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PubMed1997

Meat safety consequences of implementing visual postmortem meat inspection procedures in Danish slaughter pigs.

The consequences of a change from a traditional meat inspection procedure, including manual handling, palpation and incision, to an entirely visual postmortem meat inspection procedure in Danish slaughter pigs were assessed by a comparative study of the two methods in 183,383 slaughter pigs. Out of 58 lesion codes (selected with a prevalence > or = 5.5 x 10(-5)), 26 (45 per cent) were assessed either as merely aesthetic or as the healed stage of an earlier lesion and nine (15 per cent) as active, but local processes, occurring only in non-edible tissue. Five lesion codes (9 per cent) were assessed as active, non-abscessal processes occurring in edible tissue, caused by swine-specific pathogens and 10 (17 per cent) were abscessal or pyaemic lesions occurring in edible tissue. Seven lesion codes (12 per cent) may be associated with consumer health hazards (two frequently and five rarely), and one with occupational health hazards. It was estimated that per 1000 carcases, an additional 2.5 with abscessal or pyaemic lesions (in edible tissue) containing Staphylococcus aureus, 4 x 10(-4) containing ochratoxin, 0.2 with arthritis due to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 0.1 with caseous lymphadenitis, 0.7 faecally contaminated with Salmonella species, and 3.4 faecally contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica would remain undetected as a result of changing from the traditional to the visual inspection procedure. Two valuable reasons for implementing a visual control system are the potential for decreased cross-contamination (no handling, cutting and incision) and reduced inspection costs. The resources released as a result may be reallocated to hygiene and surveillance programmes.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed1993

Erysipelas in caged laying chickens and suspected erysipeloid in animal caretakers.

Erysipelas was diagnosed in 2 succeeding caged layer flocks housed in the same building and was characterized clinically by sudden death. At necropsy, lesions comprised generalized congestion, hemorrhages in the skeletal muscles and visceral organs, and swelling of liver, spleen, and kidney with or without large irregular zones of necrosis. Focal to massive hepatic necrosis was seen histologically with minimal or no inflammatory reaction. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was cultured from internal organs of affected birds in both outbreaks. Medication with penicillin in the feed controlled the mortality, but relapse occurred after cessation of medication. Two attendants who handled the dead birds in this building developed a painful localized infection of the fingers that later spread to the regional lymph node. The infection responded when antibiotic therapy for erysipeloid was initiated.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Unidentified coryneform bacterial strain from cases of polyarthritis in chickens: phenotype and fatty acid profile.

We report isolation of a strain of fermentative coryneform bacteria from an outbreak of polyarthritis in chickens. This strain could not be assigned to any recognized bacterial taxon because its peculiar phenotype is not yet reported. The strain possessed phenotypic characteristics and fatty acid profile similar to Erysipelothrix but, on the other hand, exhibited temperature-dependent motility like Listeria. We found no evidence of either Mycoplasma synoviae or Chlamydia infection. Details of the phenotype and fatty acid profile of the isolate and measures undertaken to contain the outbreak have been described.

Actinomycetales↗

PubMed1983

Infective endocarditis caused by uncommon bacteria.

The present study is an attempt to define the uncommon bacteria (UB) causing endocarditis and to evaluate their prevalence and clinical significance. Review of 13 series (including ours) revealed that UB were the infecting organisms in 105/1989 patients (5.3%). The leading bacteria were: Pneumococcus, Haemophilus sp., Corynebacterium sp., Neisseria sp., Streptobacillus moniliformis, Cardiobacterium hominis and Erysipelothrix sp. These data are similar to those obtained from 111 sporadic case reports published in English during the last 6 yr and cited in the Index Medicus. Infection by UB usually resembles that by the common bacteria. However, Haemophilus sp. seems to affect mainly the young and is associated with major arterial occlusions, and Brucella is claimed to have a greater affinity to the aortic valve. UB are more frequent in patients with polymicrobial infections and their diagnosis is often delayed. Greater awareness to the possibility of infections with UB is needed for early diagnosis and improved prognosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Topically acquired bacterial zoonoses from fish: a review.

The main pathogens acquired topically from fish (through spine puncture or open wounds) are Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Mycobacterium marinum, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio damsela. S. iniae has recently emerged as a public health hazard associated with aquaculture, and M. marinum often infects home aquarium hobbyists. With the expansion of aquaculture and popularity of recreational fishing in Australia, medical practitioners can expect to see more infections of this nature. Diagnosis and treatment may be difficult, especially in view of emerging antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Antibodies to selected viral and bacterial pathogens in European wild boars from southcentral Spain.

