Food and energy intake of rats fed diets varying in energy concentration and density.
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Age Factors↗
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Control of energy intake and expenditure in the regulation of energy balance.
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Energy Metabolism↗
A comparison of energy intake and food selection during laboratory binge eating episodes in obese women with and without a binge eating disorder diagnosis.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to compare energy intake and food selection of laboratory binge eating episodes in obese women with and without binge eating disorder (BED). METHOD: Twenty women, 12 meeting BED criteria, and 8 BMI and age matched obese controls, engaged in a laboratory binge eating episode. RESULTS: BED participants consumed significantly more total food in kilocalories than the non-BED obese group and more kilocalories of fat. However, there were no differences between the groups in the proportion of calories from any macronutrient. There was a nonsignificant trend for the BED group to consume more total grams of food. During the binge, the BED group consumed more dairy products. CONCLUSION: Results of the study confirmed that women with BED consumed significantly more total food in kilocalories than the non-BED obese women when they were allowed to have a binge eating episode in a laboratory setting.
Adult↗
Effect of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on post-exercise substrate oxidation and energy intake.
Thirteen physically active, eumenorrheic, normal-weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) females, aged 18-30 years, completed 4 experimental conditions, with the order based on a Latin Square Design: (a). CHO/Ex: moderate-intensity exercise (65% VO2peak) with a net energy cost of approximately 500 kcals, during which time the subject consumed a carbohydrate beverage (45 g CHO) at specific time intervals; (b). CHO/NoEx: a period of time identical to (a). but with subjects consuming the carbohydrate while sitting quietly rather than exercising; (c). NoCHO/Ex: same exercise protocol as condition (a.) during which time subjects consumed a non-caloric placebo beverage; and (d). NoCHO/NoEx: same as the no-exercise condition (b). but with subjects consuming a non-caloric placebo beverage. Energy expenditure, and fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates for the entire exercise/sitting period plus a 90-min recovery period were determined by continuous indirect calorimetry. Following recovery, subjects ate ad libitum amounts of food from a buffet and were asked to record dietary intake during the remainder of the day. Total fat oxidation (exercise plus recovery) was attenuated by carbohydrate compared to placebo ingestion by only approximately 4.5 g. There was a trend (p =.08) for a carbohydrate effect on buffet energy intake such that the CHO/Ex and CHO/NoEx energy intakes were lower than the NoCHO/Ex and NoCHO/NoEx energy intakes, respectively (mean for CHO conditions: 683 kcal; NoCHO conditions: 777 kcal). Average total energy intake (buffet plus remainder of the day) was significantly lower (p <.05) following the conditions when carbohydrate was consumed (CHO/Ex = 1470 kcal; CHO/NoEx = 1285 kcal) compared to the noncaloric placebo (NoCHO/Ex =1767 kcal; NoCHO/NoEx = 1660 kcal). In conclusion, in young women engaging in regular exercise, ingestion of 45 g of carbohydrate during exercise only modestly suppresses total fat oxidation during exercise. Furthermore, the ingestion of carbohydrate with or without exercise resulted in a lower energy intake for the remainder of the day.
Adolescent↗
Short-term regulation of energy intake is intact in hypophagic tumor-bearing rats.
Anorexia and weight loss are major problems in the care of cancer patients. Data from laboratory studies using an animal model of tumor-induced anorexia suggest that energy intake may be regulated in the tumor-bearing host as it is in healthy animals. The purpose of the present study was to determine if hypophagic tumor-bearing rats would alter their food intake in response to manipulations known to affect food intake in normal healthy animals. Both tumor-bearing and healthy animals increased their food intake when housed at 22 versus 25 degrees C and reduced their food intake when injected with anorexigenic doses of bacterial lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-1 alpha. These data suggest that selected physiological responses affecting short-term food intake are intact in the hypophagic tumor bearing host.
Animals↗
Energy intake, meal frequency, and health: a neurobiological perspective.
