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PubMed2003

Radiation dosimetry and biophysical models of space radiation effects.

Estimating the biological risks from space radiation remains a difficult problem because of the many radiation types including protons, heavy ions, and secondary neutrons, and the absence of epidemiology data for these radiation types. Developing useful biophysical parameters or models that relate energy deposition by space particles to the probabilities of biological outcomes is a complex problem. Physical measurements of space radiation include the absorbed dose, dose equivalent, and linear energy transfer (LET) spectra. In contrast to conventional dosimetric methods, models of radiation track structure provide descriptions of energy deposition events in biomolecules, cells, or tissues, which can be used to develop biophysical models of radiation risks. In this paper, we address the biophysical description of heavy particle tracks in the context of the interpretation of both space radiation dosimetry and radiobiology data, which may provide insights into new approaches to these problems.

Astronauts↗
PubMed2006

Rural community leaders' perceptions of environmental health risks: improving community health.

Qualitative description was used to explore how rural community leaders frame, interpret, and give meaning to environmental health issues affecting their constituents and communities. Six rural community leaders discussed growth, vulnerable families, and the action avoidance strategies they use or see used in lieu of adopting health-promoting behaviors. Findings suggest intervention strategies should be economical, use common sense, be sensitive to regional identity, and use local case studies and "inside leadership." Occupational health nurses addressing the disparate environmental health risks in rural communities are encouraged to use agenda-neutral, scientifically based risk communication efforts and foster collaborative relationships among nurses, planners, industry, and other community leaders.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2004

[Russian Medical Journal "Akuszerka" ["The midwife"] in the period from 1890 to 1913, and its Polish publisher].

"Akuszerka" was published in Russian in the period from 1890 to 1913, first in Briańsk, and later in Odessa. It was established, published and edited by Polish physician, dr. Piotr Ambrozewicz. The aim of the journal was to enable midwives and hospital attendants to develop and upgrade their knowledge on a constant basis. The journal was accessible also on the Polish territory under Russian and Austrian rule. The article includes the description of the main features of the historical period, notional interpretation and statistical data on the contents of the journal, broken by character and topics of the articles.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1989

[Periodic local approximation for the model free description of measurement courses of biorhythmic processes--demonstration example for the selection of smoothness parameters].

Measured time series with known basic periodicity may be modelfreely evaluated by procedures of local adjusted approximation. Examples of motility time series recorded in chronobiological experiments in the seasonal course of a year demonstrate aspects of choosing values of the smoothing parameter and the resulting effects for the quantitative description of the measured variations as well as for their interpretation.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Shape and motility, two interdependent features.

By the concurrent use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time lapse cinematography the interdependence of cellular shape and motility was visualized for leukemia cells and for normal and malignant epithelial cells. During the different modes of motility (stationary without net translocation of the whole cell, and locomotion), the cells display a distinct configuration. This allows the interpretation of static images in terms usually reserved for the description of activities of living cells. The ability of cells to change shape is of special importance when they migrate in the body. Irrespective of nature and origin, these cells must continuously adapt their configuration to the structural elements which they encounter in their pathways. The existence of such an adaptability could be shown by time lapse films for leukemia cells and for cells of the V2 rabbit carcinoma moving in mesenteries of rat and rabbit, respectively.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1981

[Contamination of a glioma by the herpes virus].

The clinical and neuropathologic descriptions of a glioma in a 65 years old patient, who died 9 days after its subtotal resection, are documented. The post-mortem study of the brain revealed an herpetic encephalitis with its classical topographical distribution. There were numerous eosinophilic inclusion bodies which ultrastructurally were characteristic of herpes simplex virus. The author discusses, with reference to the literature, the exo and endogenous sources of infection, the means of dissemination, the problem of latency and reactivation of the virus. He proposes the hypothesis that the infection of the glioma cells is this case was most likely related the immature immunity of the cells, corticoid therapy and surgical resection acting as inducers. The almost complete absence of an inflammatory reaction evokes an opportunistic viral infection in an immunodeficient patient. Inspite of the description by many authors of different particles which have been interpreted as of viral origin in some brain tumours, the hypothesis of an oncogenic action of the herpetic virus is not retained in this particular case, considered as exceptional, of the glioma described herein. The precocious search for HSV antibodies by immunofluorescence and a temporal lobe biopsy in order to establish an early diagnosis are necessities so as to administer as rapidly as possible the specific therapy, adénine-arabinoside.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The capillaroscopy method and possibilities of its clinical use].

The aim of this paper is to point out the purpose and possibilities of practical application of capillaroscopy in the peripheral blood vessel alterations diagnosis and follow-up. The paper gives a detailed technical description of the method as well as the capillaroscopic findings interpretation criteria. A special attention has been paid to the most important external factors as well as to the diseases that may affect the peripheral blood flow condition.

Capillaries↗
PubMed1998

[Is there a physician on board?].

