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PubMed1995

Detection of ochratoxin a in human blood and colostrum.

Ochratoxin A (OA) is one of the most frequent sources of mycotoxin contamination of feed plants in Hungary. It is produced by 10% of Aspergillus and 12% of Penicillium species, i.e. by the widely occurring "commonest" mould species. Human exposure to mycotoxins closely resembles that of swine. Fifty-two out of 100 human blood samples collected at random (52%) were found to contain ochratoxin A (0.2-12.9 ng/ml). Recent studies have clearly shown that OA has mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. Sensitivity to mycotoxins is known to be inversely related to age. Therefore, it was considered important to test human colostrum samples for OA content. Thirty-eight out of 92 colostrum samples (41.3%) collected from women in the first 24 hours post partum contained ochratoxin A (0.2-7.3 ng/ml). The HPLC method applied in this study is described in detail.

Aspergillus↗

PubMed1996

Fat-soluble vitamins in cord blood and colostrum in the south of China.

Certain diseases have been associated with micronutrient deficiencies in China, and nutritional assessments have become important means of preventing such diseases. In the present study, fat-soluble vitamins including vitamins A, D, E, K, and beta-carotene in the cord blood and colostrum of Chinese subjects in Guilin, China, were assayed and compared with those of Japanese subjects in Osaka, Japan. These vitamins were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin A and E levels in the cord blood and colostrum of the Chinese group showed almost the same values as those of the Japanese group. There was also no significant difference in vitamin D level in cord blood between the two groups, while significantly lower levels of beta-carotene and cryptoxanthin, and a higher level of PIVKA-II (protein induced in vitamin K absence) in cord blood were observed in the Chinese group. These findings pointed to a restricted intake of green-yellow vegetables in the Chinese group and an increased risk of hemorrhagic disease in newborn of that group is suggested.

China↗

PubMed1996

A long-term study on the health status and performance of sows on different feed allowances during late pregnancy. II. The total cell content and its percentage of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in pathogen-free colostrum and milk collected from clinically healthy sows.

The main objective of this study was to determine the total cell content, TCC, and the percentage of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, PMNLs, in colostrum and milk collected from sows during the first 22 days of lactation. The pH-values during the same sampling period were also determined. It should be emphasized that all the values obtained emanate from bacteriologically negative colostrum and milk. The potential influence of different levels of late gestation feeding regimes was also evaluated. The TCC-values obtained from milk samples during the first 3 weeks of lactation and exceeding the designated threshold of 10 x 10(6) cells/ml varied between 4% and 21%. Within the TCC-limitation of 10-19.99 x 10(6) cells/ml neither the preceding nor the succeeding cell counts exceeded the threshold in 26.8%. TCC-values above 19.99 x 10(6) cells/ml were preceded and succeeded by cell counts below the threshold in 58.8% and 58.8%, respectively. The TCC-levels below the threshold of 10 x 10(6) cells/ml, expressed as geometric least square means, increased significantly from day 1 to day 3 (1.23 x 10(6) cells/ml versus 1.86 x 10(6) cells/ml) and decreased thereafter gradually to day 22 (1.38 x 10(6) cells/ml). When all values were included, the TCC-values increased in a similar pattern from day 1 to day 3 (1.38 x 10(6) cells/ml versus 3.18 x 10(6) cells/ml). The value on day 22 of lactation was still on a significantly elevated level compared with that of day 1 (2.10 x 10(6) cells/ml versus 1.38 x 10(6) cells/ml). The 2 different feeding regimes were not found to influence the TCC-values during the first 22 days of lactation. In the whole material the PMNL-values, expressed as percentages of the TCC, declined from approximately 60% on day 1 of lactation to between 40% and 50% for the remaining sampling period. This decline was comparable with the one seen in the cell class below the threshold of 10 x 10(6) cells/ml. In the 2 cell classes above 9.99 x 10(6) cells/ml, 78.0% and 88.8% of PMNLs on day 1 declined to about 40% on day 22. This might indicate an inflammatory response on day 1 but without any detectable bacteriological growth. The increase in lactation number, if lactation 1 was compared with the following lactations, revealed a significant rise (p < 0.05) in TCC-level and percentage level of PMNLs. A stepwise and significant increase in pH-level occurred between days 1, 3 and 8 (6.18, 6.56, 7.03) followed by a significant decrease to day 22 (6.91) when pH-values from milk of all cell classes were included.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1979

[Purification and characterization of the free secretory piece of human colostrum (author's transl)].

