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PubMed1997

Cardiovascular responses during effortful active coping and acute experience of anger in women.

This study addresses the question of whether effortful active coping and anger provocation add in their effects on cardiovascular responses. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) responses of 64 female students were collected during an active versus nonactive coping task with and without provocation. After a baseline period, women did mental arithmetic (active coping) or read numbers aloud (nonactive coping). Half of each group was then additionally provoked. Ratings of the emotional states (Positive and Negative Affect Scale) indicate that provocation led to an increase in anger, but not in fear or negative or positive affect. Effortful active coping and provocation elevated cardiovascular activity. Although active coping enhanced all cardiovascular variables, provocation particularly affected HR and DBP. The effects of active coping and provocation on HR and DBP but not on SBP were additive and probably were produced by different physiological mechanisms.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Patients with chronic renal failure and their ability to cope.

The subject studied in this paper, describing uremic patients' use of coping strategies and their sense of coherence, was 48 consecutively selected patients with chronic renal failure at a Swedish hospital. The questionnaires used were the Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS-40) and the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC). The results showed that the patients used a variety of coping strategies, such as maintaining control, finding out more about the situation and hoping. In the use of coping styles, the confrontational style was the most favoured one, compared with the palliative and the emotive styles. There was a significant distinction between the predialysis patients and those on dialysis treatment concerning the use of strategies and coping styles. Patients on dialysis treatment showed significantly higher scores in overall strategies and in confrontational and palliative coping styles. The results revealed significant correlations between the JCS and the SOC scores, age and duration of kidney disease. Knowledge of the patients' commonly used coping strategies and sense of coherence is important when nursing care is being planned for the patient.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Headache and coping in a female working population.

Tension-type headache is a common disorder amongst working people and, because of its very high prevalence, represents one of the most costly ailments in modern society. To study the frequency of tension-type headache in a working female population and to investigate how females who have experienced tension-type headache cope with pain compared with the way healthy pain-free subjects cope with stress. A total of 400 females working at a university hospital in Sweden were asked about their experience of headache in the previous 3 months. Instruments used were a specific Headache Questionnaire, the Jalowiec Stress-coping Questionnaire and Coping Strategy Questionnaire. Before the study, approval from the board of directors and the employees' council was obtained. About 257 females (64.3%) answered the questionnaire and 78% of them (n = 199) reported that they had experienced headache in the previous 3 months. About 90% of the participants had never had an appointment with a doctor concerning headache and 57% reported a relationship between stress and headache. Regarding pain-coping strategy, increased pain behaviour was the most frequent strategy used. With regard to stress-coping style, a significant difference in the use of emotive style was found between females reporting headache and females not reporting headache. The results indicate that prevention programmes emphasizing stress management and coping may influence the experience of tension-type headache.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Association between cardiac autonomic function and coping style in healthy subjects.

The link between personality and cardiac function is insufficiently characterized. We postulated that in a healthy population, cardiac autonomic function is linked to coping style. In 276 healthy volunteers, between the ages of 18 and 71, the Utrecht Coping List was used to evaluate different coping strategies. Trait anxiety was scored by the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory. A 24-hour Holter recording was used to calculate heart rate variability (HRV). For HRV parameters and coping mechanisms this study demonstrated gender-specific differences and correlations with age. In men (n = 141) higher active coping was associated with less global autonomic activity or SDANN (rs = -0.27, P < 0.001). This relationship was most prevalent in young (18-30 years) men (rs = -0.45, P < 0.005). Higher expression of negative emotions or anger was related to both higher vagal (rs = 0.23 for rMSSD, P < 0.01) tone and higher LF power (rs = 0.23, P < 0.01). In young men expression of negative emotions or anger was associated with LF power (rs = 0.37, P < 0.01) and in middle-aged (31-50 years) men with vagal tone (rs = 0.43 for rMSSD, P < 0.005) and heart rate (rs = -0.41, P < 0.005). Higher comforting ideas was related to higher LF power (rs = 0.23 for LF power, P < 0.005), and this especially in middle-aged men (rs = 0.37, P < 0.01). In women (n = 135), no significant correlations between coping style and HRV indices were found. We conclude that in normal individuals, at least in men, our findings suggest a relationship between coping style and cardiac autonomic function.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

A community study on the relationship between stress, coping, affective dispositions and periodontal attachment loss.

