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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

The CArG boxes in the promoter of the Arabidopsis floral organ identity gene APETALA3 mediate diverse regulatory effects.

APETALA3 is a MADS box gene required for normal development of the petals and stamens in the Arabidopsis flower. Studies in yeast, mammals and plants demonstrate that MADS domain transcription factors bind with high affinity to a consensus sequence called the CArG box. The APETALA3 promoter contains three close matches to the consensus CArG box sequence. To gain insights into the APETALA3 regulatory circuitry, we have analyzed the APETALA3 promoter using AP3::uidA(GUS) fusions. 496 base pairs of APETALA3 promoter sequence 5' to the transcriptional start directs GUS activity in the same temporal and spatial expression pattern as the APETALA3 RNA and protein in wild-type flowers. A synthetic promoter consisting of three tandem repeats of a 143 base pair sequence directs reporter gene activity exclusively to petals and stamens in the flower. We have analyzed the role of the CArG boxes by site-specific mutagenesis and find that the three CArG boxes mediate discrete regulatory effects. Mutations in CArG1 result in a decrease in reporter expression suggesting that CArG1 is the binding site for a positively acting factor or factors. Mutations in CArG2 result in a decrease in reporter expression in petals, but the expression pattern in stamens is unchanged. By contrast, mutations in CArG3 result in an increase in the level of reporter gene activity during early floral stages suggesting that CArG3 is the binding site for a negatively acting factor.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed1998

Investigations into the preferences of laboratory rats for nest-boxes and nesting materials.

Nest-boxes and nesting materials were considered potentially useful items with which to enhance the environment of rats housed in standard laboratory cages. This study was carried out to determine whether such items are actually used by rats, and if so, what features are important in their design. Laboratory rats were allowed to choose between four commercially available nest-boxes. Nest-boxes were preferred to other parts of the cage but the nest-box most frequently selected was not suitable for routine laboratory use. Accordingly a new nest-box was designed, incorporating features apparently attractive to the animals. This was a simple structure of opaque perspex, consisting of a roof and three walls. Similarly, rats were exposed to six commercially available nesting materials and those consisting of long paper strips were most preferred.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

An experimental investigation of the effect of light-box luminance on the detection of low contrast objects in mammography.

It has been hypothesized that light-box luminance is an important factor in the detection of objects on radiographs. In this work, existing psychophysical data relating to the measurement of visual thresholds at various scene luminance levels are applied to the problem of the observation of radiographs on a light-box. These data suggest that for a given stimulus size, the threshold contrast varies little over several orders of magnitude of scene luminance. In a series of contrast detail experiments performed over a wide range of light-box luminances it has been demonstrated that the detection of low contrast objects on mammographic film is dominated by external noise, that is noise on the film, rather than the internal visual noise of the observer. It is therefore suggested that in mammography it is inappropriate to base recommendations for optimal values of light-box luminance on psychophysical studies of visual noise. It has been shown that commonly used light-box luminances are suitable for viewing mammograms at the higher average optical densities now being recommended, provided that precautions are taken to avoid glare and reflection.

Contrast Sensitivity↗

PubMed2006

hNaf1 is required for accumulation of human box H/ACA snoRNPs, scaRNPs, and telomerase.

The human telomerase ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) shares with box H/ACA small Cajal body (sca)RNPs and small nucleolar (sno)RNPs the proteins dyskerin, hGar1, hNhp2, and hNop10. How dyskerin, hGar1, hNhp2, and hNop10 assemble with box H/ACA scaRNAs, snoRNAs, and the RNA component of telomerase (hTR) in vivo remains unknown. In yeast, Naf1p interacts with H/ACA snoRNP proteins and may promote assembly of Cbf5p (the yeast ortholog of dyskerin) with nascent pre-snoRNAs. Here we show that the human HsQ96HR8 protein, thereafter termed hNaf1, can functionally replace endogenous Naf1p in yeast. HeLa hNaf1 associates with dyskerin and hNop10 as well as box H/ACA scaRNAs, snoRNAs, and hTR. Reduction of hNaf1 steady-state levels by RNAi significantly lowers accumulation of these components of box H/ACA scaRNP, snoRNP, and telomerase. hNaf1 is found predominantly in numerous discrete foci in the nucleoplasm and fails to accumulate within Cajal bodies or nucleoli. Altogether, these results suggest that hNaf1 intervenes in early assembly steps of human box H/ACA RNPs, including telomerase.

