi-drug-resistant or who had treatment failure, were transferred, or died during treatment were excluded. Analysis was restricted to patients for whom DNA fingerprinting of their Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates was obtained. Reinfection TB was defined as a recurrent TB episode in which the strains of the separate episodes differed by more than four bands. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 612 of 897 (68%) patients had a DNA fingerprint available at enrollment. Median duration of follow-up was 5.2 years. Recurrent TB occurred in 108 of 612 (18%) patients, of whom 61 of 447 (14%) experienced recurrence after successful treatment, and 47 of 165 (28%) experience recurrence after default. Of the 108 patients with recurrent TB, 68 (63%) had a DNA fingerprint in the second episode. Among these patients, 24 of 31 (77%) recurrences after successful treatment and 4 of 37 (11%) recurrences after default were attributable to reinfection. The reinfection disease rate after successful treatment was estimated at 2.2 per 100 person-years. CONCLUSIONS: The age-adjusted incidence rate of TB attributable to reinfection after successful treatment was four times that of new TB. People who had TB once are at a strongly increased risk of developing TB when reinfected.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Relationship between hypomania and personality disorders before and after successful treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of hypomanic states on maladaptive personality traits and personality disorders, the authors evaluated personality traits and disorders of patients during an episode of hypomania and after successful somatic treatment. METHOD: The authors used the Structured Interview for DSM-III Personality Disorders to study 66 outpatients who had a lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder and who met the minimum Research Diagnostic Criteria for hypomania. All patients had a knowledgeable informant separately undergo the Structured Interview for DSM-III Personality Disorders during the patient's hypomanic state. Outpatients who successfully recovered from the hypomanic episode (N = 47) and their informants were read-ministered the interview 4-8 weeks after the initial assessment. RESULTS: During the hypomanic state, informants generally reported higher levels of maladaptive personality traits among patients than patients themselves. For the patients who recovered successfully from the hypomanic episode, a reduction in all maladaptive personality traits except schizoid and dependent traits was reported by both patients and their informants; however, the decrease reported by patients generally was much greater than that reported by informants. In addition, schizoid traits actually increased after successful treatment according to patient reports but were unchanged according to informant reports. CONCLUSIONS: Hypomania may be associated with an exacerbation of maladaptive personality traits, which may be attenuated after successful treatment. Even with the attainment of euthymic mood, however, about 50% of the cohort had at least one personality disorder, which suggests that a high degree of comorbidity may exist between bipolar disorders and maladaptive personality traits or personality disorders.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2000

The relative influence of lesion length and other stenosis morphologies on procedural success of coronary intervention.

As coronary interventional technology improves, the influence of lesion length (LL) on procedural success and device selection may vary. Thus, the authors prospectively analyzed 957 consecutive coronary interventions (CI) in 1,404 stenoses to ascertain the influence of lesion length on CI outcome. Stenosis morphology was prospectively classified by the AHA/ACC criteria. LL was analyzed both as dichotomous (S: < 10 mm, L: > 10 mm) variables and by the three-tiered AHA/ACC criteria (I: < 10 mm, II: 10-20 mm, III: > 20 mm). There was a significant univariate relationship between CI success and S stenosis (S: 95.8% vs L: 91.8%, p = 0.002 and I: 96.0%, II: 91.7%, III: 89.3%). Numerous interrelationships involving the morphologic characteristics were noted: lesion morphologies associated with S lesions were concentric (p = 0.0001) and had smooth contour (p = 0.0001), ostial location (p = 0.05) and little calcification (p = 0.0007), while irregular contour (p=0.0001), calcification (p=0.0076), eccentric (p=0.0001), thrombus (p = 0.0001), recent (p = 0.0001) or chronic (p = 0.001) total occlusion were associated with L lesions. When these relationships were taken into account by multiple logistic regression analysis, lesion length was not predictive of procedural outcome (p = 0.099). One morphologic type was associated with increased CI success: irregular contour (p = 0.022); recent (p < 0.0001) or chronic (< 0.0001) occlusions were associated with decreased CI success. Another factor considered was device selection: S lesions were associated with greater balloon angioplasty usage (p = 0.002), whereas more coronary stents (p = 0.024) and rotoblator (p = 0.018) devices were used in L lesions. More balloon angioplasty was performed in concentric (p < 0.0001) lesions; interventional devices were employed more often in eccentric (p < 0.0001) and irregular lesions (p < 0.0001). More complications were noted in lesions with thrombus (p = 0.0002), but lesion length was not predictive (p = NS). Lesion length is not a significant predictor of procedural success when adjusted for other lesion morphologies in the modern interventional era. The availability of new devices has improved the results in longer lesions since the AHA/ACC criteria were originally proposed.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Do hydrophilic guidewires affect the technical success rates of percutaneous angioplasty?

