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PubMed1991

Sweat testing to identify female carriers of X linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

X linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XHED) affects many epithelial functions, including sweat gland formation. Female carriers who manifest XHED may have defective dentition or a patchy distribution of sweating or both, as determined by starch and iodine sweat testing. Such sweat testing can be useful in assigning carrier status to at risk females in XHED families, and in obtaining an accurate diagnosis for isolated females who present with features of ectodermal dysplasia. The advantages of diagnosing female carriers of XHED include the optimisation of neonatal and paediatric care for affected male infants, who may be at substantial risk of death in infancy.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Cardiovascular and sweating dysfunction in patients with Holmes-Adie syndrome.

A cross-sectional study is reported in which 53 patients with Holmes-Adie syndrome have been subjected to a battery of tests of autonomic nervous function referable to the cardiovascular system, to two objective tests of sweating function, and to subjective assessment of sweating by application of quinizarin powder followed by body heating. The majority of patients were consecutive referrals; none was selected because of clinical indications of autonomic dysfunction. Eighty three per cent of these patients had at least one, 57% at least two, and 40% at least three objective test abnormalities, as defined by values lying outside 95 percentiles of healthy subjects who were matched for age and subjected to the same tests. In the context of multiple testing, the probability of finding outside values was such that a minimum of 3 was required to define abnormality. On this basis 40% of patients were found to have significant evidence of autonomic dysfunction. The most frequent abnormalities were impaired digital vasoconstriction to cold (23%), a reduced heart rate response to the Valsalva manoeuvre (17%), and excessive variability in sweating between test sites (in one of the tests, 43%) which is consistent with patchy loss. Abnormal quinizarin test appearances were seen in 10 patients and in a further five patients the appearances were thought to be suggestive of abnormality. Though assessment of the results of this test are subjective, the observations are consistent with the findings obtained from the objective tests which were applied. Cardiovascular and sweating abnormality did not concur significantly and only the former was found to increase progressively with known duration of the pupillotonia. It is concluded that Holmes-Adie syndrome is commonly accompanied by progressive mild but widespread autonomic involvement but rarely is this symptomatic. If symptoms suggestive of autonomic neuropathy are found in a patient with tonic pupils, a careful search for some other generalised disorder is recommended.

Adie Syndrome↗

PubMed1981

Pharmacologic responsiveness of isolated single eccrine sweat glands.

Pharmacologic responsiveness of the eccrine sweat gland has never been studied under well-defined in vitro experimental conditions. Using isolated cannulated single monkey palm eccrine sweat glands, the dose response to both cholinergic and alpha- and beta-adrenergic agents and the effects of various antagonists on agonists were studied. The maximal sweat rate was highest after stimulation with cholinergic agonists, was lower with the beta-adrenergic agonist, and was least with the alpha-adrenergic agonist. Each secretory response was inhibited by its specific antagonist. Attempts to demonstrate the spare receptor, if any, by means of preincubation of the glands with N-(2-chlorethyl)dibenzylamine (Dibenamine) were unsuccessful. From the hyperbolic dose-response curves the values for KA and KB, dissociation constants for agonists and antagonists, respectively, were thus tentatively estimated according to Clark's classical receptor theory. Schild plots for each agonist-antagonist interaction produced straight lines with slopes of near unity, indicating the adequacy of the methodology. It was concluded that the isolated eccrine sweat glands retain their pharmacologic viability in vitro and show responsiveness to cholinergic as well as both alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulations.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Effects of bromocriptine on sweat gland function during heat acclimatization.

This study examined the involvement of the hormones aldosterone and prolactin in sweat gland function during heat acclimatization. Two groups of male subjects (n = 8) were tested - one receiving a placebo (control), the other receiving bromocriptine. Both groups performed cycle ergometer exercise at 50% of maximal oxygen uptake over 10 consecutive days in an environmental chamber maintained at 39 degrees C and 30% relative humidity. Duration of exercise was 90 min on days 2-4 and 6-9, and 45 min on test days 1, 5 and 10. Electrolyte concentrations were determined by total body washdown. Prolactin increased (p less than 0.001) during exercise on day 1 in the control group but not on days 5 and 10. In contrast, prolactin was suppressed by bromocriptine and did not rise in response to exercise or heat exposure. Plasma aldosterone increased during exercise in both groups, showing no differences between groups. The sodium concentration in sweat decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) in the control group from day 1 to 10 but was unchanged in the treatment group. These data suggest that acclimatization-related changes in sweat gland function may be attenuated by increases in central dopaminergic activity and implicate prolactin in control of sweat gland function.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1970

A method for the calculation of the relative contributions of recruitment and enhancement to human eccrine sweating.

