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PubMed2001

Clinical evaluation of human telomerase catalytic subunit in bladder washings from patients with bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: We examined the expression of mRNA of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), a catalytic subunit of the telomerase complex, in bladder washings as a tumor marker for the detection of bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bladder washings were obtained from 63 patients. We examined the expression of hTERT mRNA by the nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method and also measured the relative expressions of hTERT mRNA and beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)-MG) in these samples by RT-PCR analysis. Correlations between the relative expression of hTERT mRNA and clinical features were analyzed. We also compared the sensitivity of this assay with that of urinary cytology. RESULTS: By nested RT-PCR, we detected three false-positive cases (11%) in the control group. Therefore, the relative expression values of hTERT mRNA and beta(2)-MG correlated strongly with tumor size, but not with multiplicity or histologic grade. When the cut-off value of the expression was fixed at 0.27%, the sensitivity and specificity of this assay were 74% and 93%, respectively. This assay was more sensitive than urinary cytology for the detection of bladder cancer. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the relative expression of hTERT mRNA in bladder washings is useful in screening for bladder cancer. Relative expression is of assistance in diagnosing bladder cancer.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed1975

Platelet aggregation induced by antilymphocyte serum. I. Differences between washed and unwashed platelets.

Horse antilymphocyte serum (ALS) induced active release of nucleotides and aggregation of washed human platelets. It also caused lysis of platelets in the presence of plasma. The sequence of lytic processes was studied by electron microscopy. Aggregation induced by ALS was not mediated through ADP in either washed or unwashed platelets, but was inhibited by those inhibitors of secondary platelet aggregation. In unwashed platelets heparin inhibited the cytolysis and aggregation completely, while prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) did not; in contrast, PGE1 completely inhibited the aggregation and release of nucleotides from washed platelets, while heparin did not. The possible mechanisms of ALS-induced aggregation are discussed.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed1977

A device for efficient washing of paper disks for gentamicin or other assay procedures.

A new device has been developed for efficient washing of phosphocellulose disks used in enzymatic assays of antibiotics. Its construction and operation are described. The device allows all disks to receive identical washing, including agitation, and the sequence of the disks is maintained. A comparison has been made of the results of adenylation assay of gentamicin using the new device and hand-washing of the paper disks.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2005

A systematic review of the evidence for 'myths and misconceptions' in acne management: diet, face-washing and sunlight.

BACKGROUND: Lay perceptions that diet, hygiene and sunlight exposure are strongly associated with acne causation and exacerbation are common but at variance with the consensus of current dermatological opinion. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to carry out a review of the literature to assess the evidence for diet, face-washing and sunlight exposure in acne management. METHODS: Original studies were identified by searches of the Medline, EMBASE, AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine), CINAHL, Cochrane, and DARE databases. Methodological information was extracted from identified articles but, given the paucity of high quality studies found, no studies were excluded from the review on methodological grounds. RESULTS: Given the prevalence of lay perceptions, and the confidence of dermatological opinion in rebutting these perceptions as myths and misconceptions, surprisingly little evidence exists for the efficacy or lack of efficacy of dietary factors, face-washing and sunlight exposure in the management of acne. Much of the available evidence has methodological limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the present state of evidence, clinicians cannot be didactic in their recommendations regarding diet, hygiene and face-washing, and sunlight to patients with acne. Advice should be individualized, and both clinician and patient cognizant of its limitations.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed2005

The potential of wash-and-dry toilets to improve the toileting experience for nursing home residents.

