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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Evidence for time-place learning in the Morris water maze without food restriction but with increased response cost.

Time-place learning is the ability to distinguish between resources that vary in location at different times of day. Only one previous report has demonstrated successful time-place learning without using food as reward. In this experiment, satiated rats failed to form time-place discriminations in a Morris water maze while food deprived rats did, leading to the conclusion that food system activation is necessary for time-place learning. However, in addition to food system activation, response cost was also increased, which previously has been demonstrated to be effective in allowing the formation of time-place discriminations. The purpose of these two experiments is to test whether food system activation or heightened response cost allowed for time-place learning in the Morris water maze. In the first experiment, we replicate the failure to find time-place discriminations in the Morris water maze without food restriction and without increased response cost. In the second experiment, we found that increased response cost without food restriction was effective in allowing the formation of a time-place discrimination. The implications of this result are discussed in light of the timing mechanism used for time-place discriminations, the nature of the response cost, and the event-time-place tripartite association.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Driver behaviour during flashing green before amber: a comparative study.

The paper discusses the results of extensive measurements of drivers' stopping behaviour during signal programmes with and without flashing green before amber. Ten locations in Switzerland, Austria, and Germany were recorded with a video camera and analysed using an image-processing system. About 5000 cycles were documented. The analysis shows that the flashing green increases the number of early stops, as drivers tend to underestimate the duration of the time to the end of amber. Discrete choice models of the stopping behaviour are estimated for inclusion in suitable microsimulation models of traffic flow. The model results show that speed and distance to stop line, and their interaction (potential time to the stop line with unchanged speed) explain the stopping process.

Austria↗
PubMed2006

Corticosterone and fear behaviour in white and brown caged laying hens.

Physiological and behavioural measures of stress in caged hens on a commercial farm were compared between White Leghorn and brown Hyline strains, and between three tiers of cages. Blood and faecal samples were collected from undisturbed birds for corticosterone measurements. Plasma corticosterone responses to a stressor were measured by the collection of blood samples after 15, 30, and 60 min of a handling stressor. Tonic immobility and novel object tests were used to measure fear behaviour. Plasma corticosterone in undisturbed hens and faecal corticosterone did not differ between White Leghorn and brown Hyline hens, whereas the plasma corticosterone response to a handling stressor was greater in White Leghorns. The duration of tonic immobility, latency to first head movement and number of head movements in tonic immobility tests were greater in white than brown birds, whereas the number of inductions was less for tonic immobility tests. There were no differences between the strains in their responses to a novel object. There were no differences between tiers in plasma corticosterone or corticosterone responses or tonic immobility responses, and no consistent differences in responses of birds to a novel object. This is the first study in which plasma and faecal corticosterone concentrations and fear behaviour have been measured together in laying hens, and the first description of plasma corticosterone responses to handling over 60 min for caged laying hens on a commercial farm. The study has shown the value of measuring endocrine and behavioural variables together to provide objective data on characteristics of different strains of hens.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Differential reinforcement of other behavior and noncontingent reinforcement as control procedures during the modification of a preschooler's compliance.

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and noncontingent reinforcement were compared as control procedures during the modification of a 3-yr-old preschooler's compliance. The recorded reinforcer was teacher proximity (within 3 ft (0.9) of the subject for at least 5 sec) which was often accompanied by positive verbal comments that varied in content across experimental conditions. The verabal content during contingent reinforcement might have been: "Thank you for picking up the blocks"; during non-contingent reinforcement: "You're wearing a pretty dress"; and during DRO: "I don't blame you for not picking up because it isn't any fun". Contingent reinforcement increased compliance in all manipulation conditions. Noncontingent reinforcement decreased compliance during two reversal conditions. However, the behavior was variable and did not decrease to the low levels reached during the two DRO reversals.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1999

Ethanol consumption and place-preference conditioning in the alcohol-preferring C57BL/6 mouse: relationship with motor activity patterns.

Ethanol place-preference conditioning (PC) was conducted in drug-naive and ethanol pre-exposed female and male C57BL/6J (C57) mice to assess whether environmental cues can develop positive incentive value for ethanol-preferring animals when associated with administration of ethanol. After 12 days episodic access to free-choice ethanol and/or water self-administration, mice received eight ethanol injections (1.75 g/kg/i.p.) 5 min before placement in their nonpreferred PC chamber and eight saline injections paired with their preferred chamber. Control mice received eight saline injections (20 ml/kg) in both their preferred and nonpreferred chambers. Mice of both sexes developed strong ethanol PC. Correlational analysis indicated that the strength of ethanol PC for mice with a prior ethanol drinking experience was inversely related to the amount of ethanol consumed regardless of gender. Furthermore, depending on gender and previous ethanol drinking experience, ethanol PC was differentially related to initial baseline motor activity, the initial motor response to ethanol, or rapid change in the motor response to ethanol. Thus, a complicated relationship between neural systems that mediate ethanol reward and motor activity may exist as suggested by current addiction theory.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1975

Mother-infant attachment: the importance of the mother's visual field.