Blotting, Northern↗

PubMed1997

Wheat MADS box genes, a multigene family dispersed throughout the genome.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate primers was utilized for partial cloning of the MADS box gene family from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PCR products corresponding to a part of the MADS box region were cloned and sequenced. Eleven individual clones sequenced were classified into seven types on the basis of the nucleotide sequence and five types on the deduced amino acid sequence, which included two wheat-specific MADS box protein sequences. RT-PCR analysis with degenerate primers revealed preferential expression of the MADS box genes in young spikes. Furthermore, genomic Southern blot analysis with degenerate PCR products as probes indicated that wheat MADS box genes constitute a multigene family and are dispersed throughout the genome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Optimization and preliminary characterization of venom isolated from 3 medically important jellyfish: the box (Chironex fleckeri), Irukandji (Carukia barnesi), and blubber (Catostylus mosaicus) jellyfish.

OBJECTIVE: To optimize venom extraction and to undertake preliminary biochemical studies of venom from the box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri), the Irukandji jellyfish (Carukia barnesi), and the blubber jellyfish (Catostylus mosaicus). METHODS: Lyophilized crude venoms from box jellyfish tentacles and whole Irukandji jellyfish were prepared in water by homogenization, sonication, and rapid freeze thawing. A second technique, consisting of grinding samples with a glass mortar and pestle and using phosphate-buffered saline, was used to prepare crude venom from isolated nematocysts of the box jellyfish, the bells of Irukandji jellyfish, and the oral lobes of blubber jellyfish. Venoms were compared by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot test. Toxicity of some venoms was determined by intravenous median lethal dose assay in mice. RESULTS: Different venom extraction techniques produced significantly different crude venoms for both box and Irukandji jellyfish. Irukandji and blubber venom SDS-PAGE protein profiles were established for the first time. Analysis of Western blot tests revealed that box jellyfish antivenin reacted specifically with the venom of each jellyfish. Toxicity was found in Irukandji jellyfish venom derived by use of the mortar-and-pestle method, but not in the lyophilized venom. CONCLUSIONS: Glass mortar-and-pestle grinding and use of an appropriate buffer was found to be a simple and suitable method for the preparation of venom from each jellyfish species studied. This study contributes to biochemical investigations of jellyfish venoms, particularly the venom of the Irukandji jellyfish, for which there are, to our knowledge, no published studies. It also highlights the importance of optimizing venom extraction as the first step toward understanding the complex biological effects of jellyfish venoms.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Functional role of a novel cis-acting element (GAGA box) in human type-1 angiotensin II receptor gene transcription.

GH/growth factors have been shown to increase angiotensin type 1 receptor expression. In the present study we determined the cis-acting regulatory region controlling GH-induced transcription of the human type-1 angiotensin receptor (hAT(1)). In human proximal tubule cells transfected with a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter plasmid under the control of the hAT(1) promoter, GH induced CAT activity. Serial deletions of the hAT(1) promoter region indicated that an area between -314 bp and -70 bp upstream of the 5'-end of the cDNA sequence was essential for this activation to occur. Although sequence analysis identified putative multiple nuclear protein binding sites in this region, we determined that a 12 bp sequence (5'-GAGAGGGAGGAG-3', GAGA box) located between -161 bp and -149 bp was important for GH-mediated activation. Using mobility shift assays we demonstrated increased DNA binding activity to the labeled GAGA box in nuclear extracts treated with GH, suggesting this sequence is a GH response element. Southwestern analysis identified an 18 kDa GAGA box-binding protein (GAGA-BP). GH-induced activity of the GAGA-BP occurred within 2.5 min and reached a maximum at 5 min. Activation did not require de novo protein synthesis. Removal of the GAGA box abolished GH-induced transcription as well as basal transcription of the hAT(1) gene. Additional studies demonstrated that epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and insulin activate the GAGA-BP, suggesting these growth factors can also regulate the transcription of the hAT(1) gene through the GAGA box. Our data show that the GAGA-BP acts as a trans-acting factor binding to the cis-acting regulatory element in the hAT(1) promoter, which is necessary for the basal and growth factor(s)-mediated transcriptional activation of the hAT(1) gene.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