The size and frequency of meals are fundamental aspects of nutrition that can have profound effects on the health and longevity of laboratory animals. In humans, excessive energy intake is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers and is a major cause of disability and death in industrialized countries. On the other hand, the influence of meal frequency on human health and longevity is unclear. Both caloric (energy) restriction (CR) and reduced meal frequency/intermittent fasting can suppress the development of various diseases and can increase life span in rodents by mechanisms involving reduced oxidative damage and increased stress resistance. Many of the beneficial effects of CR and fasting appear to be mediated by the nervous system. For example, intermittent fasting results in increased production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which increases the resistance of neurons in the brain to dysfunction and degeneration in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders; BDNF signaling may also mediate beneficial effects of intermittent fasting on glucose regulation and cardiovascular function. A better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms by which meal size and frequency affect human health may lead to novel approaches for disease prevention and treatment.
Animals↗
Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin action induced by increasing energy expenditure or decreasing energy intake: a randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND: Weight loss, through calorie restriction or increases in energy expenditure via exercise, improves glucose tolerance and insulin action. However, exercise-induced energy expenditure may further improve glucoregulation through mechanisms independent of weight loss. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the hypothesis that weight loss through exercise-induced energy expenditure improves glucoregulation and circulating factors involved in insulin action to a greater extent than does similar weight loss through calorie restriction. DESIGN: Sedentary men and women aged 50-60 y with a body mass index (kg/m(2)) of 23.5-29.9 were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 weight-loss interventions [12 mo of exercise training (EX group; n = 18) or calorie restriction (CR group; n = 18)] or to a healthy lifestyle (HL) control group (n = 10). The insulin sensitivity index and areas under the curve for glucose and insulin were assessed with an oral-glucose-tolerance test. Adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations were measured in fasting serum. Fat mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Yearlong energy deficits were not significantly different between the EX and CR groups, as evidenced by body weight and fat mass changes. The insulin sensitivity index increased and the glucose and insulin areas under the curve decreased in the EX and CR groups, remained unchanged in the HL group, and did not differ significantly between the EX and CR groups. Marginally significant increases in adiponectin and decreases in the ratio of tumor necrosis factor alpha to adiponectin occurred in the EX and CR groups but not in the HL group. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss induced by exercise training or calorie restriction improves glucose tolerance and insulin action in nonobese, healthy, middle-aged men and women. However, it does not appear that exercise training-induced weight loss results in greater improvements than those that result from calorie restriction alone.
Adiponectin↗
Plasma leptin, energy intake and hunger following total hip replacement surgery.
1. This study aimed to investigate the possible role of leptin in post-traumatic anorexia by making pre- and post-operative (0-8 days) measurements of circulating leptin concentrations in six patients undergoing elective total hip replacement for osteoarthritis. 2. Mean daily hunger rating (four categories) and food intake (assessed by food record charts) were measured pre-operatively, as well as post-operatively for the first 5 days (days 0-5). Leptin concentrations, circulating metabolites [glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, glutamine and 3-hydroxybutyrate] and insulin and cortisol concentrations were measured pre-operatively (day 0) and post-operatively (days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8). 3. Mean leptin concentrations were significantly increased only on day 1 (56% increase compared with pre-operative values, P < 0.009), whereas food intake (only 0.6 MJ on day 0) and hunger (5/6 patients 'not hungry' on day 0) only gradually improved over the next few days. (The energy intake over the first 5 days was 56% of the pre-operative value.) 4. Circulating insulin and cortisol concentrations were elevated on day 1 compared with pre-operative values on day 0 (P < 0.05). Of the measured metabolites implicated in the control of food intake, circulating non-esterified fatty acids and 3-hydroxybutyrate were not significantly altered in the post-operative period, but significant hyperglycaemia was noted on day 1 compared with day 0 pre-operatively (8.8 compared with 6.4 mmol/l glucose; P < 0.01). 5. It is concluded that circulating leptin is involved in the early (< 24 h) acute-phase response after moderately severe surgical trauma (characterized biochemically by a substantial acute-phase protein response, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperglycaemia and hypoglutaminaemia). Therefore, leptin may be implicated in post-traumatic anorexia, although other factors are likely to be involved, especially after the first 24 h when circulating leptin concentrations are no longer elevated.