BACKGROUND: Psychological factors may increase the risk for periodontal diseases. Contemporary conceptualization of the stress process supports the evaluation of stress at three levels: stressors, moderating and mediating factors, and stress reactions. OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship of periodontal disease in terms of clinical attachment level (CAL) to psychosocial stress, making reference to the major components of stress process. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 1000 subjects aged 25-64 years in Hong Kong was conducted. Subjects were asked to complete a set of questionnaires measuring stressors including changes, significant life event and daily strains, stress reactions including physiological and affective responses, and coping and affective dispositions. CAL was assessed. RESULTS: Individuals with high mean CAL values had higher scores on the job and financial strain scales than periodontally healthy individuals (P < 0.05), after adjusting for age, gender, cigarette smoking and systemic disease. Depression, anxiety trait, depression trait, problem-focused coping, and emotion-focused coping were also related to CAL. Logistic regression analysis indicated that all these factors were significant risk indicators for periodontal attachment loss, except problem-focused coping, which reduced the odds of CAL. Individuals who were high emotion-focused copers, low problem-focused copers, trait anxious, or trait depressive had a higher odds of more severe CAL. CONCLUSION: Chronic job and financial strains, depression, inadequate coping, and maladaptive trait dispositions are significant risk indicators for periodontal attachment loss. Adequate coping and adaptive trait dispositions, evidenced as high problem-focused coping and low anxiety/depression trait, may reduce the stress-associated odds.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical nurses' characterizations of patient coping problems.

The author reports the findings from a qualitative study of diagnostic data obtained and interpreted by hospital nurses on the coping of adult patients and their families. Clinical data taken from taped interviews were transcribed and analyzed using grounded theory and analytic induction techniques. The data were then compared with diagnoses accepted for testing by NANDA. The phenomena described by the research did not match the NANDA constructs for individual and family coping problems. Nurses' assessments of coping response, however, fit within transactional theory. The use of the term "ineffective" to qualify coping was generally avoided. Ineffective coping, suggesting an outcome or product of coping, was not often considered applicable to the coping responses nurses found appropriate at specific times in specific situations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Stress and coping: junior baccalaureate nursing students in clinical settings.

The purpose of this study was to identify junior baccalaureate nursing students' perceived stressors and ways of coping during the clinical component of nursing education and the use of coping strategies by students with different ethnic backgrounds. Data were collected from 107 junior nursing students enrolled in the first clinical course. Results revealed students frequently perceived stressors in the clinical setting. The findings also revealed that students utilized two problem-focused coping strategies--problem solving and seeking social support coping strategies--more frequently than two emotion-focused coping strategies--tension reduction and avoidance coping. Additional findings revealed that both Caucasian and African-American students used more problem-focused than emotion-focused coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Family support and coping with cancer: some determinants and adaptive correlates.