The box alignment illusion: an orientation illusion induced by pictorial depth.

In four experiments, observers attempted to align two sets of oblique edges to parallel. The contexts for these alignments included lines in isolation (2-D control), lines embedded in orthogonal drawings of same-oriented and different-oriented boxes (3-D objects), and each of these viewed against backgrounds depicting strong linear perspective (3-D backgrounds). A consistent distortion was observed in the alignments of different-oriented boxes relative to control lines, indicating that the parallel lines in these stimuli appeared to diverge toward the top of the picture. Furthermore, this box alignment illusion decreased with interstimulus distance, whereas alignment distortions in control lines and same-oriented boxes increased with distance. Viewing the stimuli against 3-D backgrounds produced a dramatic reversal of the illusion, with control lines now appearing to converge more than the boxes. These results suggest that the illusion reflects basic processes involved in pictorial depth perception.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The role of Sp family members, basic Kruppel-like factor, and E box factors in the basal and IFN-gamma regulated expression of the human complement C4 promoter.

The fourth component of human complement (C4) is a serum protein that is expressed in the liver and other organs. The promoter region of the C4 gene has been analyzed in reporter gene assays in two cell lines that represent hepatic (HepG2) and monocytic (U937) lineages. Analysis indicated that regions important for basal transcription in HepG2 cells included Sp1 and E box sites within the first 100 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site but not the nuclear factor-1 site important in the control of the mouse C4 gene. Also, a region encompassing -468 to -310 was able to repress activity 2-fold. However, when a CACCC or GT box sequence at -140 was mutated the repressive activity of the upstream region resulted in almost no activity. The -140 region consists of a series of four closely positioned GT boxes that were shown to bind Sp1, Sp3, and basic Krupple-like factor in EMSA. This novel two-part regulatory element may be involved in the regulated expression of C4. However, IFN-gamma a major activator of C4 expression did not signal through this two-part regulatory element. We were able to map the position of an IFN-gamma responsive element in U937. IFN-gamma was able to increase transcription by up to 20-fold with mutations in the E box sequence at -78 to -73, thus completely abolishing induction. We conclude that the E box binding factors, which appear to be distinct from upstream stimulatory factors 1 and 2, are totally responsible for IFN-gamma induction of C4.

5' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2000

A short history of MADS-box genes in plants.

Evolutionary developmental genetics (evodevotics) is a novel scientific endeavor which assumes that changes in developmental control genes are a major aspect of evolutionary changes in morphology. Understanding the phylogeny of developmental control genes may thus help us to understand the evolution of plant and animal form. The principles of evodevotics are exemplified by outlining the role of MADS-box genes in the evolution of plant reproductive structures. In extant eudicotyledonous flowering plants, MADS-box genes act as homeotic selector genes determining floral organ identity and as floral meristem identity genes. By reviewing current knowledge about MADS-box genes in ferns, gymnosperms and different types of angiosperms, we demonstrate that the phylogeny of MADS-box genes was strongly correlated with the origin and evolution of plant reproductive structures such as ovules and flowers. It seems likely, therefore, that changes in MADS-box gene structure, expression and function have been a major cause for innovations in reproductive development during land plant evolution, such as seed, flower and fruit formation.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Interpretation of dental and maxillofacial radiographs: a comparative study using an X-ray viewing box and window.

