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PubMed2002

Power and coherence of sleep spindle frequency activity following hemispheric stroke.

Brainstem and thalamic structures are known to play a critical role in modulating sleep-wake cycles, but the extent to which the cerebral hemispheres are involved remains unclear. To study the role of the cerebral hemispheres in generating sleep EEG patterns, all-night polysomnographic recordings were collected in subjects with brain damage (n = 30) caused by hemispheric stroke and in hospitalized controls (n = 12). Recordings were made in the acute (< or =10 days post-stroke), subchronic (11-35 days post-stroke) and chronic (>60 days post-stroke) phases of stroke. Bipolar and referential EEG derivations were recorded. Standard sleep stage scoring was conducted using the referential derivation placed opposite the lesion. Sleep stage 2 power and coherence spectra were calculated based on recordings from bipolar derivations. In the mean spectra, the highest spindle frequency peak was identified and its size was calculated relative to the background spectrum. Analysis of visually scored EEG data indicated that, compared with controls, acute phase brain-damaged subjects had lower sleep efficiency and increased waking after sleep onset. The durations of rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement sleep stages did not differ significantly between brain-damaged subjects and hospitalized controls. Spectral analyses revealed that, compared with hospitalized controls, brain-damaged subjects had significantly reduced spindle peak sizes in the power and coherence spectra from derivations ipsilateral to the lesion. Within-subject comparisons across time demonstrated that the power and coherence of sleep spindle frequency activity increased significantly from the acute to the chronic phases of stroke, suggesting that plastic mechanisms allowed the possibility of recovery. Our findings provide novel evidence that the cerebral hemispheres are important in generating coherent sleep spindles in humans, and they are consonant with prior empirical and theoretical evidence that corticothalamic projections modulate the generation of synchronous spindle oscillations. Because spindle oscillations are thought to be involved in blocking sensory input to the cortex during sleep, the decrease in synchronous spindle frequency activity following hemispheric stroke may contribute to the observed reduction in sleep continuity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Spindle cell carcinoma of the breast.

Spindle cell carcinoma is a rare breast tumor. We present herein three cases of spindle cell carcinoma of the breast and review its characteristics from the literature. Spindle cell carcinoma frequently forms a large and well-circumscribed tumor with gross cyst formation. Histologically, its dominant component is of sheets of spindle shaped cells, and it includes such contiguous carcinoma components as squamous differentiation or invasive ductal carcinoma. Estrogen receptor expression and lymph node metastasis tend to be low. Despite the sarcomatous features, spindle cells are likely to be derived from epithelial cells of mammary glands. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examination demonstrated the expression of keratin and the desmosome-like junctional structure in the spindle cell components. Relatively favorable prognosis is expected in spindle cell carcinoma of the breast compared to common breast carcinoma.

Aged↗

PubMed1981

Spindle density in sleep of normal subjects.

We studied sleep spindle activity in ten normal young subjects, five males and five females. The subjects were recorded on magnetic tapes according to standard procedures, and the tapes were scored automatically by a system described previously. Spindle activity was analyzed on the C4-T4 lead of electroencephalogram, using a bandpass filter and discrimination of the integrated output of the filter. Results indicated that spindle density was the same in stages 2, 3, and 4, and was much lower in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In stage 2, K potentials were less abundant than spindles and exhibited a much smaller individual variability. Whereas spindle density was very stable across two nights in the same subject, there was wide variation between subjects. In addition, there was a sex difference; female subjects presented more than twice as many spindles as males. The density of spindles during non-REM sleep was constant throughout the recording and did not show any cyclic variation.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Spindle cell mural nodules in cystic ovarian mucinous tumors. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of five cases.