The purpose of this study was to answer 2 questions: (1) how important to 2-year-old children is fact-to-face contact with the mother, and (2) do attachment behaviors, such as looking at, talking to, and being close to mothers, interact in a compensatory fashion? 24 male and female children, 18 to 30 months, were observed with their mothers for 15 minutes in 3 conditions: (1) mother facing tethered toys, (2) mother facing away from toys, and (3) mother behind a partition and not visible from toys. Observations were made by time-lapse photography techniques. Results indicated that the potential for face-to-face contact was important: children spent 94% of their time in mother's visual field when she faced the toys and 50% of their time in her visual field when she either faced away or was behind the partition. Overall, they established face-to-face contact about 12% of the time. Some compensation was observed: talking and physical proximity increased as visual contact decreased.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1985

Behavioral airsickness management program for student pilots.

The management of recurrent airsickness in student pilots has traditionally involved positive reinforcement of motivation and limited use of medication. The Behavioral Airsickness Management (BAM) program seeks to establish an effective behavioral and cognitive intervention format for managing airsickness symptoms. There were 37 student pilots experiencing recurrent airsickness who were exposed to an assessment and rehabilitation program designed to develop diaphragmatic breathing skills while rapidly reducing physiological tension via cue-evoked relaxation strategies. Cognitive modification techniques were also included in the treatment protocol. Of the 37 students, 35 were returned to their flying training program with no recurrences of the airsickness problems. Cross-validation evidence is offered, as well as hypotheses for the program's success.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

Border symbolism.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Association↗
PubMed2001

Spatial performance correlates with long-term potentiation of the dentate gyrus but not of the CA1 region in rats with fimbria-fornix lesions.

Although hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is generally assumed to be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory, there has not been definitive evidence for this hypothesis. In the present study, therefore, we addressed the possible relationship between spatial learning ability and LTP by using rats with bilateral fimbria-fornix lesions. The animals were tested for spatial performance in spontaneous alternation behaviors with further in vivo investigation of LTP. The behavioral parameters of spatial memory showed a significant correlation with LTP in the dentate gyrus, but we found no evidence for a linkage with LTP in the CA1 region. Thus, LTP in the dentate gyrus may be important for spatial cognitive ability.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Selection for body weight induces differences in exploratory behavior and learning in mice.

Mice that were selected for over 108 generations for body weight at the postnatal (PN) day 21 were examined in the open field (OF) test and in the Lashley maze (LM) for their exploratory behavior and spatial learning. Light (L), heavy (C) and control (K) lines of mice in three age groups: PN-21, PN-56 and PN-90, were tested once in the OF and three times in the LM. During the session in the OF the L mice displayed a steady increase of behavioral activity (sum of locomotion and rearing, climbing, sniffing, and grooming acts), whereas mice C and K habituated in the last stage. During entire session in the OF activity of the L mice was lower than that of the C and K mice. The L mice displayed high defecation/urination scores. In the learning task the L mice performed worse than the C and K mice. In conclusion, behavior of the L line was different from that of the two other lines: they showed higher anxiety and poorer spatial learning.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Visuospatial impairments in aged canines (Canis familiaris): the role of cognitive-behavioral flexibility.

This study used a novel delayed nonmatching-to-position task to compare visuospatial learning and memory in young and aged beagle dogs (Canis familiaris). The task used 3, rather than 2, spatial locations, which markedly increased difficulty. There were striking age differences in acquisition. Most of the aged canines did not learn the task, and those that did showed impaired learning when compared with the young canines. The aged canines also showed reduced maximal working memory capacity compared with the young canines. Analysis of the response patterns of individual canines indicated that the deficits were related to the use of ineffective strategies and inflexibility in strategy modification.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Differential effects of a small, unilateral, 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigral lesion on behavior in high and low responders to novelty.

The goal of this study was to develop an animal model that evaluates striatal-specific behavior after partial, unilateral destruction of nigrostriatal neurons. 6-OHDA (1 microg) was injected intranigrally (day 0) to reduce dopaminergic innervation of the dorsal striatum (DS); 6-OHDA (5 microg) was injected to reduce innervation of DS and nucleus accumbens (ACC). We analyzed changes in (a) behavior regulated by dopamine (DA) release in the DS (hindpaw preference from day 5 to day 19, every other day) and the ACC (novelty-induced locomotion on day 16) and (b) apomorphine-induced rotation (on day 21). We used two types of rat that show differences in structure and function of the dopaminergic neurons, namely high (HR) and low (LR) responders to novelty. 6-OHDA (1 microg) significantly decreased TH immunoreactivity (TH-ir) in the DS and increased preference for the hindpaw controlled by the nonlesioned side in HRs and LRs in time. Only in LRs was the significant increase of novelty-induced locomotion accompanied by a significant increase in TH-ir density in the ACC: this suggests a lesion-induced shift in nigrostriatal/mesolimbic balance toward a dominance of the mesolimbic system. The higher 6-OHDA dose significantly decreased TH-ir in the DS and the ACC and increased preference for the hindpaw controlled by the nonlesioned side in HRs and LRs in time. However, this increase occurred significantly earlier in LRs than in HRs. Apomorphine elicited contralateral rotations solely in LRs, and not in HRs, indicating development of supersensitive dopamine receptors in the DS of LRs, but not HRs. The data show that LRs are more susceptible to 6-OHDA than HRs. The relevance of the present data for Parkinson's disease is discussed.

Animals↗