AIM: To ascertain if interpretation of radiographs by holding them up to a window rather than using a light viewing box has led to underdetection of clinically significant radiographic abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty members of staff were selected randomly. They were divided into two group i.e., ten house offers (Group 1), five specialist registrars and five demonstrators (Group 2). They interpreted 10 radiographs by first holding them up against a window, and then by using a light viewing box. A score out of 10 was obtained at each time (one for each film). RESULTS: A mean score of 6.6 (6 per cent) was obtained for Group 1 and a mean score of 8 (80 per cent) was obtained for Group 2 when radiographs were interpreted using a window. The mean score for both groups was 10 when a light viewing box was used. CONCLUSION: Important radiographic abnormalities went undetected when the light box was not used. Awareness should be raised among hospital staff with regard to the importance of using light viewing boxes for the interpretation of radiographs.

Dental Staff, Hospital↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Structural basis for the proinflammatory cytokine activity of high mobility group box 1.

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB), a ubiquitous DNA-binding protein, has been implicated as a proinflammatory cytokine and late mediator of lethal endotoxemia. HMGB1 is released by activated macrophages. It amplifies and extends the inflammatory response by inducing cytokine release and mediating acute lung injury, anorexia, and the inflammatory response to tissue necrosis. The kinetics of HMGB1 release provide a wide therapeutic window for endotoxemia because extracellular levels of HMGB1 begin to increase 12 to 24 h after exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that a DNA-binding domain of HMGB1, the B box, recapitulates the cytokine activity of full length HMGB1 and efficiently activates macrophages to release tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other proinflammatory cytokines. Truncation of the B box revealed that the TNF-stimulating activity localizes to 20 amino acids (HMGB1 amino acids 89 to 108). Passive immunization of mice with antibodies raised against B box conferred significant protection against lethal endotoxemia or sepsis, induced by cecal perforation. These results indicate that a proinflammatory domain of HMGB1 maps to the highly conserved DNA-binding B box, making this primary sequence a suitable target in the design of therapeutics.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[The transcriptional regulation study on human delta globin gene with CAAT box C-->T point mutation in its promoter].

OBJECTIVE: To study the transcriptional regulation of human delta globin gene with C-->T point mutation at -64 in its promoter. METHODS: Human delta globin genes including wild CAAT box and mutant CAAT box (-64C-->T) were separately cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1 (-)/Myc-His A which was cut out the strong promoter CMV, transfected MEL cells, and induced by DMSO to express. The transcriptional regulation of human delta globin gene was analysed using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: The expression level of human delta globin gene with mutant CAAT box was 2.2-fold as high as that with wild CAAT box. CONCLUSION: The defective CAAT box of human delta globin gene promoter region may be one of the major reasons for its low expression level.

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins↗

PubMed2003

[Fractal properties of the spatial pattern of rare and endangered plant populations in Houhe Nature Reserve in Hubei: Box-counting dimension].

The fractal properties of the spatial distribution pattern of 4 dominant plant populations and 7 rare and endangered plant populations were reflected through the box-counting dimensions. The results showed that the box-counting dimensions of 4 dominant populations ranged between 1.346 and 1.414, and occupied relatively larger ecological spaces in the community. Camellia cuspidata population occupied the largest ecological space because of its biggest box-counting dimensions. However, most of other populations occupied relatively smaller spaces due to their smaller values of the box-counting dimensions. The box-counting dimensions of 7 rare and endangered populations were smaller than 1 except Dipteronia sinensis population. The inflexion scales of 11 populations covered the range from 5 m to 12.5 m. According to the self-similarity of the fractal, the distribution pattern types under certain scales larger than the inflexion scale could be inferred as similar, and the results partly proved the ideas. The populations of Disopyros lotus, Pterostyrax psilophyllus, Davidia involucrata, Tetracentron sinense and Aesculus wilsonii were changed at the inflexion scale, and other 6 populations had the same distribution pattern types despite of the scale changed.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed1992

Evaluation of the correlation box (Segner) for characterization of the facial skeleton.