To determine whether the use of hydrophilic guidewires has influenced the success of peripheral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), the results of PTA performed before and after the introduction of such guidewires (end of 1989) were analyzed. Before hydrophilic guidewires became generally available, the technical success rates for iliac stenosis PTA were 96%, for femoral stenosis PTA 84%, and for femoral occlusion 78%. After the introduction of hydrophilic guidewires, technical success rates were 100% (NS), 97% (P = 0.018), and 97% (P = 0.011), respectively. A prospective study of 33 patients randomly selected for PTA of femoropopliteal occlusion using either conventional or hydrophilic guidewires was performed. In this group, the technical success rate was 14/15 in the hydrophilic group, and 18/18 in the conventional group (NS). Since the introduction of hydrophilic guidewires, the technical success rates of PTA have improved and are now approaching 100%.

Angioplasty, Balloon↗

PubMed2006

Changing trends in the success rate of anterior cricoid split.

OBJECTIVES: We determined the historical trends at our institution in the extubation success rate, defined as avoiding tracheostomy, for infants with acquired laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) who undergo anterior cricoid split (ACS) as primary treatment. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of all neonates with acquired LTS treated with ACS between 1989 and 2005. Successful extubation rates were assessed over the study's time period. Student's t-test was used to compare identified subgroups. RESULTS: Thirty-one neonates (14 male, 17 female) were identified, with an average gestational age of 27.6 weeks. During 1989 to 1995, a successful cumulative extubation rate of 71.4% was achieved in 14 children. By 2005, though, following a further 17 children, the successful cumulative extubation rate had dropped to 54.8%. The extubation rate in the time period 1996 to 2005 specifically was only 41.2%. The factor identified that most significantly correlated with this change was the difference in average duration of preoperative intubation. Relatively higher numbers of significant neurologic, respiratory, and cardiac comorbidities were identified both in the 1996 to 2005 grouping and in the ACS failure grouping. CONCLUSIONS: The success rate of ACS as a means of avoiding neonatal tracheostomy appears to have declined over the past 10 years at our institution. A prolonged period of preoperative intubation, as well as associated increasingly significant comorbidities, may be explanatory for this change. Revising the accepted selection criteria for ACS, or broadening the indications for alternative techniques, may be warranted.

Cricoid Cartilage↗

PubMed2000

Success in life for older adolescents with cerebral palsy.

In this article, the psychosocial themes emerging from an exploratory qualitative study are reported. Using a constant comparative method, the authors describe how older adolescents with cerebral palsy defined success in life and the factors they viewed as helping or hindering their success. Participants were 10 adolescents with cerebral palsy between 18 and 20 years of age who took part in a semistructured interview exploring their perceptions of success. For these adolescents, success meant being happy in life. Three key psychosocial factors were related to success in life: being believed in, believing in yourself, and being accepted by others (belonging). The findings are useful in guiding the design of services to meet the life needs of individuals with disabilities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Success and safety of sputum induction in the clinical setting.

It has previously been reported that sputum induction is successful and safe in the clinical research setting. The authors examined the success and safety of sputum induction in routine clinical practice in patients with asthma or chronic airflow limitation of varying severity. Records of 304 patients with asthma and 25 with smoking related chronic airflow limitation were examined retrospectively. All had sputum induced as part of their routine clinical evaluation. When the baseline post salbutamol forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was > or =70% predicted, the inductions consisted of inhalation of an aerosol of 3%, 4% and 5% saline, each given for 7 min. If the FEV1 was <70%, or there were other reasons for concern, the inductions were initiated with normal saline for shorter periods. Inhalations were discontinued when sputum was obtained or when there was a fall in FEV1 > or =20%. Success was identified by obtaining nonsquamous total and differential cell counts containing macrophages, and safety by the fall in FEV1. The overall success was 93%. The procedure was safe even amongst patients with an FEV1 of <60% and <1 L. Of 77 patients with an FEV1 between 40-59%, 8% fell by > or =20% and of 35 patients with an FEV1 <40%, 6% fell by 20%. Carefully standardized sputum induction can be successful and safe in patients with asthma or chronic airflow limitation in clinical practice, even when moderate or severe airflow limitation is present.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2006

Correlation of improved erectile function and rate of successful intercourse with improved emotional well-being assessed with the Self-Esteem And Relationship questionnaire in men treated with sildenafil for erectile dysfunction and stratified by age.