The free secretory piece is isolated from human colostrum by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography in high yield (200 mg/l colostrum). DEAE-Cellulose chromatography separates the free secretory piece in two fractions which are electrophoretically distinct, but otherwise have the same characteristics, like molecular weight, antigenic determinants, N-terminal sequence, peptide map and amino acid composition. It was therefore concluded that the protein part of the secretory piece is homogenous.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1976

In vitro studies on the antimicrobial effects of colostrum and milk from vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs on Escherichia coli.

Unsupplemented porcine colostrum and milk exhibited a powerful bactericidal effect for porcine strains of E coli incubated in vitro at 37 degrees C. This activity was independent of complement but was susceptible to acid pH, to the presence of soluble iron and to the selective immunoprecipitation of IgG, IgA and IgM. Manifestation of bactericidal activity required bacteria in an active state of metabolism and the length of incubation was an important factor in demonstrating the quality of the anticoli activity, ie, proliferation-inhibitory, bacteriostatic or bactericidal. Whey obtained by acid precipitation or by the application of rennin was devoid of bactericidal activity but was capable of slowing down proliferation of E coli. There was no correlation between lysozyme and anticoli activity although the complete removal of lysozyme by adsorption on to bentonite reduced bactericidal titres. With very few exceptions the highest bactericidal titres were recorded for colostrum, but even 28 days post partum about one half of 22 undiluted milk samples exhibired bactericidal activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[Nepsilon-(beta-Aspartyl)lysine and Nepsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine crosslinkings in bovine colostrum (author's transl)].

In bovine colostrum which was defatted and totally hydrolyzed by proteolytic enzymes, the isopeptides Asp Lys and Glu Lys were identified by ion-exchange chromatography and preparative separation. Isopeptides were identified in two of seven samples of colostrum. It is still to be clarified whether there is a correlation between the amound of gamma-glutamyltransferase and the appearance of these crosslinkings.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

The prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig herds in western Finland based on the demonstration of antibodies in colostrum by ELISA.

Swine enzootic pneumonia causes heavy economical losses in fattening herds. The aim of this study was to get an estimate of the prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in the province of Vaasa in Western Finland. There were 112 farrowing herds randomly chosen for a survey. Farmers were asked to milk colostrum samples from every sow. Owners of 22 herds did not send enough samples for a herd diagnosis. Altogether 1773 samples (mean 18.1 samples/herd) were analysed in an indirect ELISA for antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Thirty-five herds were concluded to be infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. In these herds the mean prevalence of samples with antibodies was 16.3% (range 2.3%-70.0%, median 8.6%). The infected herds were significantly larger than the rest of the herds (no. of sows 27.0 vs. 18.4 respectively). The true prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in the province of Vaasa was estimated to be somewhat lower than the apparent prevalence of 39%. The application of colostrum serology is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Separation of cytotoxic leukocyte populations of human peripheral blood and colostrum of PVP-silica (Percoll) density gradients.

PVP-silica (Percoll) did not inhibit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in an 18 h 51Cr-release assay. By the use of a simple discontinuous density gradient centrifugation technique, leukocytes from peripheral blood and colostrum were separated into morphologic and cytotoxic functional populations. The major cytotoxic effector cells in colostrum are lipid-free macrophages and probably a small lymphocyte subpopulation.

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Human colostrum: a natural source of probiotics?]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to obtain data on the microbiota of human colostrum, and to correlate it with a possible source of probiotics transferred from mother to infant during breastfeeding. METHODS: 70 samples of milked human colostrum were analyzed as to the presence of mesophylic, thermoduric, psychrotrophic, proteolytic, proteolytic-psychrotrophic, lipolytic microorganisms, molds and yeasts, Staphylococcus aureus, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Group D Streptococcus species and lactic acid bacteria. RESULTS: the microbiological analyses revealed several classical groups of microorganisms: mesophylic (68.6%); thermoduric (38.6%); psychrotrophic (8.6%); proteolytic (15.7%); proteolytic-psychrotrophic (1,4%); lipolytic (4.3%); molds and yeasts (11.4%); Staphylococcus aureus (44.3%); total coliforms (7.2%); and lactic acid bacteria (37.2%), thus characterizing a diversified microbiota. Thermoduric-psychrotrophic microorganisms, fecal coliforms and Group D Streptococcus species were not identified in any of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: The results show a microbiota rich in lactic acid bacteria, which may work as probiotics if delivered to infants within the first days of life.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

Response of colostrum-deprived cynomolgus monkeys to intragastric challenge exposure with simian rotavirus strain SA11.