We studied five cystic ovarian mucinous tumors with spindle cell mural nodules to define their histologic and immunohistochemical properties. Three of these mural nodules consisted of carcinomatous nests surrounded by highly pleomorphic polygonal and spindle cells. There were transition zones between the pleomorphic cells and the cell nests. In all three cases, both cell populations coexpressed cytokeratin and vimentin, suggesting a diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma. A fourth nodule consisted of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma embedded in prominent, cytologically uniform spindle cells. These cells were histologically distinct from the carcinoma; there were no zones of transition. The carcinoma was strongly positive for cytokeratin but only weakly positive for vimentin; the spindle cells expressed vimentin but not cytokeratin. We diagnosed this lesion as carcinoma with a reactive spindle cell stroma. A fifth mural nodule was composed entirely of interlacing fascicles of uniform spindle cells that were negative for cytokeratin but positive for vimentin, muscle-specific actin, and desmin; these findings support a diagnosis of leiomyoma. Two of the four patients with malignant nodules died of disease; the rest are alive and disease-free after follow-up intervals ranging from 1 to 4 years. This study demonstrates the usefulness of immunohistochemistry in distinguishing variant forms of spindle cell mural nodules in cystic ovarian mucinous tumors. It further suggests that malignant nodules do not necessarily carry a poor prognosis.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1999

Spindle cell thymic carcinoma: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of a distinctive variant of primary thymic epithelial neoplasm.

We report 16 cases of a distinctive variant of primary thymic epithelial neoplasm characterized by prominent spindling of the tumor cells. The patients were seven women and nine men aged 23 to 82 years (mean, 54 years). The lesions presented as anterior mediastinal masses without clinical or radiographic evidence of tumor elsewhere. Most patients had chest pain, dyspnea, and cough; in five patients, the tumors were asymptomatic and were discovered on routine clinical examination. Grossly, the lesions were firm, well-circumscribed, and locally infiltrative, and had a firm cut surface with foci of hemorrhage, necrosis, and cystic changes. Most of the tumors were treated by complete surgical excision. Histologically, they were characterized by a spindle cell proliferation showing varying degrees of atypia and mitotic activity. In 12 cases, transitions could be seen with areas that showed the features of conventional spindle cell thymoma. In two cases, areas showing features of poorly differentiated (lymphoepitheliomalike) carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma could also be observed. Immunohistochemical studies in 10 cases showed strong positivity of the spindle tumor cells for CAM5.2 cytokeratin, and negative staining for a panel of antibodies including epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, actin, desmin, vimentin, S-100 protein, HMB45, CD34, CD5, and CD99. Clinical follow-up of eight patients showed an aggressive biologic behavior with recurrence, metastasis, and death by tumor in five of them 2 to 5 years after diagnosis. Based on these findings, the present tumors are interpreted as an unusual spindle cell variant of thymic carcinoma. The close association of these cases with areas showing the features of spindle cell thymoma within the same tumor mass suggests that some of these lesions may arise as a result of malignant transformation in a preexisting spindle cell thymoma.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Molecular detection of the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion differentiates congenital fibrosarcoma from other childhood spindle cell tumors.

Congenital fibrosarcoma (CFS) is a pediatric spindle cell tumor of the soft tissues that usually presents before the age of 2 years. Although these tumors display histologic features of malignancy and frequently recur, they have a relatively good prognosis and only rarely metastasize. CFS must therefore be differentiated from more aggressive spindle cell sarcomas that occur during childhood, particularly adult-type fibrosarcoma (ATFS), which can have an identical morphology. CFS must also be distinguished from benign but cellular fibroblastic lesions of the same age group, including infantile fibromatosis (IFB) and myofibromatosis (MFB). Unfortunately, standard pathologic examination often does not differentiate CFS from these other conditions. The authors recently identified a novel chromosomal translocation in CFS, t(12;15)(p13;q25), which gives rise to an ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion. They subsequently developed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays that can detect ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcripts in CFS frozen or paraffin-embedded tumor specimens. To confirm the use of this assay in the differential diagnosis of CFS, they have screened a larger series of childhood pediatric spindle cell lesions for ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusions, including 11 cases of CFS, 13 malignant spindle cell tumors (including ATFS), and 38 benign spindle cell tumors (including IFB and MFB). Of the 11 cases diagnosed as CFS, 10 showed the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion, whereas none of the 51 other malignant or benign spindle cell tumors demonstrated this fusion gene. They also compared their RT-PCR findings with those of conventional cytogenetics and with immunohistochemical detection of the ETV6-NTRK3 protein using antisera to NTRK3. They conclude that RT-PCR analysis is superior to these techniques for the detection of the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion in pediatric spindle cell tumors, and it is a reliable and specific modality for the diagnosis of CFS.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Sleep spindles revisited.