Serum samples from 78 European wild boars (Sus scrofa) harvested during the 1999-2000 hunting season were tested for antibodies to Brucella spp., classical swine fever virus, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Haemophilus parasuis, Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Salmonella serogroups B, C, and D, Streptococcus suis, and swine influenza virus (SIV) serotypes H1N1 and H3N2. Samples were collected from Sierra Morena and Montes de Toledo in southcentral Spain. Antibodies were detected to PRV (36%), L. interrogans serovar pomona (12%), PPV (10%), E. rhusiopathiae (5%), SIV serotype H1N1 (4%), Salmonella serogroup B (4%), and Salmonella serogroup C (3%). Our results suggest that more research is needed to describe the epidemiology of infectious diseases of Spanish wild boars.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Erysipelas in a free-ranging Hawaiian crow (Corvus hawaiiensis).

We describe a case of erysipelas in a free-ranging endangered Hawaiian crow. The partially scavenged carcass exhibited gross emaciation and petechial hemorrhages in both lungs. Microscopy revealed multiple necrotic foci associated with gram-positive rods in the liver and adrenal, diffuse acute proximal tubular necrosis of kidney, diffuse necrosis and inflammation of proventricular mucosa associated with gram-positive rods, and multiple intravascular aggregates of gram-positive rods associated with thrombi. Culture of the kidney revealed the bacterium to be Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The implications of this finding to free-ranging crows remain unclear.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The population genetics of nodule bacteria].

The data are reviewed on the population structure and evolutionary dynamics of the nodule bacteria (rhizobia) which are among the most intensively studied microorganisms. High level of the population polymorphism was demonstrated for the rhizobia populations using the enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE profiles). The average value of Nei's coefficient of heterogeneity (H = 1 - sigma pi2 [n/(n - 1)]) were: 0.590 for rhizobia (Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium), 0.368 for enterobacteria (Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella) and 0.452 for pathogenic bacteria (Bordetella, Borrelia, Erysipelothrix, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Staphylococcus) populations. In spite of being devoid of the effective systems for the gene conjugative transfer, many rhizobia populations possess an essentially panmictic structure. However, the enterobacteria populations in which the gene transfer may be facilitated due to the conjugative F- and R-factors, usually display the clonal population structure. The legume host plant is proved to be a key factor that determines the high levels of polymorphism and of panmixis as well as high evolutionary rates of the symbiotic bacteria populations. The host may ensure: a) an increase in mutation and gene transfer frequencies; b) stimulation of the competitive (selective) processes in both symbiotic and free-living rhizobia populations. A "cyclic" model of the rhizobia microevolution is presented which allows to assess the inputs the interstrain competition for the saprophytic growth and for the host nodulation into evolution of a plant-associated rhizobia population. The nodulation competitiveness in the rhizobia populations is responsible for the frequency-dependent selection of the rare genotypes which may arise in the soil bacterial communities as a result of the transfer of symbiotic (sym) genes from virulent rhizobia strains to either avirulent rhizobia or to the other (saprophytic, phytopathogenic) bacteria. Therefore, the nodulation competitiveness may ensure: a) panmictic structure of the natural rhizobia populations; b) high taxonomic diversity of rhizobia which was apparently caused by a broad sym gene expansion in the soil bacterial communities. The kin selection models are presented which explain evolution of the "altruistic" (essential for the host plant, but not for the bacteria themselves) symbiotic traits (e.g., the ability for symbiotic nitrogen fixation and for differentiation into non-viable bacteroids) in the rhizobia populations. These models are based on preferential multiplication of the nitrogen-fixing clones either in planta (due to an elevated supply of the nitrogen-fixing nodules with photosynthates) or ex planta (due to a release of the rhizopines from the nitrogen-fixing nodules). Speaking generally, interactions with the host plants provide a range of mechanisms increasing a genetic heterogeneity and an evolutionary potential in the associated rhizobia populations.

Altruism↗

PubMed1999

Potency Testing of Swine Erysipelas Vaccines by Serology Results of a Pre-validation Study.