The rate of eccrine sweating has been studied by collecting samples in unventilated capsules from human subjects following subdermal or intradermal injections of acetyl-beta-methylcholine and under moderate total body heat exposure. The rate of sweating in a given area of skin could increase by recruitment of fresh glands, enhanced output of the already active glands, or some combination of both.A theoretical analysis shows how recruitment and enhancement can be calculated separately, assuming the existence of a maximal rate of sodium reabsorption by eccrine sweat glands, a sodium concentration of 145 muEq/ml in the precursor fluid, the absence of significant water reabsorption, and the absence of back-diffusion of sodium. The results indicate that, depending on the experimental conditions, an increased rate of sweating can be attributed mainly to recruitment, to enhancement, or to a combination of both.

Absorption↗

PubMed2003

Dependence of palmar sweating response and central nervous system activity on the frequency of whole-body vibration.

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to determine the effects of the frequency of whole-body vibration on palmar sweating response and the activity of the central sympathetic nervous system. METHODS: Palmar sweating volume was measured on the right palm of six healthy men before and during 3 minutes of exposure to sinusoidal whole-body vibration at three different frequencies (16, 31.5, and 63 Hz). The whole-body vibration had a frequency-weighted, root mean square (rms) acceleration magnitude of 2.0 m/s2. As the index of the activated central sympathetic nervous system, saliva level of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) was analyzed before and immediately after each vibration exposure. RESULTS: Each vibration frequency induced a palmar sweating response, that of 31.5 Hz being the largest. However, no significant difference was found between the three vibration conditions. Saliva MHPG increased in all the vibration exposures, and the largest change was observed at 31.5 Hz, the difference being significant. CONCLUSIONS: Acute exposure to whole-body vibration induced a palmar sweating response and activated the central sympathetic nervous system. The effects on the central nervous system were found to be dependent on the frequency of the vibration.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[The role of the sweat glands in excreting antimony from the body in people living in the biogeochemical provinces of the Fergana Valley].

The features of antimony excretion by sweat glands were studied in normal subjects and patients with chronic bronchitis, chronic gastritis, chronic nephritis and calculous pyelonephritis, visceral leishmaniasis, living in some biogeochemical provinces of Fergana Valley. A micromethod based on the coloured reaction of the element with brilliant green was worked out to detect antimony in sweat. Sweat antimony elimination was proved to play a significant role in health and disease. The workers engaged in antimony production, the inhabitants of antimony biogeochemical regions should have their sweat excretion tested to score the Sb level. It is recommended as an additional test for screening and controlling the effects of visceral leishmaniasis chemotherapy by solusurmine in patients with kidney disorders.

Antimony↗

PubMed1977

Diazepam-induced coma with bullae and eccrine sweat gland necrosis.

Bullous skin lesions that indicate sweat gland necrosis have been known to occur in drug-induced coma resulting from barbiturates and in carbon monoxide poisoning. To our knowledge, this is the first cases in which diazepam is implicated in causing bullous lesions over pressure points, and the first case showing on biopsy specimen eccrine sweat gland and sweat duct necrosis. Penile and oral lesions are being described here for the first time to our knowledge. The following mechanisms could be responsible for the skin lesions: hypoxia, local pressure, hyperthermia with excessive sweating, and a specific toxic effect on the eccrine gland. With the increasing use of the benzodiazepines, such lesions could be seen more frequently in the future.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

[Therapy of gustatory sweating following parotidectomy. Frey's syndrome].

A new suggestion for treating marked sweating with Frey's syndrome namely, sweat suppression by aluminium chloride, is presented, together with a survey of the different attempts to suppress the hyperhidrosis. The mechanism of sweat suppression, the form of application and the results in 28 patients suffering from marked gustatory sweating, are outlined. After a single application, an interval of several weeks free of symptoms can be expected.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1982

The effects of thermal stimulation on the ultrastructure of the fundus and duct of the equine sweat gland.

Sweating in the horse had little effect on the ultrastructure of the glandular duct, other than on the lumen which enlarged. The fundus secretory cells, which in the resting gland were packed with vesicles, gradually lost them as sweating progressed until, after 4 hours of activity, few remained. Sweat appeared to be largely the product of secretion (a) by fluid transport, probably involving a region of complex cellular interdigitations adjacent to the basement membrane and (b) by exocytosis of vesicles, although a secondary mechanism of vesicle loss by micro-apocrine secretion may occur. However, the products of cell death also contribute to sweat formation. The myoepithelium appeared contracted throughout. The function of the lower duct body, where complex basal infoldings of the luminal cells penetrated to the basement membrane, may differ from that of the upper portion. Dendritic Langerhans cells were found between the epithelia throughout the duct and fundus.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Asymptomatic autonomic and sweat dysfunction in patients with Adie's syndrome.