A few additional points about sleep spindles are made in this complementary article to the excellent manuscript on spindles by Jankel and Niedermeyer. One of these is to discuss the improbability of a necessary close relationship between any two patterns just simply because they represent fast activity, waxing and waning in amplitude, therefore showing some morphological similarity to the sleep spindle. In this context, one example may be the delta brushes of the premature infant. One fascinating type of sleep spindle appears at approximately 3 to 5 months of age, the very long-lasting form that is usually less monophasic than the type that develops in the second half of the first year of life. The monophasic form often is asynchronous between the two sides during the first year and occasionally may appear in this form from 1 to 2 years of age, but such asynchrony should not appear in the normal 2 year old. Caution is urged in calling those records without any spindles abnormal, except when the interpreter can be certain that the "spindle stage" was actually achieved. Also, the normal 20-28/s rhythms of the drowsy child under 6 years of age should not be confused with the effect of medication, especially chloral hydrate, which likely has little or no fast activity associated with it. Relevant infrahuman data have revealed that adult monkeys do not usually show sleep spindles but show the closely related vertex sharp transients maximal on the cingulate area inferior to the supplementary motor region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Spindle cell lipoma of the oral cavity.

Spindle cell lipoma is typically seen in the neck/trunk region of middle-aged and older men. Rare cases of oral spindle cell lipoma have been reported. An entity described as myxoid lipoma of the oral cavity has rarely been reported but appears to be more properly classified as spindle cell lipoma. We describe the largest series yet of oral spindle cell lipoma involving the tongue (4), buccal mucosa (1), floor of mouth (1), and lip (1). The patients (3M; 4F) ranged from 31 to 88 years old. All presented with mass lesions. All were circumscribed and composed of mature adipocytes admixed with bland spindled cells. In two cases the adipocytes appeared atrophic, imparting a pseudo-lipoblastic appearance. No true lipoblasts were seen and none had the characteristic vasculature of a myxoid liposarcoma or the characteristic hyperchromatic cells of well-differentiated liposarcoma. The stromal background of all cases contained characteristic wiry collagen and myxoid ground substance. The myxoid ground substance was prominent in four cases. Immunohistochemical stains for CD34 highlighted the bland spindle cells in all cases. The combination of the histologic features and the immunoreactivity for CD34 confirmed the diagnosis. Spindle cell lipoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of oral cavity mesenchymal tumors.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Transient and all-night effects of passing truck noise on the number of sleep spindle.

Changes in the number of transient and all-night sleep spindles by traffic noise of 55 to 65 dB(A) were studied. The sleep parameters were the number of spindles per minute in stages 2, 3, and 4 (S2, S3, S4) and the total number of spindles divided by the total sleep time. A transient decrease in the number of spindles was recognized and after noise exposure, the number of spindles increased to near the pre-exposure level. Spindles were counted from S2, S3 and S4 for all-night sleep. The number of spindles in all-night sleep by noise exposure increased. The authors explain discrepancies in the results by a compensatory brain mechanism of sleep disturbance due to passing truck noise.

Adult↗

PubMed1970

Parallel spindle systems in the small muscles of the rat tail.