Physicians responding to emergency calls on board airliners in intercontinental traffic may not be aware of certain legal complications which may arise. For instance, the medical practitioner may hold a license valid in one country, the air carrier may be registered in another, and the patient may be a third state national. Legislation varies between nations, as do courts decisions. Physicians may not be aware of the laws and regulations which apply or of the subtle differences between terms and interpretations used in formal language. This article contains a scenario description from a commercial air liner in intercontinental transit carrying a patient unknown to the physician who responds to a call for medical assistance. The main considerations to be made, the more likely diagnoses and various strategies for immediate interventions are reviewed. Likewise, appraisal and use of medical equipment on board are discussed, as are issues concerning responsibility and liability when equipment is used in supposedly "trained hands". Main themes in the current international medico-legal debate are considered with emphasis on the "Good Samaritan Principle", the responsibility of commercial air carriers, and telemedicine with insurance against law suits. The article concludes with some practical advice to the travelling medical community.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1998

[Is there a physician on board?].

Physicians responding to emergency calls on board airliners in intercontinental traffic may not be aware of certain legal complications which may arise. For instance, the medical practitioner may hold a license valid in one country, the air carrier may be registered in another, and the patient may be a third state national. Legislation varies between nations, as do court decisions. Physicians may be aware neither of the laws and regulations which apply nor the subtle differences between terms and interpretations used in formal language. This article contains a scenario description from a commercial air liner in intercontinental transit carrying a patient unknown to the physician who responds to a call for medical assistance. The main considerations to be made, the more likely diagnoses and various strategies for immediate interventions are reviewed. Likewise, appraisal and use of medical equipment on board are discussed, as are issues concerning responsibility and liability when equipment is used in supposedly "trained hands". Main themes in the current international medico-legal debate are considered with emphasis on the "Good Samaritan Principle", the responsibility of commercial air carriers, and telemedicine with insurance against law suits. The article concludes with some practical advice to the travelling medical community.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2006

Spatial correlation analysis of isotropic microvessels: methodology and application to thyroid capillaries.

The study of relations between structural organization and functions of microcirculatory networks is a major aim of modern microangiology. Such a structural aspect of microvessels (MVs) as their spatial arrangement has substantial influence on their transport and other functional properties. This paper describes a methodology of spatial correlation analysis for isotropic blood and lymphatic MVs which is based on a stereological estimator of the pair correlation function [g3D(r)] created recently by the authors for systems of elongated objects. The following main features of the methodology are presented: (i) interpretation of the shape of g3D(r) curves, (ii) their quantitative description by numerical parameters, and (iii) limitations of the method arising from statistical requirements to MVs under investigation. The methodology is considered in the light of multilevel sampling designs, which are typical for biomedical morphology. The estimator with its methodological framework is applied to perifollicular blood capillaries in the adult rat thyroid. Related methods for studying the spatial arrangement of MVs are thoroughly discussed in the paper.

Albinism↗
PubMed1990

Interconversion of metarhodopsins I and II: a branched photointermediate decay model.

Flash photolysis experiments designed to monitor the establishment of the metarhodopsin I to metarhodopsin II equilibrium are interpreted according to a branched model in which two spectrally indistinguishable but kinetically distinguishable forms of metarhodopsin II are postulated to exist in equilibrium with a common pool of metarhodopsin I. This interpretation arises from the consistent requirement for at least three exponentials for a valid description of the observed growth of absorbance at 380 nm following bleaching of bovine rhodopsin in rod outer segment disk membranes. Analysis of the 380-nm transient absorbance data permitted direct determination of the five physically interpretable individual rate constants of the model. This analysis represents a more explicit interpretation of kinetic data than that employed in earlier experiments of this kind, which involved estimating only apparent rates and apparent amplitudes of discrete multiexponential functions. The 380-nm absorbance contributions of all relevant species contributing to the observed dynamic absorbance change were accounted for simultaneously during nonlinear least-squares estimation of the model rate parameters. Analysis of deconvoluted equilibrium spectra acquired from samples identical with those used in the kinetics experiments confirmed the metarhodopsin I-metarhodopsin II equilibrium constants, Keq, derived from the dynamic analyses. It is shown that Keq varies from 1.28 at 10 degrees C to 7.3 at 37 degrees C and that approximately 90% of the metarhodopsin II present is in the form of metarhodopsin IIslow over the temperature range 10-37 degrees C. A physical interpretation of this decay model is discussed in the context of a distribution of metarhodopsin II structural and energetic states.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed2004

[Rokitansky's first description of a spondylocostal dysplasia, dysostosis].

The bicentenary of Carl Rokitansky's birth prompted us to evaluate his less well-known work related to osteopathology. Of various articles containing humoropathological interpretations of osseous diseases, one work should be highlighted. It is, to the best of our knowledge, the first description of a spondylocostal dysplasia, re-discovered many years later, precisely described and accompanied by an excellent illustration.

Austria↗
PubMed2002

Chronic postherniorrhaphy pain--a call for uniform assessment.