PURPOSE: We investigated the feasibility of using a "wash-and-dry" toilet in the nursing home. DESIGN AND METHODS: We used a controlled comparison baseline-versus-treatment design with 22 female nursing home residents aged 75 and older living in a 562-bed, not-for-profit nursing home facility in Maryland. The Luscence Luxury Lavage wash-and-dry toilet-bidet system was installed in the bathrooms of the experimental group. Measurements included staff and resident toilet experiences and toilet reaction questionnaires, utilization logs, Minimum Data Set information, Mini-Mental State Examination scores, and urine cultures. RESULTS: About half of the residents and staff members reported the toilet to have a positive effect on toileting. We saw a positive trend in resident affect for the experimental group that was not apparent for the comparison group. Nursing staff reported that the toilet functions did clean the residents, but that cleaning was not complete. Bacterial content of urine decreased in the experimental group and increased in the comparison group during the trial. Toilet installation was more complex than anticipated. IMPLICATIONS: These results show that a wash-and-dry toilet shows promise for improved resident comfort in toileting and cleanliness, although further research is needed to verify the findings. Improved toilet design, design of nursing homes, and design of care activities would all improve the utility of these toilets in the nursing home population.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Safety of sperm washing and ART outcome in 741 HIV-1-serodiscordant couples.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the safety of sperm washing and assisted reproduction technique (ART) outcome offered to serodiscordant couples with a human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-positive male. METHODS: Sperm washing was performed and checked by RT-PCR on each semen sample before its fresh usage. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) or IFV/ICSI was offered according to fertility profile of each couple. Non-infected women underwent HIV testing 2 weeks before each procedure and for up to 6 months after. RESULTS: Seven hundred and forty-one couples entered the study of a possible 2011 serodiscordant couples counselled over 4 years. Superovulation and IUI were performed in 581 couples, where the pregnancy rate per cycle and pregnancy rate per couple were 19 and 78%, respectively, with multiple pregnancy rate being 4%. One hundred and sixty couples were treated by IVF/ICSI, where pregnancy rate per cycle and per couple were 22 and 41%, respectively, with multiple pregnancy rate being 10%. All female partners were still HIV-1 negative at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Sperm washing within a programme of reproductive counselling was proved to be safe in this large series of serodiscordant couples. The overall pregnancy rate (70.3%), independent of the procedure used (IUI or IVF/ICSI), justifies the effort of the medical team in setting up and implementing dedicated centres and of the individual patient in seeking a safe pregnancy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1975

Direct visualization of enveloped Epstein-Barr Herpesvirus in throat washing with leukocyte-transforming activity.

Mature enveloped virions belonging to the herpes class were found in a concentrated, partially purified specimen of throat washings from a patient undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for prevention of renal homograft rejection. This throat washing contained a high titer of biologically active Epstein-Barr virus and no other human herpesviruses. Epstein-Barr virions were not detected in throat washings from patients with mononucleosis that had only low titers of transforming activity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

DNA-DNA dot hybridization to detect Epstein-Barr virus in throat washings.

To compare the abilities of the nucleic acid dot hybridization assay and the cord blood lymphocyte transformation assay to detect Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), we examined throat washings from healthy control subjects (nine EBV-seronegative and 51 EBV-seropositive), patients with acute infectious mononucleosis, and renal transplant recipients. The dot hybridization assay detected EBV excretion in four (8%) of the EBV-seropositive controls; three of these four were also positive by the lymphocyte transformation assay. Throat washings from seven (87.5%) of eight patients with acute infectious mononucleosis were positive by both assays. EBV was present in throat washings from 13 (50%) of 26 renal transplant recipients. For specimens stored at -70 C for less than four months, the dot hybridization assay had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 98% when compared with the lymphocyte transformation assay. The dot hybridization assay is a rapid, sensitive, and specific test that can be performed on readily available clinical specimens.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed2004

Detection of microsatellite alterations in bronchial washings in squamous cell lung cancer: the first study from India.

BACKGROUND: In recent times, the possibility of detecting lung cancer using microsatellite alterations (microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity) in DNA of bronchial washings has been explored. However, no data regarding the presence of microsatellite alterations in lung cancer are available from India, a country which contributes significantly to the lung cancer burden of the world. METHODS: Bronchial washings as well as tumor specimens obtained on bronchoscopy were analyzed for the presence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI) using the D3S1300 microsatellite marker on chromosome 3p and the TP53 marker on chromosome 17p. RESULTS: The sensitivities of the TP53 and D3S1300 loci in bronchial washings were 35% and 45% (combined 50%), respectively, which was significantly better than conventional cytology (positive for malignant cells in 15%). The presence of these microsatellite alterations was not related to the age, cumulative smoking exposure or smoking status (current or former) of patients. CONCLUSION: Microsatellite alterations, particularly LOH, occur in a significant proportion of Indian patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

Acid Anhydride Hydrolases↗

PubMed2000

Profit is a dirty word: the development of the public baths and wash-houses in Britain 1847-1915.

Researh on sanitary reform in nineteenth-century Britain has focused mainly on the introduction of large-sanitary infrastructure, especially waterworks and sewage systems. Other sanitary measures such as the provision of public baths and wash-houses have been ignored, or discussed in the limited context of working-class responses to middle-class sanitarianism. Yet by 1915 public baths and wash-houses were to be found in nearly every British town and city. A detailed analysis of these 'enterprises' can provide a useful way of understanding the changing priorities of public health professionals and urban authorities as well as the changing attitudes of the working classes. Connections between personal cleanliness and disease evolved during the century, particularly after the formation of germ theory in the 1880s. This paper demonstrates how the introduction of public baths and wash-houses in Liverpool, Belfast, and Glasgow was initially a direct response to sanitary reform campaigns. It also shows that the explicit public health ideology of these developments was constantly compromised by implicit concerns about municipal finance and the potential profit that such enterprises could generate. This city-based analysis shows that this conflict hindered the full sanitary benefit which these schemes potentially offered.