The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) monograph on Swine Erysipelas Vaccine (inactivated) (Ph. Eur., 1997) requires the potency of each batch to be demonstrated in a mouse protection test. In this parallel-line bioassay, mice are challenged with a virulent strain of Erysipelothrix (E.) rhusiopathiae after immunisation with different doses of either the standard preparation or of the test vaccine. More than one hundred animals are necessary for the routine testing of a single batch. In previous studies (Beckmann und Cubetaler, 1994; Rosskopf-Streicher et al., 1998), we have shown that an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) may be used to quantify the humoral response of mice. This method can replace the challenge model for the purposes of potency testing in the following manner: Ten mice are immunised subcutaneously with 1/10 of the vaccine dose required for pig vaccination. After three weeks, the mice are bled under anaesthesia. Serum samples are pooled and the antibody content is compared to that of a reference serum. In view of animal welfare the advantages of the alternative model are obvious: A highly reduced number of animals and the replacement of challenge exposure. This includes the discontinuation of the control group with a mortality rate of 100%. A pre-validation study was initiated to evaluate the performance of the serological method. Eight laboratories used the test kits to evaluate pooled serum samples from vaccinated mice. Both the reagents and the test protocol were shown to be satisfactory. The intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility that was achieved indicates that the method is a strong candidate for validation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

[Potency Testing of Erysipelas Vaccines in Mice. ELISA vs. Challenge]

Vaccines are widely used for the prophylaxis of swine erysipelas. According to national pharmacopoiea requirements, potency of these biologicals has to be tested in a mouse challenge model. Many animals are needed and the test causes much suffering. The development of an enzyme linked immunosorbet assay (ELISA) using an alkaline extract of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae as antigen for coating the microtitre plate allows us to measure antibody titres in the serum of vaccinated mice. By comparing the antibody titres of vaccinated mice with the results of the animal challenge model it could be demonstrated that the in vitro method gives reliable and reproducible data which correlate with the results of the in vivo model. The ELISA offers the possibility to refine the currently used animal test, by replacing the challenge procedure and reducing the number of animals.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1976

[Possible relationship between bacterial surface structures, immune-adherence, chemotaxis and phagocytosis (author's transl)].

In the present study we attempted to determine the relationship between bacterial surface structures, immune adherence, chemotaxis and phagocytosis. As shown in table 1 encapsulated bacteria (Klebsiella ozanae, K. pneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus pneumoniae), Mycoplasma pneumoniae and M. fermentans had a much lower immune adherence-activity than non-encapsulated bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Brucella abortus, Erysipelothrix insidiosa, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, S. typhi). Consequently, the former bacteria, in the absece of specific antibodies, activated complement via the C-3-bypass to a smaller extent than the latter. In modified Boyden chambers the encapsulated bacteria and the mycoplasmas were much less cytotaxigenic than the non-encapsulated bacteria (table 3). Corresponding to this was the chemotactic response in vivo. Finally the rates of phagocytosis were considerably lower with the encapsulated bacteria than with the non-encapsulated ones (fig. 1).

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Batch potency testing of inactivated erysipelas vaccines by ELISA--development, validation and implementation.

Inactivated erysipelas vaccines are widely used to protect pigs against erysipelas disease caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix (E.) rhusiopathiae. Quality control tests for this vaccine are laid down in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.) Monograph No. 64. A laboratory animal model using a vaccination-challenge procedure is currently required as batch potency test. More than 10 years ago we initiated the first studies to develop an alternative ELISA potency model to replace this regulatory challenge test in mice. A short retrospective outline of the various steps from the development of the method until implementation into the regulatory requirements is described.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗

PubMed1968

Staphylococcal arthritis in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

A five and one-half year old deer (Odocoileus virginianus) developed an ankylosing periarticular hypertrophic arthritis due to a coagulase positive staphylococcus infection. Complete encasement of the tibio-tarsal (hock) joints with a hypertrophic, and porous osseous mass had occurred with complete loss of articular cartilage. The pathologic alterations of the tissues are compared to those occurring in swine due to Erysipelothrix insidiosa infection which produces a rheumatoid-like arthritis.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Erysipeloid--case report.

Erysipeloid is an acute, bacterial infection of traumatized skin in an individual who was in direct contact with meat or other animal products contaminated with a gram-positive bacillus Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. We present a case of a 50-year-old housewife whose hobby was fishing, with a reddish, tender patch on the fifth finger and dorsum of the left hand, which developed a week after she had sustained an injury while boning the fish. The patient was treated with orally administered penicillin V 1,500,000 IU t.i.d. for 7 days, with complete resolution.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1990

[Comparative studies of the paraspecific immunostimulation (paramunization) by bacterial lysates in bacterial infection models and in the cytotoxicity test].