The infectivity and pathogenic potential of a cell culture-adapted simian rotavirus was evaluated in colostrum-deprived newborn and infant cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Intragastric challenge exposure with the simian rotavirus strain SA11 on postpartum day 2 induced diarrhea in 5 of 5 colostrum-deprived newborn monkeys. Compared with sham-inoculated controls, 3 of the 5 inoculated monkeys also manifested reduced body weight gain during the initial 5 days after challenge exposure. Rotavirus was detected in feces of 3 challenge-exposed monkeys for up to 2 days after inoculation. Evaluation of antibody response after rotavirus inoculation was obscured by high but variable prechallenge-exposure serum titers of rotavirus-specific antibody. Preexisting serum titer of neutralizing antibody in newborn monkeys was not predictive of clinical response to inoculation with rotavirus SA11. Two 90-day-old infant monkeys with low serum neutralizing antibody titer did not have diarrhea, reduced weight gain, or antibody response after oral inoculation with rotavirus SA11. Results of these challenge-exposure studies in newborn cynomolgus monkeys were consistent with a heterologous host-rotavirus model and indicate that neonatal serum antibody of maternal origin may not be associated with resistance to rotavirus-induced disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Temporal studies on the deposition of complement on human colostrum IgA and serum IgG immobilized on methylated silicon.

The temporal deposition of selected complement proteins from human serum onto immobilized human colostrum immunoglobulin (Ig)A and human IgG on hydrophobic silicon was studied by ellipsometry-antibody techniques after incubations at 37 degrees C for up to 1 h. In parallel experiments the serum soluble iC3b, C4d, and Bb were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. The IgA-coated surfaces showed activation via the alternative pathway, and displayed a lag phase in the deposition of increased amounts of serum proteins, and anti-C3c and antiproperdin. Anti-IgG, -C1q, -C4, -factor H and -factor B were not deposited at any time to IgA surfaces. Upon coating of the surface with IgG, the classical pathway was rapidly activated and bound, then anti-C3c, antiproperdin, and after short serum incubation times, also anti-C1q and anti-IgG. When factor B-depleted or heat-treated sera were used, the observation was that properdin deposited onto IgG-coated surfaces from both. Ellipsometry and antibody techniques offer a convenient and rapid way to indicate the activation of the complement system on solid surfaces and facilitates a time-resolved determination of the activation pathway(s).

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed1998

Identification of minor proteins of human colostrum and mature milk by two-dimensional electrophoresis.

Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by electroblotting and microsequencing is considered to be the most powerful method for the isolation and characterization of proteins. In this paper, we report the separation and determination of the N-terminal and/or internal amino acid sequences of the minor proteins of human colostral and mature milk by 2-DE and microsequencing. In order to analyze the minor proteins of human milk, we use immunoabsorbents to remove three major proteins, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin and secretory immunoglobulin A. The major proteins removed by this process accounted for about 79 and 93% of the total whey proteins of mature and colostral milk, respectively. The remaining milk proteins were then separated by isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis between pH 3 and 10, and subjected to 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Approximately 400 spots were detected in both colostral and mature milk by silver staining after 2-DE. Twenty-two major, well-resolved proteins (out of 400) were microsequenced (N-termini as well as internal). These include fatty acid binding protein, beta 2-microglobulin, complement C4, clusterin, alpha 1-antritrypsin, lysozyme C, alpha- and beta-casein, prealbumin, serotransferrin, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, and beta-casein fragments. No major differences in the protein patterns were observed between the minor proteins of colostrum and mature milk, indicating that the minor proteins remained relatively constant during lactation. These results suggest that the minor milk proteins are important for the health and development of breast-fed infants throughout lactation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1981

Cellular and antibody response to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus in human colostrum, maternal blood, and cord blood.

Samples of colostrum, maternal blood, and cord blood from a group of 21 women were examined for the presence of cellular reactivity to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus using a transformation assay and for the level of specific IgA, and IgG, and IgM antibodies to RS virus by membrane immunofluorescence. Six of the 18 colostral cell cultures and six of the 16 maternal blood cultures gave a significant proliferative response to RS virus antigen, although a positive response in both local and systemic cell cultures was found in only one another. In addition, one of 18 samples of cord blood gave a proliferative response to RS virus antigen. Detectable titres of IgA antibodies to RS virus were found in 15 of the 20 samples of colostral whey and in 13 of the 17 samples of maternal plasma examined. RS virus-specific IgG antibodies were detected in 10 of 20 colostral whey samples and in all samples of maternal cord plasma. In this study, it was not possible to demonstrate a relationship between a positive proliferative response of colostral cell cultures to RS virus and the level of specific IgA and IgG antibodies in colostral whey. Similarly, the proliferative response of material blood cultures was unrelated to the titre of specific IgA or IgG antibodies in maternal plasma. The relevance of the local cellular proliferative response to RS virus in colostral cell cultures to the protection afforded by breast-feeding is discussed.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1985

Cellular reactivity to respiratory syncytial virus in human colostrum and breast milk.