BACKGROUND: The quality of life consequences of erectile dysfunction (ED) include depression, anxiety, and loss of self-esteem. The Self-Esteem And Relationship (SEAR) questionnaire is a validated, patient-administered, psychometric instrument specific to ED. OBJECTIVE: To determine correlations between erectile function (EF), intercourse success, and emotional well-being measured with the SEAR questionnaire in men treated with sildenafil citrate for ED and stratified by age (< 50 years, 50-65 years, and > 65 years). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was an open-label, flexible-dose trial of sildenafil (25, 50 and 100 mg) administered for 10 weeks to 382 men with ED (mean +/- SD age, 55 +/- 13 years; mean ED duration, 4 years), which was conducted at 62 centers in the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Analysis (by intent-to-treat, n = 368) of the change from baseline to the week-10 endpoint in the SEAR questionnaire Self-Esteem subscale, the intercourse success rate (percent of occasions at which an erection that lasted long enough for successful intercourse was achieved), and their correlation. RESULTS: For the overall population, there was mean +/- SD improvement (p < 0.0001, paired t-tests) in the Self-Esteem subscale (56 +/- 25 to 79 +/- 22) and intercourse success rate (21 +/- 30% to 70 +/- 36%), which showed positive correlation (p < 0.0001). Secondary outcomes (i.e., EF domain of the International Index of Erectile Function; event log frequency of erection hard enough for sexual intercourse and of ejaculation/orgasm) also improved (p < 0.0001) and correlated positively with the SEAR Self-Esteem subscale and Sexual Relationship domain (p < 0.05 for all correlations). All 10 correlations were positive (p < 0.05) in men aged 50 to 65 years, eight were positive in men aged > 65 years, and six were positive in men aged < 50 years. The most common treatment-related adverse events were mild-to-moderate headache (12% of patients), vasodilatation (7%), and rhinitis (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Men treated with sildenafil for ED demonstrated improved erectile function and an increased intercourse success rate, which correlated positively with improvement in SEAR measures of self-esteem and sexual relationship.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

SiteFind: a software tool for introducing a restriction site as a marker for successful site-directed mutagenesis.

BACKGROUND: Site-directed mutagenesis is a widely-used technique for introducing mutations into a particular DNA sequence, often with the goal of creating a point mutation in the corresponding amino acid sequence but otherwise leaving the overall sequence undisturbed. However, this method provides no means for verifying its success other than sequencing the putative mutant construct: This can quickly become an expensive method for screening for successful mutations. An alternative to sequencing is to simultaneously introduce a restriction site near the point mutation in manner such that the restriction site has no effect on the translated amino acid sequence. Thus, the novel restriction site can be used as a marker for successful mutation which can be quickly and easily assessed. However, finding a restriction site that does not disturb the corresponding amino acid sequence is a time-consuming task even for experienced researchers. A fast and easy to use computer program is needed for this task. RESULTS: We wrote a computer program, called SiteFind, to help us design a restriction site within the mutation primers without changing the peptide sequence. Because of the redundancy of genetic code, a given peptide can be encoded by many different DNA sequences. Since the list of possible restriction sites for a given DNA sequence is not always obvious, SiteFind automates this task. The number of possible sequences a computer program must search through increases exponentially as the sequence length increases. SiteFind uses a novel "moving window" algorithm to reduce the number of possible sequences to be searched to a manageable level. The user enters a nucleotide sequence, specifies what amino acid residues should be changed in the mutation, and SiteFind generates a list of possible restriction sites and what nucleotides must be changed to introduce that site. As a demonstration of its use, we successfully generated a single point mutation and a double point mutation in the wild-type sequence for Krüppel-like factor 4, an epithelium-specific transcription factor. CONCLUSION: SiteFind is an intuitive, web-based program that enables the user to introduce a novel restriction site into the mutated nucleotide sequence for use as a marker of successful mutation. It is freely available from http://www.utmb.edu/scccb/software/sitefind.html.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1977

Validation of three measures of fear of success.

Three new instruments designed to measure fear of success are the Horner, Tresemer, Berens, and Watson empirically derived fantasy-based scoring system, the Pappo Fear of Success Questionnaire (FOS) and the Zuckerman and Allison Fear of Success Scale (FOSS). In the absence of evidence that scores on these instruments are positively correlated or that the instruments do not measure fear of failure, correlations were calculated between these three instruments and between these instruments and the Alpert-Haber Debilitating Anxiety Scale (DAS). It was found that only the FOS and FOSS fear of success instruments were correlated positively and significantly. However, all three fear of success instruments were correlated positively at a significant level with the DAS.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of internal medicine residents as exercise role models and associations with self-reported counseling behavior, confidence, and perceived success.

