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PubMed1996

Radiologic and pathologic characteristics of mixed dust pneumoconiosis.

Modern radiologic technology has to led to increased diagnostic efficacy and accuracy in demonstrating pulmonary changes secondary to occupational dust exposure. This article presents three cases of typical and two cases of atypical silicosis with rounded atelectasis as seen in computed radiographic (CR), computed tomographic (CT), and scintigraphic images and autopsied lung specimens. Chest radiographs revealed both small rounded and small irregular opacities. Small irregular opacities on chest radiographs often proved to be reticular or honeycomb patterns on CT scans. Irregular opacities seen on CR and CT images represented interstitial fibrotic or mixed dust fibrotic changes associated with the accumulation of birefringent particles and emphysematous change, as noted at histologic analysis. CT scans and scintigrams were useful for visualizing parenchymal abnormalities, especially fibrotic change, emphysematous change, and pleural abnormalities.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents. X-ray generators.

The x-ray generator delivers the electrical power to energize the x-ray tube and permits the selection of x-ray energy, x-ray quantity, and exposure time. Major internal components of the generator include transformers, diodes and rectifier circuits, filament and stator circuits, timer switches, and kilovolt and milliampere meters. Single-phase, three-phase, high-frequency, and constant potential generators produce different voltage waveforms (ripple) and x-ray beam spectra. Phototimer and automatic brightness control subsystems measure radiation exposure incident on the image receptor to give instantaneous feedback for optimal radiographic film densities and fluoroscopic image brightness, respectively. At the generator control console, the operator sets the tube voltage, tube current, exposure time, phototimer film density, spot film acquisition, and fluoroscopic parameters. Selection of generator power and options depends on the intended clinical use. X-ray tube focal spot size and power loading capability should be matched to the x-ray generator and clinical imaging requirements. Single and multiple exposure rating charts as well as anode and housing thermal characteristic charts indicate power input and dissipation rates specific to a generator and x-ray tube target and housing.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Cancer risks among radiologists and radiologic technologists: review of epidemiologic studies.

Radiologists and radiologic technologists were among the earliest occupational groups exposed to ionizing radiation and represent a large segment of the working population exposed to radiation from human-made sources. The authors reviewed epidemiologic data on cancer risks from eight cohorts of over 270,000 radiologists and technologists in various countries. The most consistent finding was increased mortality due to leukemia among early workers employed before 1950, when radiation exposures were high. This, together with an increasing risk of leukemia with increasing duration of work in the early years, provided evidence of an excess risk of leukemia associated with occupational radiation exposure in that period. While findings on several types of solid cancers were less consistent, several studies provided evidence of a radiation effect for breast cancer and skin cancer. To date, there is no clear evidence of an increased cancer risk in medical radiation workers exposed to current levels of radiation doses. However, given a relatively short period of time for which the most recent workers have been followed up and in view of the increasing uses of radiation in modern medical practices, it is important to continue to monitor the health status of medical radiation workers.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Current realities of delivering mammography services in the community: do challenges with staffing and scheduling exist?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the current (2001-2002) capacity of community-based mammography facilities to deliver screening and diagnostic services in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approvals and patient consent were obtained. A mailed survey was sent to 53 eligible mammography facilities in three states (Washington, New Hampshire, and Colorado). Survey questions assessed equipment and staffing availability, as well as appointment waiting times for screening and diagnostic mammography services. Criterion-related content and construct validity were obtained first by means of a national advisory committee of academic, scientific, and clinical colleagues in mammography that reviewed literature on existing surveys and second by pilot testing a series of draft surveys among community mammography facilities not inclusive of the study facilities. The final survey results were independently double entered into a relational database with programmed data checks. The data were sent encrypted by means of file transfer protocol to a central analytical center at Group Health Cooperative. A two-sided P value with alpha = .05 was considered to show statistical significance in all analyses. RESULTS: Forty-five of 53 eligible mammography facilities (85%) returned the survey. Shortages of radiologists relative to the mammographic volume were found in 44% of mammography facilities overall, with shortages of radiologists higher in not-for-profit versus for-profit facilities (60% vs 28% reported). Shortages of Mammography Quality Standards Act-qualified technologists were reported by 20% of facilities, with 46% reporting some level of difficulty in maintaining qualified technologists. Waiting times for diagnostic mammography ranged from less than 1 week to 4 weeks, with 85% performed within 1 week. Waiting times for screening mammography ranged from less than 1 week to 8 weeks, with 59% performed between 1 week and 4 weeks. Waiting times for both diagnostic and screening services were two to three times higher in high-volume compared with low-volume facilities. CONCLUSION: Survey results show shortages of radiologists and certified mammography technologists.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

Diagnostic radiology peer review: a method inclusive of all interpreters of radiographic examinations regardless of specialty.

A proposed method of assessing the quality of diagnostic radiographic examinations includes peer review designed to evaluate physicians, including nonradiologists, involved in the performance and interpretation of such examinations. A pilot project evaluated this system with randomly selected Pennsylvania Blue Shield data files of 10 providers billing for chest radiography interpretations during the second quarter of 1989. Of the 98 chest radiographs reviewed blindly, all inadequately marked radiographs and incomplete written reports were produced by nonradiologists. Technical quality of images obtained by radiologists did not significantly differ from that of images obtained by nonradiologists (P = .189). All five interpretive errors that could have seriously affected the patient's health care were produced by nonradiologists (P = .019). Four of these serious errors were made by providers billing for fewer than 25 radiographs. While administrative and time cost limitations are obvious, this method of peer review encompasses all physicians billing for a particular radiographic service, irrespective of specialty.

Blue Cross Blue Shield Insurance Plans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

X-radiation spectra.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Computers↗
PubMed2005

Survey of dental radiological practice in Turkey.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the dentist's knowledge about dose reduction techniques, radiographic equipment and quality of dental radiographic service in general dental practice in Turkey. METHODS: The survey was performed on 636 dentists who attended the 11th International Congress organized by the Turkish Dental Association. Information on the demographic characteristics of the dentists, radiographic equipment, techniques and processing they used and radiation protection was obtained with a 32 point questionnaire. RESULTS: The respondents' knowledge concerning the technical details of their equipment was limited, with 512 (86.9%) not knowing the kilovoltage peak (kVp) of their machine. Only 34 (5.5%) respondents reported having rectangular collimators. The dentists had little knowledge about the speed of film they used. D-speed film was the most preferred one with 21.6%. Fifty-eight (10.2%) dentists used E-speed film and the F-speed film was used only by 13 (2.3%) dentists. The most preferred technique (62%) for periapical radiography was the bisecting angle technique. Four hundred and eighty five (82.5%) of the dentists reported that they took the radiographs by themselves. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, the results indicate that for minimizing any unnecessary radiation, attempts should be made to improve dentists' knowledge about radiation dose reduction techniques.

Adult↗