A study was conducted to determine by using noninvasive tests whether autonomic dysfunction occurs in patients with Adie's syndrome. Eighteen consecutive patients with Aide's syndrome prospectively underwent a standardized battery of five noninvasive tests of autonomic function, including three that predominantly reflected parasympathetic function and two that predominantly reflected sympathetic function. Eight of these patients additionally underwent thermoregulatory sweat testing. Of the 18 patients 10 (56%) had no abnormal autonomic test results, 5 (28%) had one abnormal result, 2 (11%) had two abnormal results, and 1 (6%) had three abnormal results. None of the patients had more than three abnormal results. Tests that predominantly reflected parasympathetic function produced abnormal results more frequently than those that predominantly reflected sympathetic function. Three of eight (38%) patients who underwent thermoregulatory sweat testing showed abnormal patterns of sweating. Although abnormal autonomic and sweat functions are not uncommon in patients with Aide's syndrome, the abnormalities are mild and are generally unassociated with symptoms of dysautonomia. Such abnormalities have little clinical significance but may be important from a nosologic point of view.

Adie Syndrome↗

PubMed2004

Hair and sweat glands in families with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: further characterization.

OBJECTIVES: To gather and compare clinical and histologic information from individuals affected by hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) and unaffected control subjects and to assess the value of these data in the diagnosis of HED. DESIGN: Volunteer subjects attending the 20th Annual Family Conference of the National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasia answered a questionnaire and performed a starch-iodide sweat-function test. A subset of the subjects also donated samples of hair and 4-mm punch biopsy specimens of palmar and scalp skin. Specimens from each of these tests were assessed in a blinded fashion. Analysis was performed comparing affected and control subjects for each of the following parameters: quantification of eccrine structures in the skin biopsy specimens, analysis of hair sample trichograms for hair shaft defects, and qualitative classification of starch-iodide palm-print sweat-function test results. SETTING: An international conference for families and individuals with ectodermal dysplasias. SUBJECTS: A total of 40 subjects were included in the final analysis: 15 unaffected control subjects and 25 subjects with HED. Nine affected subjects and 9 unaffected subjects donated skin biopsy specimens. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: This study was designed to assess the value of 4 simple tests in supporting the diagnosis of HED. RESULTS: Investigators were blinded to group during analysis of the test samples. Trichogram examination identified 3 hair shaft abnormalities, with a slightly higher prevalence in the affected group: variable shaft thickness, trichorrhexis nodosa, and pili torti. The sensitivity and specificity for each of these findings was less than 40%. Starch-iodide paper palm imprints identified a higher likelihood of diminished or absent sweat in the affected group, but this test had a low sensitivity (44%) and an imperfect specificity (93%). Examination of horizontally sectioned skin biopsy specimens from the palm were devoid of eccrine structures in a minority of affected subjects (sensitivity, 30%; specificity, 100%). In contrast, scalp biopsy specimens lacked eccrine structures in the majority of affected subjects (sensitivity, 67%; specificity, 100%). Separate analysis excluding the subjects without apparent eccrine apparatus yielded comparable numbers of eccrine ducts from control and affected groups. CONCLUSIONS: We have defined the value of simple, easily performed tests in the morphological diagnosis of HED. Noninvasive trichogram and sweat testing results can support the diagnosis of HED, but they are not sensitive or highly specific; horizontally sectioned 4-mm punch biopsy specimens of the scalp or palms that lack eccrine structures are diagnostic of HED; scalp biopsy is much more sensitive than palmar biopsy; and a scalp biopsy specimen with detectable eccrine structures suggests that a patient does not have HED.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1999

Diabetic gustatory sweating successfully treated with topical glycopyrrolate: report of a case and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Gustatory sweating is a more common manifestation of diabetes mellitus than is appreciated. It is a distressing problem that has been difficult to treat safely. METHODS: Daily topical application of glycopyrrolate roll-on lotion was offered as an alternative to oral anticholinergic agents to an 87-year-old woman with long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus who complained of profuse sweating after eating. RESULTS: Gustatory sweating was relieved by application of glycopyrrolate and reappeared when the glycopyrrolate was briefly withdrawn to confirm its therapeutic effect. CONCLUSION: For moderate to severe symptoms of diabetic gustatory sweating, topical application of glycopyrrolate is safe, effective, well tolerated, and convenient.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1998

p53 mutations in sweat gland carcinomas.