Acute-Phase Reaction↗
Quantitative influence of lysine and energy intake on yield of milk components in the primiparous sow.
A regression approach was used to assess quantitatively the influence of lysine and ME intake during lactation on yield of milk components and to determine whether this influence was mediated through precursor metabolite concentrations in the blood. The influence of lysine and energy intake on sow weight and backfat loss also was analyzed by linear regression. Twenty-three primiparous Landrace x Yorkshire sows were fed one of nine corn-soybean meal diets to achieve a matrix of lysine (15, 30, or 45 g/d) and ME (6.5, 11.5, or 16.5 Mcal/d) intakes. Sow BW and backfat losses were found to be predominantly controlled by ME intake (P less than .02), with no response to lysine intake (P greater than .92). Lysine and ME intake explained a smaller portion of the variability in milk component yield on d 8 (R2 less than .34) than on d 22 (R2 = .64 to .78), evidence that dietary effects of milk production increased as lactation progressed. Lysine and ME intake had an interactive influence (P less than .05) on yield of all milk components except lactose, demonstrating that the amount of lysine required to maximize milk production increased as ME intake increased. Strong relationships between diet and most blood precursor metabolite concentrations (R2 = .5 to .7) were detected on d 22. No obvious relationships between precursor metabolite concentrations and milk component yield (R2 = .05 to .2) were observed. These results describe quantitatively the prominent interactive effects of lysine and ME intake on yield of milk components and demonstrate that these effects are not directly associated with changes in precursor pool concentrations.
Adipose Tissue↗
Somatotropin treatment reduces energy intake without altering protein intake in pigs selecting between high and low protein diets.
The current experiment examined the effect of somatotropin (STH) on feed intake and diet selection in pigs selecting between high (24% CP) and low (12% CP) protein diets. Sixteen pigs (initial weight 69 +/- 2 kg) were individually penned and allowed to select between the diets for a 7-d pretreatment period and a 14-d treatment period during which time they received daily, subcutaneous injections of porcine somatotropin (0 or 4 mg/d). A 6-d withdrawal period followed. Feed intake was recorded daily. Over the 14-d treatment period, feed intake in pigs treated with STH was 21% less than that in the control group (2.49 vs. 3.17 kg/d, P < 0.01). The decrease in total intake was accounted for entirely by a decrease in the amount of the 12% CP diet selected (1.00 vs. 2.00 kg/d, P <0.01). STH-treated pigs altered their selection pattern such that energy intake was reduced, but total protein intake was unaffected. Control pigs selected a diet that was 15-16% crude protein throughout the study. STH-treated pigs selected a higher protein diet (18%, P < 0.02). During the withdrawal period, total feed intake began to normalize, such that by the third day of withdrawal, intake was not different than that in the control group. The recovery of total intake was accomplished by increased consumption of both diets rather than a specific normalization of low protein diet consumption. The results indicate that pigs treated with STH decrease feed intake, which is due to a decrease in the amount of 12% CP diet consumed. The change in dietary selection pattern is likely associated with a change in energy retention (carcass lipid + protein) associated with the STH-induced changes in composition of gain.
Amino Acids↗
Protein energy intake and weight gain.
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Body Weight↗
Effect of low-protein diets on free amino acids in plasma of young men: effect of protein quality with maintenance or excess energy intake.
Hematological changes due to protein deprivation were studied in 34 young Japanese men who were given a standard diet with an N intake of 200mg/kg for one week and then low-protein diets with maintenance (45 +/- 2 kcal/kg) or excess (57 +/- 2 kcal/kg) energy and N intakes of about 44 to 99 mg/kg of whole egg or about 50 to 121 mg/kg of polished rice for three weeks. In the period of the low-protein diet the concentrations of most individual free plasma essential amino acids (EAA) decreased significantly in general, and thus the total EAA concentration decreased significantly. Lowering of the valine concentration and elevation of the alanine concentration were the highest changes. The total nonessential amino acid (NEAA) concentration increased significantly in men fed a low-rice-protein diet, but not in those fed a low-egg-protein diet. Consequently, in the former group the ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids fell significanly from 0.96 in the control period to 0.61--0.74 in the period of consuming the low-protein diet. The effect of protein deprivation on the plasma EAA concentration was also larger with egg protein than with rice protein, and the total EAA concentration of men fed egg protein changed significantly and in parallel with the N intake over the range of 44 to 99mg/kg. The decreases in serine and threonine and increase in alanine tended to be more when energy intake was over the maintenance level. The concentration of plasma proteins and especially albumin decreased significantly during the period of consuming the low-protein diet. The interrelation of plasma-free amino acids, the amino acid pool in tissures and dietary N and energy intakes is briefly discussed.