This paper studies the interrelationships between the coping behaviours of cancer patients and perceived amount and adequacy of family support, as well as the issue of how these predict psychosocial adjustment to cancer. Based on questionnaire data from a sample of 169 patients with cancers of various sites, three questions were considered in detail: (1) How might cognitive and behavioural modes of coping with cancer affect perceptions of support provided by one's family in terms of the amount as well as adequacy of various supportive acts? (2) Are coping modes to be considered when explaining inter-individual differences in perceived support adequacy, or can these differences be reduced to differences in amount of support? (3) Can distinct patterns of family support and coping preferences be identified and, if so, how do these patterns differ in indicators of psychosocial adjustment to cancer? Results suggest that cognitive strategies of coping may be more effective in 'mobilizing' family support than behavioural strategies. Moreover, the perceived adequacy of various support modes proves to be influenced by cognitive coping preferences independent of perceived amounts of support. Finally, results from cluster analyses point to a particular coping-support pattern identified as 'highly risky'. This pattern is characterized by generalized support deficits, strong tendencies towards rumination, and weak tendencies towards minimizing disease-related threat. The findings are discussed from an interactional perspective on support processes and with regard to implications for psychological intervention in cancer patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Work factors and behavioural coping in relation to withdrawal from the labour force in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess separate and combined effects of work factors and behavioural coping in relation to withdrawal from the labour force among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted in a Dutch nationwide random sample of 720 patients with RA. Information about work factors and behavioural coping was collected by a self-administered postal questionnaire. A broad variety of work factors and coping styles were evaluated separately and in combination using multivariate logistic regression analyses, controlling for sociodemographic and disease related variables. Attributable and preventable fractions were calculated from the combined analyses to assess the relative importance of the contributing factors. RESULTS: Additional job training, equal career opportunities, letting the disease influence the choice of the current job position, and informing colleagues about having the disease were negatively associated with withdrawal from the labour force. The most relevant factor in terms of decreasing the risk was adjusting job demands which accounted for 63% of the patients still in the labour force. Decreasing activities and diverting attention in order to cope with pain, and pacing in order to cope with limitations were the coping styles which were positively associated with withdrawal from the labour force. The most relevant factor in terms of increasing the risk of withdrawal was pacing which accounted for 67% of the withdrawals. CONCLUSION: Work factors are potentially important modifiable risk factors for withdrawal from the labour force in patients with RA. Behavioural coping is also relevant.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Are reported stress and coping style associated with frequent recurrence of genital herpes?

OBJECTIVES: This paper reports on the cross sectional data from the longitudinal study examining the impact of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection on quality of life. In particular the report sought to study the relation between recurrence of genital HSV and coping style, mood, personality, and quality of life, among other factors. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: 116 patients with a known history of genital herpes simplex infection attending the Department of Genitourinary Medicine at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital. METHODS: Psychosocial factors (stress, anxiety, depression, health locus of control, personality, social support, coping skills, and quality of life) and the reported frequency of genital herpes episodes were measured using self administered questionnaires designed to examine the relation between psychosocial status and the frequency of genital HSV episodes. RESULTS: The number of recurrences reported by patients was significantly related to the style of coping skills used. Higher recurrences were less likely to use problem focused coping skills of planning and active coping, and the emotion focused coping skills of positive reinterpretation and growth. There was a significant difference in the number of patients who believed that psychological stress was related to the number of recurrences they experienced. This belief was related to neuroticism on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire scale, and not to any of the other measures investigated. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that it is the way individuals cope, and their personality characteristics rather than actual levels of psychological stress, that influence their belief in a link between recurrent genital HSV and stress. HSV may become the focus of existing concerns and be viewed as the physical manifestation of stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2007

The development of coping.

Research on coping during childhood and adolescence is distinguished by its focus on how children deal with actual stressors in real-life contexts. Despite burgeoning literatures within age groups, studies on developmental differences and changes have proven difficult to integrate. Two recent advances promise progress toward a developmental framework. First, dual-process models that conceptualize coping as "regulation under stress" establish links to the development of emotional, attentional, and behavioral self-regulation and suggest constitutional underpinnings and social factors that shape coping development. Second, analyses of the functions of higher-order coping families allow identification of corresponding lower-order ways of coping that, despite their differences, are developmentally graded members of the same family. This emerging framework was used to integrate 44 studies reporting age differences or changes in coping from infancy through adolescence. Together, these advances outline a systems perspective in which, as regulatory subsystems are integrated, general mechanisms of coping accumulate developmentally, suggesting multiple directions for future research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Styles of pain coping predict cardiovascular function following a cold pressor test.