1. The examination consisted of a histological analysis using paraffin sections, gold chloride staining and osmic acid techniques.2. The parallel spindle system found in the rat tail muscles is compared with that found in frog muscles. The rat spindle system occasionally included extrafusal fibres.3. It was evident that there are basic Class differences between the frog and rat tail parallel spindles, but it is suggested that they may serve a similar proprioceptive role in muscles having almost isometric contractions.4. Other short muscles of the rat that might have an analogous function to the tail muscles were examined, but only the capitus and deep masseter muscles showed parallel spindle systems, and none contained extrafusal fibres.5. Of other mammals examined, the muscles of the tails of the cat, rabbit, mouse and guinea-pig contained parallel spindles, while the dog and mole showed none in the small sample taken.6. Nerve trunk fibre size histograms, including de-efferented trunks, indicated a high proportion of sensory nerve fibres from the tail (55%), a low motor unit ratio (1:60) and a beta axon motor supply both to the spindles and to the small muscles of the tail.7. A generalized schema of the rat tail anatomy is presented, and a tabulation of the large sensory endings expected to be found in any particular small tail muscle.8. It was concluded that the rat tail has a spindle density enough to provide a proprioceptive sensitivity equivalent to that of a caudal digit.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Morphological and membrane characteristics of spider and spindle cells isolated from rabbit sinus node.

This study reports the comparative quantitative, morphological, and electrophysiological properties of two pacemaker cell types, spider and spindle-shaped cells, isolated from the rabbit sinoatrial node. Isolated nodal cells were studied with perforated and ruptured patch whole cell recording techniques. The basic spontaneous cycle length of the spider cells was 381 +/- 12 ms, and the basic spontaneous cycle length of the spindle cells was 456 +/- 17 ms (n = 12, P < 0.05). The spider cells had a more positive maximum diastolic potential (-54 +/- 1 mV) compared with the spindle cells (-68 +/- 1mV, P < 0.05). The overshoot and action potential amplitudes were also smaller in the spider cells. The hyperpolarization-activated inward (I(f)) current density, measured from their tail currents, was 15 +/- 1.3 pA/pF for the spider cells and 9 +/- 0.7 pA/pF for the spindle cells (P < 0.01). I(f) current activation voltage was more positive in the spider cells than the spindle cells. Isoproterenol (1 microM) decreased the spontaneous cycle length of the spider cells by 28 +/- 3% and the spindle cells by 20 +/- 1.5% (P < 0.05). Acetylcholine (0.5 microM) hyperpolarized the membrane potential of the spider cells to -86 +/- 0.7 mV and the spindle cells to -76 +/- 0.8 mV (P < 0.05). In summary, there are at least two distinct pacemaker cell types in the sinus node with different electrophysiological characteristics.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1982

Further morphological and electrophysiological studies on snake muscle spindles.

1. Electron microscope studies using ruthenium red, horseradish peroxidase, and colloidal lanthanum disclosed a feature characteristic of the snake spindle capsule: it consists of a single layer of flattened cells connected in series, each of which forms a cylinder enclosing the intrafusal fiber. 2. In intact spindles none of the markers penetrated the capsule. The diffusion barrier appeared to be located along the intercellular space near the inner surface of the capsule layer. Through the openings at the ends of the capsule the marker gained access to the periaxial space, but only for a limited distance. 3. Through a punctured hole in the capsule, ruthenium red had access to the periaxial space, disclosing a dense network consisting of fine filaments and granular structures. Since this space was also shown to contain alcian blue-positive substrate, the network may represent acid mucopolysaccharide (probably hyaluronic acid + protein molecules), which may account for the observed limited longitudinal diffusion of this dye in the periaxial space. The intercellular space between the intrafusal fiber, the sensory ending, and the satellite cell was filled with ruthenium red, and no special junction was found between these cells. 4. Using glass microelectrodes, potential profiles across the sensory region of muscle spindles of the snake were examined. 5. When the electrode was advanced through the capsular region, two steps of negative potential were usually observed. The first negative step of 5-10 mV was confirmed by fluorescent dye injection to be due to penetration of the capsule. The second larger step of 40-60 mV negative to the bathing solution was demonstrated by the dye injection to be due to penetration of the intrafusal fiber. Occasionally, a negative potential of 20-30 mV relative to the bathing solution was also recorded. This potential, characterized by small spikelike potentials occurring in synchrony with nerve impulses, was considered to be due to penetration of the sensory ending. 6. both the capsule and the intrafusal fiber showed rectification to injected currents. From input resistance, input capacitance and surface area specific resistance and capacitance were estimated with some assumptions to be 4.1-4.8 k omega . cm2 and 5.1-14.3 micro F/cm2 for the capsule, and 1.1-2.8 k omega . cm2 and 11-23 micro F/cm2 for the intrafusal fiber. The intrafusal fiber of short-capsule spindles lacked an action potential, whereas that of long-capsule spindles responded with an all-or-none action potential to depolarizing current. 7. In about half of the short-capsule spindles examined (8/15), current injected through an intracellular electrode in the intrafusal fiber neither initiated impulses in the afferent axon nor affected background nerve activity. The rest of the spindles responded to depolarizing current with initiation of nerve impulses and concomitant maintained contraction of the intrafusal fiber during applied current...