Baths↗

PubMed2004

Sperm washing, use of HAART and role of elective Caesarean section.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Today, 50% of people living with HIV are women and most have been sexually infected. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduces the rates of both sexual and vertical infection, but maximum protection is achieved with sperm washing and elective Caesarean section. RECENT FINDINGS: Men taking HAART have lower seminal concentration of HIV, and sexual transmission may be reduced. However, a certain percentage of aviraemic men retain viral presence in semen, and unprotected intercourse to achieve fertilization must be discouraged as it carries the risk of sexual transmission of the virus. HIV-discordant couples should be informed that sperm washing can remove HIV from semen, allowing conception without the risk of infection for the seronegative female and eventually the child. In HIV-positive women, perinatal transmission of HIV can be curtailed to less than 2% by using HAART to decrease maternal viral load and offering prenatal preexposure prophylaxis of the fetus, and elective Caesarean section. Each intervention carries specific risks and benefits. The contribution of each preventive arm in achieving fetal protection can only be crudely measured and optimal obstetric management must involve discussion with the pregnant woman of the pros and cons of each strategy. SUMMARY: In HIV-positive men taking HAART, seminal viral load is decreased but not eliminated and fertilization should be achieved through sperm washing to offer maximum protection for the uninfected female. Pregnant HIV-positive women on antiretroviral medication have a reduced risk of transmitting the virus, but should still be counselled about the possibility to further limit the chances of infecting their infant through elective Caesarean section.

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of pH on aggregation of human washed platelets induced by thrombin or collagen.

The anti-aggregating activity of L-arginine and its analogues has been investigated in washed human platelets. The ability of these compounds to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by thrombin or collagen was mimicked by a change in the external pH of the buffer from pH 8.0 to pH 7.4. Of the several analogues tested, only benzoyl-L-arginine ethylester (BAEE) inhibited thrombin- but not collagen-induced platelet aggregation. In platelet-rich plasma, BAEE also inhibited platelet aggregation without inhibiting fibrin clot formation. These results suggest that the marked sensitivity of washed human platelets to small changes in the external pH may lead to misinterpretation of the anti-aggregatory potency of protonated test drugs. For work with human washed platelets a physiological salt solution with more buffering capacity than Krebs-bicarbonate (such as Tyrode-HEPES) is recommended.

Arginine↗

PubMed1982

Oxygen wash-in method for monitoring functional residual capacity.

Atelectasis, pulmonary edema, fibrosis, pneumothorax, and mucous plug airway obstruction all result in reduced lung volume. The oxygen (O2) wash-in method provides a way to monitor routinely the functional residual capacity (FRC) in the ICU without disconnecting the patient from the ventilator and without additional personnel or instrumentation. This method is a modification of an open-circuit nitrogen (N2) wash-out procedure and requires a computer-based respiratory monitoring system with a fast response O2 analyzer and respiratory flowmeter. FRC is computed after a 20% or greater change in the ventilator FIO2 setting. The accuracy and reproducibility of the method were evaluated using artificial lungs, normal subjects, and postcardiac surgery patients. FRC estimates by O2 wash-in and helium dilution were highly correlated, with r = 0.97 and a regression slope and zero intercept of 1.06 and -0.13, respectively. The FRC difference between 23 repeated trials in 18 postcardiac surgery patients was 70 +/- 160 ml (mean +/- SD).

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗

PubMed2001

Reliability of the Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS) mania and rapid cycling sections.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability of the Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS) mania and rapid cycling sections. METHOD: The 1986 version of the KSADS was modified and expanded to include onset and offset of each symptom for both current and lifetime episodes, expanded prepubertal mania and rapid cycling sections, and categories for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other DSM-IV diagnoses. To optimize diagnostic research, skip-outs were minimized. Subjects participated in the ongoing "Phenomenology and Course of Pediatric Bipolar Disorder" study. Mothers and children were interviewed separately by research nurses who were blind to diagnostic group status. In addition, ratings of off-site child psychiatrists, made from the narrative documentation given for each WASH-U-KSADS item, were compared with research nurse ratings. This work was performed between 1995 and 2000. RESULTS: There was 100% interrater reliability, five consecutive times, as both interviewer and observer after 10 to 15 trials. The kappa values of comparisons between research nurse and off-site blind best-estimate ratings of mania and rapid cycling sections were excellent (0.74-1.00). High 6-month stability for mania diagnoses (85.7%) and for individual mania items and validity against parental and teacher reports were previously reported. CONCLUSIONS: The WASH-U-KSADS mania and rapid cycling sections have acceptable reliability.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗

PubMed1983

Microbial transformation of lucanthone by growing cultures, washed mycelia and non-germinating spores of fungi from the Aspergillus group.