Sweat gland carcinomas are rare skin tumours and little is known about their etiology and molecular basis. In this study, we analyzed p53 mutations in 16 sweat gland carcinomas with different histologic types, including 2 spiradenocarcinomas, 1 composed adnexal carcinoma, 5 porocarcinomas, 2 eccrine hidradenocarcinomas, 2 syringocystadenocarcinomas, 1 sclerosing sweat gland carcinoma, 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 1 cylindrocarcinoma and 1 apocrine adenocarcinoma. Single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses followed by direct DNA sequencing revealed that 5 carcinomas (31%) contained a p53 mutation, 4 of which were G:C-->A:T transition mutations and 1 of which was a deletion. Three G:C-->A:T mutations were located at dipyrimidine sequences on the antisense strand (2 spiradenocarcinomas, 1 eccrine hidradenocarcinoma), suggesting that UV light may play a role in the development of sweat gland carcinomas. In 2 spiradenocarcinomas, p53 mutations were present in the carcinoma but not in the adenoma portions, suggesting that p53 mutations may be associated with malignant progression in these rare adnexal tumours.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1995

Drenching sweats as an off phenomenon in Parkinson's disease: treatment and relation to plasma levodopa profile.

We followed 4 patients with Parkinson's disease and severe, intermittent, drenching sweats. One patient was studied with serial plasma levodopa levels and simultaneous clinical examinations. She was observed during a severe sweating episode; this was associated with subtherapeutic plasma levodopa levels (low dopa state). All 4 patients' sweats responded favorably to the institution of agonist therapy. Drenching sweats should be considered part of the spectrum of off-period levodopa-related fluctuations in Parkinson's disease.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma-sector field-mass spectrometry for the detection of chromium species after incubation of chromium in simulated sweat.

The presence of chromium in chromium-tanned leather represents a considerable health problem since it can lead to chronic allergic contact dermatitis. Apart from trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), which is used for tanning, leather often contains hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), resulting from the oxidation of Cr(III) during the tanning process. This study deals with the chromium compounds in simulated sweat when brought into contact with Cr(III) or Cr(VI) and with chromium-tanned leathers. A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed, with inductively coupled plasma-sector field-mass spectrometry (ICP-SF-MS) for element-specific detection. Two different electrophoretic runs, applying once the positive and once the negative polarity mode, were necessary for the detection of positively and negatively charged chromium species. Although sometimes described in the literature, a pre-run derivatization of the chromium-species was not performed here to prevent species transformation. 50 mmol.L(-1) sodium phosphate at a pH of 2.5 was used as CE separation buffer and as make-up liquid for the CE-ICP-SF-MS interface. When applied to simulated sweat samples incubated with Cr(VI), this method showed that methionine is responsible for the reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III), which, at its turn, forms a complex with lactic acid. In the case of sweat plus Cr(III), the latter step was also seen. Applied to simulated sweat in contact with leather samples, the method developed showed the presence of the former species among a much more complex pattern.

Chromium↗

PubMed2003

Treatment of gustatory sweating (Frey's syndrome) with botulinum toxin A.

BACKGROUND: Gustatory sweating is a common complication of parotid surgery. Injection of botulinum toxin A has been reported as a safe and effective treatment option for patients with Frey's syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 69 patients who had undergone superficial parotidectomy because of adenoma were evaluated with respect to the incidence of Frey's syndrome and treatment interest. Minor's iodine starch test was used to detect the affected skin area. Affected skin areas were documented using a digital camera; skin areas were evaluated morphometrically. A single injection of Botox per 1 cm(2) skin field was administered to those patients interested in treatment. RESULTS: Of 43 patients (62%) with gustatory sweating, 33 patients requested treatment. The affected skin area varied from 16 cm(2) to 81 cm(2). The individual Botox dosage ranged from 16 to 80 IU. All relevant clinical symptoms of sweating disappeared within 1 week after a single injection. Treatment was well tolerated with no side effects. CONCLUSION: Botox A injection is a safe and effective treatment with long-lasting effects for patients with extensive gustatory sweating.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1995

Normal human sweat contains interleukin-8.

Sweating in humans is induced by physical or emotional stress, which raises the possibility that sweating may relate to host defense. We therefore asked whether human eccrine sweat attracts leukocytes and found that it is chemotactic for human neutrophils. This activity was due to several chemoattractants, one of which was interleukin-8 (IL-8). Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization IL-8 and its mRNA have been detected in sweat gland epithelium, indicating that IL-8 is produced in situ. This establishes a pattern of physiological IL-8 secretion by exocrine glands and suggests that, in addition to its role as a major inflammatory mediator, IL-8 also has physiological homeostatic functions.

Adult↗