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1989

Neck muscle spindle activity in the decerebrate, unparalyzed cat: dynamics and influence of vestibular stimulation.

1. Using floating electrodes, we recorded from neck-muscle spindle afferents in the C2 dorsal root ganglion of the decerebrate cat. Nerves to dorsal neck muscles were cut so that the afferents presumably originated mainly from ventral and ventrolateral perivertebral muscles and sternocleidomastoid. One goal of our experiments was to study possible vestibular influence exerted on these spindles via the fusimotor system. Unparalyzed preparations were therefore used. 2. Stimuli consisted of sinusoidal rotations in vertical planes. Neck tilt stretched neck muscles, whereas whole-body tilt stimulated vestibular receptors. 3. For each afferent we first determined the most effective direction of neck tilt, then used stimuli oriented close to this direction to study response dynamics, particularly gain of responses to stimuli of different amplitudes (0.5-7.5 degrees). 4. Three-quarters of the afferents failed to respond to 0.5 degrees, 0.2-Hz neck rotations. Stimuli that were effective usually elicited responses that had low gain and were linear over the whole range of amplitudes. Only a few afferents had behavior typical of spindle primary afferents: high-gain responses to small sinusoidal stimuli, gain decreasing as stimulus amplitude increases. This prevalence of static spindle responses in the unparalyzed cat is in striking contrast to results obtained on neck-muscle spindles in paralyzed, decerebrate cats, and on hindlimb extensor muscle spindles in decerebrate, unparalyzed cats. 5. Paralysis produced by injection of Flaxedil changed the behavior of 2/4 spindle afferents tested, causing the appearance of high-gain responses to 0.5 degrees stimuli and of nonlinear behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1999

Behavior of jaw muscle spindle afferents during cortically induced rhythmic jaw movements in the anesthetized rabbit.

The regulation by muscle spindles of jaw-closing muscle activity during mastication was evaluated in anesthetized rabbits. Simultaneous records were made of the discharges of muscle spindle units in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, masseter and digastric muscle activity (electromyogram [EMG]), and jaw-movement parameters during cortically induced rhythmic jaw movements. One of three test strips of polyurethane foam, each of a different hardness, was inserted between the opposing molars during the jaw movements. The induced rhythmic jaw movements were crescent shaped and were divided into three phases: jaw-opening, jaw-closing, and power. The firing rate of muscle spindle units during each phase increased after strip application, with a tendency for the spindle discharge to be continuous throughout the entire chewing cycle. However, although the firing rate did not change during the jaw-opening and jaw-closing phases when the strip hardness was altered, the firing rate during the power phase increased in a hardness-dependent manner. In addition, the integrated EMG activity, the duration of the masseteric bursts, and the minimum gape increased with strip hardness. Spindle discharge during the power phase correlated with jaw-closing muscle activity, implying that the change in jaw-closing muscle activity associated with strip hardness was caused by increased spindle discharge produced through insertion of a test strip. The increased firing rate during the other two phases may be involved in a long-latency spindle feedback. This could contribute to matching the spatiotemporal pattern of the central pattern generator to that of the moving jaw.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed2001

The effects of diazepam on sleep spindles: a qualitative and quantitative analysis.