Colostrum and breast-milk samples were taken from 23 mothers between 2 days and 7 weeks postpartum and were examined for the presence of cellular reactivity to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus using a lymphocyte transformation assay. Positive responses were detected in nine of the 23 (39%) samples taken at 2-5 days postpartum, but this reactivity was undetectable at 3 weeks. Positive responses developed in a further three mothers during the 3-7-week period of lactation, suggesting a response to virus infection. Colostral whey was found to suppress the cellular response to RS virus and inhibition was related to the level of specific IgA antibody to RS virus present in the whey. The role of colostral cellular reactivity in protection of breast-fed infants from RS virus bronchiolitis is discussed.

Colostrum↗

PubMed1992

Treatment of diarrhoea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum.

Diarrhoea and weight loss are found in more than 50% of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In some patients the symptoms can be very severe, leading to death even in the absence of opportunistic infections. In 30% of these patients, enteric pathogens cannot be identified, and approximately only half of the identifiable aetiologic agents of diarrhoea in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were treatable with antibiotics. Immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum (Lactobin, Biotest, Dreieich, FRG) contain high titers of antibodies against a wide range of bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens as well as against various bacterial toxins. Lactobin (LIG) is quite resistant to 24-h incubation with gastric juice. In a multi-center pilot study 37 immunodeficiency patients with chronic diarrhoea [29 HIV-infected patients, 2 patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), one unidentified immunodeficiency, five patients with graft versus host disease (GvHD) following bone marrow transplantation] were treated with oral LIG (10 g/day for 10 days). Good therapeutic effects were observed. Out of 31 treatment periods in 29 HIV-infected patients 21 gave good results leading to transient (10 days) or long-lasting (more than 4 weeks) normalisation of the stool frequency. The mean daily stool frequency decreased from 7.4 to 2.2 at the end of the treatment. Eight HIV-infected patients showed no response. The diarrhoea recurred in 12 patients within 4 weeks (32.4%), while 19 patients were free of diarrhoea for at least 4 weeks (51.3%). In 5 patients intestinal cryptosporidiosis disappeared following oral LIG treatment. LIG treatment was also beneficial in 4 out of 5 GvHD patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1996

Isolation and characterization of a sialo-glycopeptide from buffalo colostrum.

A sialoglycopeptide was isolated from buffalo colostrum in pure form by chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and QAE-Sephadex A-25. This was found to be homogeneous by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and reverse phase HPLC. It consisted of fucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl neuraminic acid in the ratio 1:2:3:4:1, and aspartic acid, serine, threonine, proline and glutamic acid were the major amino acids. Glycine was identified as the N-terminal amino acid residue. The structure elucidation of the carbohydrate moiety was carried out by methylation analysis, mass spectrometry. 1H-NMR spectroscopy and the probable structure was revealed to be that of a complex biantennary type.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1980

Characterization of alpha 1-microglobulin in human colostrum and milk.

The mean concentration of alpha 1-microglobulin in human colostrum and milk, estimated by electroimmunoassay, was found to be about 0.4-0.6 mg/l and 0.1-0.2 mg/l, respectively. Both liquids contained alpha 1-microglobulin in mono- and dimeric forms, while the presence of higher polymeric forms, as characterized in plasma, could not be demonstrated.

Alpha-Globulins↗

PubMed1991

Possible essentially of docosahexaenoic acid in Japanese monkey neonates: occurrence in colostrum and low biosynthetic capacity in neonate brains.

The importance of mother's milk as a source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Japanese monkey neonates was investigated. The DHA content in monkey colostrum total lipids was 2.2%, similar to or slightly higher than in humans. A comparison of the biosynthetic capacity of brain microsomes from monkeys of different age (up to 10 years) showed that chain elongation/desaturation of linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in neonates was significantly less pronounced than in adults. In particular, the formation of DHA, which is the product of delta 4 desaturase, was negligible. These results suggest that milk is an important source of DHA in Japanese monkey neonates.

Aging↗