The convenience of the so-called harmonious combinations of five basic radiographic cephalometric measurements (Segner), derived from multiple regressions and presented in the form of a correlation box, as a means of diagnosing skeletal malocclusion has been evaluated statistically. The study involved 55 untreated orthodontic patients 7-14 years old with Angle's Class I malocclusion. The correlation box was built stepwise on the basis of four linear regressions computed between five angular measurements (SNA, SNB, NSL/ML, NSL/NL, and NSAr). The regression analyses indicated that the correlation box was not accurate enough. The coefficients of determination for the regressions varied between 0.26 (for NSL/NL) and 0.63 (for SNB). Most part of the variation in NSL/ML, NSL/NL, and NSAr angles remained unexplained. Individual norms indicated by the box for the ANB angle seemed doubtful in many cases. The correlation box seemed to show the statistically most probable associations between measurements used. The combinations may be harmonious but the existence of other harmonious combinations cannot be excluded.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

DNA binding, multimerization, and transcription stimulation by the Xenopus Y box proteins in vitro.

The Y box factors bind to a specific DNA sequence (the Y box, containing a reverse CCAAT element) and have been implicated in the regulation of transcription. We have used deletion mutagenesis to define the protein domains of two Xenopus Y box factors, FRG Y1 and FRG Y2, that are essential for DNA binding, multimerization, and transcription. A domain of the Y box factors homologous to an Escherichia coli cold shock protein is required for DNA binding. Both the E. coli protein and the Y box factors recognize DNA sequences with similar selectivity. The conserved region between these proteins does not contain any previously defined DNA-binding motifs. The hydrophilic C-terminal tail of the proteins contributes to the assembly of nucleoprotein complexes. This region contains an unusual pattern of basic and acidic amino acids and represents a new type of domain mediating protein-protein interactions in transcription factors. Both the DNA-binding and the multimerization domains are important for stimulating transcription from the Xenopus hsp70 promoter in vitro.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1989

[Lying behavior and space requirements of German Schwarzbunt fattening calves in box stalls].

In German Black Pied calves the height of wrist and length of body was measured and the want of space in lying situation in relation to height of wrist in different stadiums of age was calculated. For this relation was obtained the factor of 0.7, that means that 70 p.c. of the height of wrist are wanted by calves at the end of fattening (up to 250 kg) for lying. A totally extended behaviour in lying is kept during 1.6 and 0.9 p.c. of the length of day by calves which are offered an unlimited, limited space (boxes) respectively. More than 60 p.c. of the phase of this behaviour are lasting less than two minutes. Based on this behaviour found out and on the body measures this quotient seems to be justified as critical value for the minimum want of space in single boxes. As maximum width of a box 80 to 85 cm were calculated up to an age of 25 weeks. The length of the boxes should be related to the length of body and 45 cm more. This means for the found body measures a minimum length of about 180 cm. A higher value would correspond more to a species-related keeping of veal calves than a greater width of the box.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Lower body negative pressure box for +Gz simulation in the upright seated position.

The cost of purchasing and operating a human centrifuge is substantial. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is considered an acceptable experimental substitute for the +Gz stress of the centrifuge. Since civil aviation pilots are usually subjected to +Gz stress in an upright seated position, an upright seated version of the supine LBNP box was developed. In this version, a negative pressure of -40 torr is considered the equivalent of a 2 +Gz stress. This box has successfully withstood a test pressure of -120 torr. Pedal ergometry within the box is easily accomplished. The box was anthropometrically engineered to accommodate a human height range of 160-195 cm. Locating the box within an altitude chamber allows the application of LBNP at any level of chamber altitude. The total cost of fabrication is approximately $500.

Aerospace Medicine↗