BACKGROUND: Patients perceive physicians who practice healthy personal behaviors as more credible and better able to motivate patients to make healthy lifestyle choices. PURPOSES: To evaluate internal medicine resident physicians as role models for promoting exercise by an assessment of physician physical activity behavior, cardiovascular fitness, physical activity knowledge, personal use of behavior modification techniques, attitudes toward personal physical activity practice, and confidence (i.e., self-efficacy) in the knowledge and personal utilization of behavior modification techniques and to explore the associations with self-reported patient counseling behavior, confidence, and perceived success. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of internal medicine resident physicians with a self-administered survey, treadmill fitness testing, and a 7-day physical activity recall. RESULTS: Fifty-one resident physicians agreed to participate (response rate = 81%). Fitness levels were below average for 60%, average for 25%, and above average or excellent for 15%. The mean energy expenditure was 234 kcal/kg/week, with 41% of physicians meeting recommended physical activity guidelines. Few reported high self-efficacy (33%) or perceived success (25%) in the ability to be regularly active. Few demonstrated adequate knowledge useful for patient counseling (e.g., listing 3 ways to integrate physical activity into daily life [27%], calculating target heart rate [29%], and identifying personal exercise stages of change [25%]). Personal use of behavior modification techniques was reported infrequently. Although 88% reported confidence in the knowledge of exercise benefits, less than half reported confidence in the knowledge of local facilities, American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines, and behavior modification techniques. Multiple linear regression demonstrated that a higher level of training (p = .02) and a greater confidence in the knowledge of ACSM guidelines (p = .048, total R2 = .21) independently predicted more frequent self-reported counseling. Sex (i.e., male; p = .01) and greater physical activity self-efficacy (p = .017, total R2 = .23) independently predicted greater perceived counseling success. Greater physical activity enjoyment (p = .03) and greater perceived success at engaging in regular physical activity (p = .028, total R2 = .28) independently predicted greater counseling self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Most internal medicine resident physicians may not be adequate role models for promoting exercise adherence. Confidence in the knowledge of current guidelines, personal physical activity enjoyment, and perceived success and self-efficacy in engaging in regular physical activity may be useful targets for enhancing resident physician physical activity counseling for their patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Prey-capture success revealed by echolocation signals in pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pygmaeus).

Three Pipistrellus pygmaeus bats were trained to capture prey on the wing while flying in the laboratory. The bats' capture behaviour and capture success were determined and correlated with acoustic analyses of post-buzz echolocation signals. Three acoustic parameters revealed capture success: in case of success, post-buzz pauses (pbP) were longer, interpulse intervals (IPI) of the post-buzz signals were longer and, most notably, the spectra of the echolocation signals showed a number of notches that were absent after unsuccessful attempts. If the bats touched the prey without seizing it, pbP was significantly increased, but by less than was seen following a successful capture. Thus, acoustic recordings can be used to determine the outcome of a capture attempt with 72-75% correct using IPI or pbP, and with 78% correct using notches. Even more trials (>85%) were classified correctly by using the first canonical discriminant factor from principal component analysis combining the three parameters. Four types of prey were used, of 7-22 mm length and 7-240 mg mass. After successful captures, interpulse intervals, post-buzz pause and notches all depended on prey type, but not in a way that was systematically related to size, indicating that acoustic parameters cannot reveal prey size.

Acoustics↗

PubMed1999

Echolocation behaviour and prey-capture success in foraging bats: laboratory and field experiments on Myotis daubentonii.

During prey-capture attempts, many echolocating bats emit a 'terminal buzz', when pulse repetition rate is increased and pulse duration and interpulse interval are shortened. The buzz is followed by a silent interval (the post-buzz pause). We investigated whether variation in the structure of the terminal buzz, and the calls and silent periods following it, may provide information about whether the capture attempt was successful and about the size of prey detected - detail that is valuable in studies of habitat use and energetics. We studied the trawling bat Myotis daubentonii. The time between the first call of the approach phase and the end of the terminal phase was not related to prey size in the laboratory. The last portion of the terminal buzz (buzz II) was shortened or omitted during aborted capture attempts. Both in the laboratory and in the field, the mean interpulse interval immediately after the terminal buzz (post-buzz interpulse interval) was longer in successful captures than in unsuccessful attempts. In the laboratory, the post-buzz pause was longer after successful captures than for unsuccessful attempts, and the minimum frequency of the first search-phase call emitted after the buzz (Fmin) was higher than that of the last such call prior to the buzz. These effects were not apparent in field data. Both in the laboratory (85%) and in the field (74%), significant discrimination between successful and unsuccessful capture attempts was possible when the duration of the post-buzz pause, post-buzz interpulse interval and Fmin were entered into a discriminant analysis. Thus, variation in the echolocation calls of bats during prey-capture attempts can reveal substantial information about capture success and prey size.

Animals↗