The reported incidence of chronic postherniorrhaphy pain is estimated to be 10-15% and therefore has considerable socio-economic consequences. Interpretation of available data regarding pathogenesis, relation to surgical techniques, and postoperative pain treatment is hindered by differences in the description and definition of postherniorrhaphy pain. We propose a scheme for uniform assessment of chronic postherniorrhaphy pain in order to facilitate interpretation of future studies.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1986

A review of computer ECG analysis: time to evaluate and standardize.

The use of computers for the interpretation of the resting electrocardiogram (ECG) is critically reviewed. After a short description of the motives for the application of computers in this field, the processes that are sequentially executed in an ECG data processing system are critically analyzed, i.e., the acquisition and transmission of signals; the wave recognition and measurement phase; the parameter extraction, rhythm analysis, and classification phases; and, finally, the reporting of results as well as serial comparison. Emphasis is given on the evaluation and standardization of measurement and interpretation results of various ECG computer programs, based on the experience of the author as project leader of the International Cooperative Project "Common Standards for Quantitative Electrocardiography" (CSE). An extensive list of references is provided.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Interactive electron-density map interpretation: from INTER to O.

A short review of the author's computer-graphics developments since 1976 is presented. Some of the major developments in these programs are reviewed and a description is provided of some of the more recent tools that can be used for electron-density map interpretation. These tools include a secondary-structure template-building system that works in conjunction with a new sequence-decoration system.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1994

An expert system for the analysis and interpretation of evoked potentials based on fuzzy classification: application to brainstem auditory evoked potentials.

EPEXS is an expert system for evoked potential analysis and interpretation (a medical examination performed in clinical neurophysiology laboratories), working from available clinical records and numerical data extracted from evoked potential traces. EPEXS integrates two formalisms of knowledge representation: rules and structured objects. The rules represent the elementary concepts (shallow knowledge) and include a model of possibility based on the Dubois and Prade default reasoning and possibility theory. The structured objects (prototypes) are organized as hierarchical taxonomies (underlying knowledge). These allow the description of both the objects and their relationships. The heuristics used to interpret knowledge are based on two hypotheses: the unicity of the pathological process leading to several given symptoms and the progression from the general to the specific, leading to the adoption or rejection of a class of diagnoses. This avoids the problem of the differential diagnosis. These sources of knowledge are used in a dynamical way that could be described as a four-step process: acquisition of clinical data in order to define the nosological frame of the pathology, production of hypotheses about the nature and topography of lesions, interpretation of data in accordance with these hypotheses, and finally evaluation of their likelihood. The validation shows that EPEXS topographic diagnoses were correct in 100% of cases and 92% of it nosologic diagnoses were correct, and no pathological record was interpreted as normal. When examined on a given pathology basis EPEXS was not significantly different from human experts as regards to performance, specificity, and sensitivity.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2026

The tunica vaginalis flap as a rescue procedure in testicular torsion: Quantifying salvage rates with matched cohorts.

INTRODUCTION: Testicular torsion is the most common urological emergency in children, and the role of tunica albuginea fasciotomy with tunica vaginalis flap (TVF) in its treatment is controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes among patients undergoing TVF, standard orchiopexy (SO), and orchiectomy, with attention to symptom duration. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of boys aged 1 month-18 years who underwent surgery for testicular torsion at a single centre from 2010 to 2024. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and operative variables were abstracted, and testicular salvage was defined as a follow-up volume &#x2265;50% of the contralateral testis with blood flow. Propensity score matching for age, symptom duration, and parenchymal heterogeneity generated TVF-SO and TVF-orchiectomy cohorts. Salvage was further stratified by duration of symptoms (<6, 6-12, 12-24, >24 h). RESULTS: Among 157 patients, 31 (20%) underwent orchiectomy, 39 (25%) TVF, and 87 (55%) SO. Overall salvage was 54%, differing by procedure (SO 82%, TVF 36%, orchiectomy 0%; p < 0.001). In the TVF-SO matched cohort (n = 64), salvage was 38% for TVF and 59% for SO (p = 0.133). In the TVF-orchiectomy matched cohort (n = 38), salvage was 32% in the TVF group and 0% in the orchiectomy group (p = 0.02). Salvage after TVF declined steeply with ischemia time, with higher rates observed within 6 h of presentation. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that TVF is used predominantly in high-risk torsion with adverse ultrasound features. When viewed descriptively, the TVF cohort showed lower follow-up viability than the SO cohort, but this difference must be interpreted in the context of the different intraoperative and preoperative risk profiles underlying procedure selection. We highlight TVF as a valuable additional consideration compared to outright orchiectomy. CONCLUSION: In this retrospective cohort, TVF was used in clinically severe torsion and was associated with follow-up viability in a subset of cases. These descriptive findings support further prospective study but should not be interpreted as evidence of equivalence or comparative benefit of TVF.

Humans↗