Adult↗
What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake derived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight.
Two hundred sixty-six free-living human volunteers, 21-64 y old, were trained by dietitians to record daily their food intake for at least 7 d. Subsequently, they were fed diets of conventional foods adjusted in amounts to maintain their body weight for greater than or equal to 45 d. Comparing their estimated energy intake with the intake determined to maintain weight yielded mean differences of 2365 and 1792 kJ (565 and 428 kcal) in men and women, respectively, representing an underreporting of 18%. Twenty-two individuals (8%) overestimated and 29 (11%) were accurate to within 419 kJ (100 kcal) of their maintenance requirement. The remaining 215 individuals (81%) reported their habitual intake at 2930 +/- 1586 kJ (700 +/- 379 kcal) below that subsequently determined as their maintenance requirement. These findings suggest caution in the interpretation of food-consumption data.
Adult↗
Effect of stage of lactation and varying available energy intake on milk production, milk composition, and subsequent tissue enzymic activity.
Twenty-four cows were allotted at parturition to receive one of four rations for 180 days. Rations were regular ad libitum (about 20% crude fiber), concentrate ad libitum (about 10% crude fiber), and restricted to recommended energy intake, and intermediate ration (14% crude fiber) ad libitum. Cows on concentrate consumed less dry matter, fiber and protein than intermediate and regular cows. Cows fed more forage gained more weight, had milk with higher protein and fat content, but were similar in milk production to those fed high concentrate. Fat test decreased to 4 wk in all treatments, and by 8 or 9 wk cows fed concentrate decreased to their lowest fat test. Concentrate restriction enhanced fat test beyond 8 wk. Ruminal propionate was higher and similar for both concentrate groups. Ruminal volatile fatty acids were higher, glucose slightly higher, and blood acetate lower for cows on ad libitum concentrate compared to intermediate. Mammary and adipose tissue from cows in midlactation were assayed for key enzymes of fatty acid synthesis. Activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase tended higher for concentrate rations in adipose tissue, but mammary tissue was 21 to 28 times as active. Mammary tissue was 7 to 10 times as active as adipose tissue in fatty acid synthetase with no difference in rations.
Adipose Tissue↗
Effects of oral 5-hydroxy-tryptophan on energy intake and macronutrient selection in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients.
OBJECTIVE: In obese patients, brain serotonergic stimulation via orally administered 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP), the precursor of serotonin, causes decreased carbohydrate intake and weight loss. Since diabetes mellitus is associated with depressed brain serotonin, hyperphagia and carbohydrate craving, we hypothesized that in diabetic patients, orally administered 5-HTP stimulates brain serotonergic activity and thus normalizes eating behaviour. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether in diabetic patients: 1) predicted brain serotonin concentrations are depressed as a result of decreased availability of the precursor, tryptophan; and 2) oral 5-HTP is effective in reducing energy and carbohydrate intake. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 25 overweight non-insulin dependent diabetic outpatients were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, and randomized to receive either 5-HTP (750 mg/d) or placebo for two consecutive weeks, during which no dietary restriction was prescribed. Energy intake and eating behaviour, as expressed by macronutrient selection, were evaluated using a daily diet diary. Plasma amino acid concentrations and body weight, as well as serum glucose, insulin and glycosylated haemoglobin were assessed. RESULTS: 20 patients (nine from the 5-HTP group and 11 from the Placebo group) completed the study. Brain tryptophan availability in diabetic patients was significantly reduced when compared to a group of healthy controls. Patients receiving 5-HTP significantly decreased their daily energy intake, by reducing carbohydrate and fat intake, and reduced their body weight. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the role of the serotonergic system in reducing energy intake, by predominantly inhibiting carbohydrate intake, and suggest that 5-HTP may be safely utilized to improve the compliance to dietary prescriptions in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
Contribution of 'noncore' foods and beverages to the energy intake and weight status of Australian children.