Whole broth cultures, washed mycelia and non-germinating spores of 13 aspergilli scored from among 91 moulds isolated from soil and air transformed lucanthone (I) into three to five products with increased polarity. Biotransformations brought about by actively growing cultures were also performed by washed mycelia and non-germinating spores of the same strains. Lucanthone (I) was oxidized by growing cultures, washed mycelia and spore suspensions of an Aspergillus species (no. 2) into: hycanthone (II) as the main product, its aldehyde analogue (III) and its carboxylic acid derivative (IV). The pathway of lucanthone (I) oxidation by this strain involved hydroxylation of the 4-methyl group (to give hycanthone, II) followed by dehydrogenation of the resulting primary alcohol (to give the aldehyde, III). The aldehyde III was finally slowly oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid analogue IV. Evidence is presented to show that mycelial and spore enzymes effecting these oxidative reactions are intracellular and non-inducible in nature. Spore-mediated transformations were found not to require a source of energy and could be conducted in distilled water over a wide range of incubation temperature (from 4 to 37 degrees C). Use of the spores in successive transformations did not affect lucanthone (I) hydroxylation into hycanthone (II) or the dehydrogenation of the latter into the aldehyde analogue (III) but the ability of the spores to oxidize the aldehyde (III) to the carboxylic acid (IV) was lost.

Aspergillus↗

PubMed1989

Detection of low-Mr glycoproteins in surface washes of some fungal cultures by gel-filtration HPLC and by monoclonal antibodies.

Surface washings were prepared from cultures of fungi grown on agar slants and the wash components were fractionated by gel-filtration HPLC. A range of low-Mr glycoproteins (less than 10,000) were detected in all the washes, and in some species several high-Mr glycoprotein components (greater than 150,000) were also present. The HPLC analyses indicated species-specific differences in the profiles. Regions of specific antigenicity within profiles were detected by monoclonal antibodies.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1968

Photoreduction and photophosphorylation with tris-washed chloroplasts.

The artificial electron donor compounds p-phenylenediamine (PD), N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP) restored the Hill reaction and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts that had been inhibited by washing with 0.8 m tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (tris) buffer, pH 8.0. The tris-wash treatment inhibited the electron transport chain between water and photosystem II and electron donation occurred between the site of inhibition and photosystem II. Photoreduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) supported by 33 mum PD plus 330 mum ascorbate was largely inhibited by 1 mum 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) while that supported by 33 mum TMPD or DCPIP plus ascorbate was relatively insensitive to DCMU. Experiments with the tris-washed chloroplasts indicated that electron donors preferentially donate electrons to photosystem II but in the presence of DCMU the donors (with the exception of PD at low concentrations) could also supply electrons after the DCMU block. The PD-supported photoreduction of NADP showed the relative inefficiency in far-red light characteristic of chloroplast reactions requiring photosystem II. With phosphorylating systems involving electron donors at low concentrations (33 mum donor plus 330 mum ascorbate) photophosphorylation, which occurred with P/e(2) ratios approaching unity, was completely inhibited by DCMU but with higher concentrations of the donor systems, photophosphorylation was only partially inhibited.

Chloroplasts↗

PubMed1974

Increase in electrogenic membrane potential with washing of corn root tissue.

Washing of corn root tissue increases the electrical potential difference, negative inside, across the membranes of epidermal cells. There is no lag period in the development of the extra potential, and the entire increase is electrogenic as evidenced by collapse with the uncoupler, (p-trifluoromethoxy)-carbonyl cyanide-phenylhydrazone.Proton extrusion by the tissue declines with washing but can be reinstituted by the addition of mersalyl, an inhibitor of the Pi-OH(-) antiporter of mitochondrial membranes.It appears that washing may enhance or augment the activity of an electrogenic ion pump, possibly a proton or cation efflux pump. In addition, there may be augmentation of an anion-OH(-) antiporter driven by the proton motive force created.

Journal Article↗