BACKGROUND: While many studies have examined the impact of pain-related coping in adjustment to chronic pain, relatively few have evaluated the physiological consequences of differences in pain-coping styles. OBJECTIVE: The association between strategies for coping with pain and cardiovascular functioning following exposure to painfully cold water was evaluated. METHODS: Impedance cardiography was used to assess cardiovascular functioning in 50 healthy subjects before and after a cold pressor test. RESULTS: The self-reported use of active pain-coping strategies was associated with reductions in mean arterial pressure and cardiac contractility from pre- to post-cold pressor. In contrast, higher levels of pain catastrophizing were related to increases in cardiac contractility following acute cold pain. Importantly, coping variables predicted cardiovascular responses, whereas characteristics of the noxious stimulus (pain tolerance time and pain ratings) did not. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of coping styles in shaping physiological responses to pain and suggest that interventions targeting increases in adaptive coping and decreases in pain catastrophizing may reduce pain's adverse impact.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping and cognitive processing style in HIV-positive subjects.

BACKGROUND: People's reactions to traumatic events are mediated by their subjective style of coping. This is of particular importance for HIV+ patients, mainly in the first phases of the disease. This work aimed at examining whether an 'acceptance' style of coping, as opposed to a 'mental disengagement' style, selectively influences the first stages of the processing of neutral, emotional and HIV-related information. METHOD: Two groups of 11 HIV+ asymptomatic subjects were chosen according to their coping strategies, acceptance or mental disengagement, as measured by Coping Orientations to the Problems Experienced (COPE). Twenty-two patients completed the Emotional Stroop Task and an incidental memory recognition task containing neutral, emotional and HIV-related stimuli. RESULTS: Analysis of reaction times (RTs) on the Emotional Stroop Task showed that HIV+ subjects have longer RTs for emotional and HIV-related than for neutral words. Instead, no effect was found as regards interaction with style of coping. CONCLUSION: Results confirmed a processing bias of emotional information, whereas Acceptance and Mental disengagement strategies, as measured by the COPE scales, did not appear to influence information processing.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gender-specific differences in the process of coping in families with a parent affected by a chronic somatic disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis).

Based on the investigation of 52 families and their 87 offspring by means of semistructured interviews, we evaluated the coping abilities of the parent affected by multiple sclerosis (MS), the healthy parent and their children. The results show that the gender of the child significantly influences his or her coping behaviour. Daughters cope better than sons, independently of the gender of the MS-affected parent. Only the daughter's coping is positively affected by age and disease variables. The correlation between the coping behaviour of parents and children is significant between children and their healthy parents and even stronger between children and healthy parents of the same gender. Healthy mothers and daughters cope better with the increasing disability of the father. This is not the case for healthy fathers and sons. Gender seems to be an important moderating factor in chronic parental disease and it has complex effects on the coping capacity of children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Coping with serious accidental injury: a one-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze changes of coping strategies in severely injured accident victims over time and to compare patients with high and low posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom levels with regard to their coping patterns and accident-related cognitions. METHODS: 106 consecutive patients with severe accidental injuries admitted to a trauma surgery intensive care unit (ICU) were assessed within 1 month after the trauma and 6 and 12 months later. Assessments included a clinical interview, the Freiburg Questionnaire of Coping with Illness, the patients' accident-related cognitions, the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, the 90-item revised Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), and the Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (SOC). Patients who met the criteria for either full or subsyndromal PTSD at least once over the observation period (36 subjects; 34.0%) were assigned to a highly symptomatic group (HSG), the remainder (70 subjects; 66.0%) to a less symptomatic group. RESULTS: Overall, active problem-focused coping was predominant immediately after the accident and declined over time, with a stronger decrease in the HSG. Patients in the HSG scored higher on the SCL Global Severity Index and lower on the SOC. The patients' subjective appraisal of accident severity was higher in the HSG, whereas there was no group difference with regard to accident-related variables such as type of accident, injury severity and mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. CONCLUSIONS: Active problem-focused coping, although utilized most frequently and often regarded as protective, might be an inadequate strategy in face of acute stress following a severe accident. Clinicians should not expect their patients to cope very actively in the acute ICU phase. In the subsequent rehabilitation, active coping seems to be more adaptive.