OBJECTIVES: The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating is based on five core food groups and water. Foods or beverages that do not fit into these groups are considered extra or 'noncore'. We tested the hypotheses that noncore foods and beverages make a greater proportional contribution to mean daily energy intakes of: (1) children, compared with other age groups; and (2) overweight and obese children, compared with healthy weight children. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS: We used data from 13 858 participants aged 2 to 80+ y who had 24-h dietary recall data collected in the 1995 cross-sectional Australian National Nutrition Survey. ANOVA was used to compare the percentage of energy provided by noncore foods and beverages by age and weight status. RESULTS: Children (5 to 12 y) and adolescents (13 to 18 y) obtained significantly more (P < 0.001) of their daily food energy from noncore foods (41.5 and 43.4%, respectively) than all other age groups. These age groups also obtained significantly more (P < 0.001) of their daily beverage energy from noncore beverages (30.7 and 36.9%, respectively). Results were not consistent with weight status, although very young (2-4 y) obese children obtained significantly more energy (P < 0.05) from noncore beverages than children in a healthy weight range. Younger children may also have consumed a greater quantity of foods and beverages. Under-reporting may have obscured similar results for older children. CONCLUSIONS: By definition, noncore foods and beverages are surplus to the requirements of a healthy diet. We found that Australian children consume these foods and beverages in excess.
Adolescent↗
The effects of exercise training on fat-mass loss in obese patients during energy intake restriction.
Dietary restriction combined with endurance exercise training represents an effective strategy to promote weight loss and reduce fat mass in obese patients. Exercise programmes without dietary restriction are less efficient. However, addition of exercise to a dietary restriction programme does not induce a greater fat-mass loss than dietary restriction alone. The latter is likely attributed to a compensatory reduction in daily physical activity following the implementation of exercise training. Nonetheless, inclusion of an exercise training programme is important to prevent a decrease in fat-free mass, increase relative visceral fat-mass loss, improve dietary compliance and eventually maintain long-term weight control. Obese male patients with the highest fat mass are most likely to lose the largest amount of fat mass in such lifestyle intervention programmes. Influences of training modalities during energy intake restriction on fat-mass loss are reviewed. The relationship between total energy expenditure during exercise training and overall fat-mass loss has been firmly established. The amount of training forms a more important predictor of fat-mass loss than training intensity. The sort of exercise (e.g. walking, cycling, swimming) plays another important predictor of fat-mass loss in intervention programmes. The implementation of resistance training in such programmes does not augment fat-mass loss but improves body composition by increasing fat-free mass. Further studies are needed to define the optimal interventional programme for obese patients.
Adipose Tissue↗
Energy intake during a typical Himalayan trek.
People taking part in commercial treks are exposed to high altitude (HA) while eating ad libitum, a situation that has been related to under eating and body weight loss. We investigated this phenomenon in westerners taking part in a typical Himalayan trek. Body weight, energy intake (EI), macronutrient composition of the diet, and acute mountain sickness symptoms (AMS) were measured in seven healthy individuals (aged 45 +/- 12 yr and BMI 24.6 +/- 4.4 kg/m(2)) during a 19-day trek to Makalu Base Camp. Comparisons were made between three periods of the trek: a 5-day climb below 2500 m (low altitude 1: LA1), an 8-day period between 3500 m and 5200 m (high altitude: HA), and a 4-day descent below 2500 m (low altitude 2: LA2). Body weight was significantly reduced at the end of the trek (p < 0.01). A decrease in total EI was observed at HA (p < 0.05). This was followed by an increase in EI upon return to LA2 (p < 0.001). Neither EI nor macronutrient composition of the diet was associated with the presence of AMS. In conclusion, a decrease in EI was observed in HA, which does not seem to be macronutrient specific.
Adult↗