The effects of 2.5 or 5 mg diazepam (DIZ) on the sleep spindles were studied in 12 healthy male subjects. Polygraphic recordings and the state anxiety scale of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were made for 6 consecutive nights. An inert placebo was given on the first 3 nights and on the sixth night, and DIZ was administered on the fourth and fifth nights. DIZ produced increases in the amount of the slow and fast spindles in a dose-dependent manner. DIZ dose-dependently lowered the frequency of the fast spindles and elevated that of the slow spindles. Furthermore, the influence of DIZ on fast spindles was greater than that on slow spindles. DIZ decreased the state anxiety of the subjects in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that measuring the amount and the frequency of fast spindles could be a useful tool in predicting the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Topographical analysis of sleep spindle activity.

There is evidence for two types of sleep spindle activity, one with a frequency of about 12 cycles/s (cps) and the other of about 14 cps. Visual examination indicates that both spindle types occur independently, whereby the 12-cps spindles are more pronounced in the frontal and the 14-cps spindles in the parietal region. The purpose of this paper is to provide more information about the exact topography of these patterns. First the occurrence of distinct signals in anterior and posterior brain regions was verified using pattern recognition techniques based on matched filtering. Thus the existence of two distinct sources of activity located in the frontal and parietal region of the brain, respectively, was demonstrated using EEG frequency mapping. Evaluation of sleep recordings showed high stability both in the frequency and location of the presumed spindle generators across sleep. Pharmacological effects of lormetazepam and zopiclone on both spindle types were investigated. Both substances enhanced the sleep spindle activity recorded from the frontal and parietal electrodes, but this increase was more pronounced in the parietal brain region.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Paratesticular spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare, newly identified subtype ofembryonal rhabdomyosarcoma with improved behavior and a predilection for the paratesticular area. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology findings of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma have been described. However, there is no previous report on the cytologic findings of spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma at testicular or extratesticular sites. CASE: A 13-year-old boy presented with a large, right sided scrotal mass. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) was performed for rapid diagnosis. The smears revealed numerous spindle cells and large fragments of cytoplasmic processes with cross-striations and were diagnosed as spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. The histologic sections were also diagnosed as spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. CONCLUSION: The cytologic findings of this rare tumor have not been reported before. The cross-striations were easily identified in FNA smears, so the diagnosis of spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma was made confidently. The histologic sections showed only spindle cells with different patterns of arrangement, resembling leiomyosarcoma. The cross-striations were not identified in the histologic sections. In this case cytologic diagnosis aided the histologic diagnosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Spindle cell lipoma of the oral cavity. Report of a rare intramuscular case with fine needle aspiration findings.

BACKGROUND: Spindle cell lipoma (SCL) is a benign neoplasm characterized by a mixture of mature fat, bland spindle cells and wiry collagen in a variably myxoid background. Oral SCLs are rare, and only four cases of intramuscular SCL exist in the literature. We report the first case of intramuscular SCL of the oral cavity with fine needle aspiration (FNA) findings. CASE: A 61-year-old woman presented with a 3-cm mass in the right gingivobuccal sulcus. Papanicolaoustained FNA smears were hypocellular and contained loose collections of spindle cells in a myxoid background, numerous mast cells, rare capillary fragments and portions of skeletal muscle. The spindle cells had mild nuclear enlargement, focal nuclear irregularities, rare intranuclear inclusions and occasional small nucleoli. No lipoblasts or mitoses were identified. There was intermingling of the spindle cells with the skeletal muscle fragments. CONCLUSION: Intraoral SCL is a rare lesion but should be considered in the differential for a benign spindle cell neoplasm in the oral cavity. Clues to diagnosis on cytology include mature fat, bland spindle cells, a myxoid background and mast cells.

Biopsy, Needle↗