Accidents↗

PubMed2006

Social factors but not stress-coping styles predict relapse in detoxified alcoholics.

Alcohol-dependent patients face a substantial risk of relapse after detoxification. Though psychosocial stress and coping strategies are regarded as major contributing factors in returning to drinking, the direct effects of coping styles on relapse are not clear. In this treatment outcome study, a mixed gender sample of 130 detoxified and well-characterized alcohol-dependent patients (37 women) was followed up over a period of 12 months after 6 weeks of inpatient treatment. Patients had completed a comprehensive baseline assessment, including a stress coping questionnaire (SVF120). We hypothesized that these individual stress coping styles would contribute to treatment outcome. A logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the impact of stress coping styles, as well as the effect of pretreatment drinking and social characteristics on relapse. Approximately half the patients (49%) relapsed within 1 year after treatment. In contrast to our hypothesis, stress coping styles did not predict relapse. However, significant predictors of relapse were social factors related to living situation (living alone), marital status (being separated from the spouse) and pretreatment frequency of alcohol intake. These findings suggest that a partnership is more relevant for the risk of relapse than stress coping styles.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Influence of lifestyle, coping, and job stress on blood pressure in men and women.

We designed this study to clarify the role of work stress on long-term blood pressure control and in particular to investigate whether perceived work stress directly affected resting blood pressure levels or whether there were indirect effects mediated by coping mechanisms and lifestyle. Men (n = 337) and women (n = 317) working in a government tax office completed questionnaires for assessment of work-related stress, coping strategies, and lifestyle. Seven resting blood pressure measurements were recorded serially on each of two occasions a week apart. Men had higher blood pressures (119.6/68.6 versus 110.9/65.6 mm Hg) than women; they used more "maladaptive" coping strategies, drank more alcohol, and ate less healthily but exercised more than women. There were no direct associations between measures of work stress and blood pressure. In univariate and regression analyses, both body mass index and lifestyle factors in the form of alcohol consumption, exercise, and diet were related to blood pressure in men and women. Various "adaptive" or "maladaptive" coping mechanisms were identified and independently related to both job stress and blood pressure levels. Women were more likely to use "healthier" or adaptive coping mechanisms than men. Thus, work stress per se had no direct effect on blood pressure, but the ways that individuals reported coping with stress were significantly related to blood pressure, with blood pressure elevation effects appearing to be mediated largely by dietary and drinking habits and physical inactivity. The results point to the need to target individual coping strategies and lifestyle as much as the working environment in workplace cardiovascular health promotion programs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Religious coping and depression among elderly, hospitalized medically ill men.

OBJECTIVE: The investigators examined the frequency of religious coping among older medical inpatients, the characteristics of those who use it, and the relation between this behavior and depression. METHOD: The subjects were 850 men aged 65 years and over, without psychiatric diagnoses, who were consecutively admitted to the medical or neurological services of a southern Veterans Administration medical center. Religious coping was assessed with a three-item index. Depressive symptoms were assessed by self-rating (the Geriatric Depression Scale) and observer rating (the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression). RESULTS: One out of every five patients reported that religious thought and/or activity was the most important strategy used to cope with illness. Variables that were associated with religious coping included black race, older age, being retired, religious affiliation, high level of social support, infrequent alcohol use, a prior history of psychiatric problems, and higher cognitive functioning. Depressive symptoms were inversely related to religious coping, an association which persisted after other sociodemographic and health correlates were controlled. When 202 men were reevaluated during their subsequent hospital admissions an average of 6 months later, religious coping was the only baseline variable that predicted lower depression scores at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that religious coping is a common behavior that is inversely related to depression in hospitalized elderly men.

Adaptation, Psychological↗