Bacterial lysates of different bacterial strains (E. coli, B. bronchiseptica, P. haemolytica) were prepared by heating, acid- and alkaline-hydrolysis. Lysates were tested for their immunostimulating effect in bacterial infection models and with chromium 51 test demonstrating spontaneous (natural) cytotoxicity. Lysate production was standardized by protein- and Lps-determination. The alkaline-hydrolysis reduced toxicity of Lps and increased the content of soluble bacterial protein. Heating and acid-hydrolysis did not alter bacterial suspensions with respect to Lps-toxicity and protein-content. Mice infected with P. aeruginosa, P. multocida, E. coli and L. monocytogenes (5-10 LD50) had a significantly longer survival time after prophylactic immunostimulation with bacterial lysates than control animals. No protection was observed in immunostimulated mice infected with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. In the Pseudomonas infection model, bacterial lysates prepared by alkaline-hydrolysis had a 10 times higher immunostimulating effect than lysates prepared by acid-hydrolysis or heating. Bacterial lysates stimulated spontaneous cytotoxicity of natural mouse peritoneal killer cells after intraperitoneal application. Whole bacterial lysates had a higher NK-activity as their corresponding purified lipopolysaccharide portion.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1987

[Endocarditis and meat inspection in slaughtering pigs. 1. Clinical, pathological and microbiological aspects].

The clinical, pathomorphological and microbiological findings during meat inspection in 599 pigs with endocarditis at slaughter were studied. Clinical signs were observed in 41 per cent of the pigs on ante-mortem inspection. Lameness was the most common sign. However, this symptom is not very specific of endocarditis. This is also true of various other symptoms. Only dyspnoea and drowsiness were indicative of endocarditis to some extent, but occurred only sporadically. Extracardial lesions were observed in 66 per cent of the pigs with endocarditis on post-mortem inspection. Metastatic processes (infarction or inflammatory foci) were most frequently detected in the kidneys. These were highly specific of endocarditis. In addition, the following changes were observed in decreasing incidence: signs of sepsis (hyperplastic splenitis, petechiae and degradation of organs), inflammatory lesions of the joints and legs, metastatic pneumonia and inflammation of the tail. Bacteriological examination was positive in 62 per cent of the cases. Streptococci were the organisms most frequently isolated (36 per cent), followed by Corynebacterium pyogenes (19 per cent) and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (14 per cent). The discussion is concerned with the significance of these bacteria to meat-consumers.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Effects of aflatoxin on the growth performance and immune responses of weanling swine.

Aflatoxin (AF)-contaminated ground corn was mixed with a commercial swine ration to yield 2 concentrations (500 mg of AFB1/kg of feed [A] and 300 mg of AFB1/kg [B]) and was fed to 2 groups of pigs. Groups A and B were fed the AF-containing ration, whereas control group C was fed the same commercial ration mixed with ground corn devoid of AF. A comparative analysis of the average weight gain per pig in each of the treatment groups, compared with that in the control group, indicated a significantly (P less than 0.01) greater weight gain in the control group. The average feed conversion rate was also significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in group A pigs, compared with that in the control group. The humoral immune response to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, did not reveal a significant difference among groups; there were no consistent differences observed in the proliferative responses of lymphocytes to mitogens. In contrast, a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction in complement titers was observed, whereas an increase in serum immunoglobulin G and M values occurred in the AF-treated group A, compared with that in group C. Gross enlargement of the liver, substantiated by histologic evidence of toxic damage to the hepatic parenchyma, revealed that AF at concentrations of 500 mg/kg of feed was toxigenic and produced an adverse effect on the growth rate, feed efficiency, and general well-being of young pigs.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1985

Disease patterns in the Detroit Zoo: a study of the avian population from 1973 through 1983.

A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate disease patterns in birds at the Detroit Zoo from 1973 through 1983. Data were derived from the zoo's medical and animal census records; the mean (+/- SD) population of birds during the study period was 469 +/- 42. Overall annual morbidity rates were 12.5% to 21.5%, with spring months having the highest morbidity rates. Annual mortality rates were 3.1% to 15.2%; 23.9% of the deaths were caused by microbial agents (particularly Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, hemolytic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Aeromonas spp and Proteus spp), 15.4% by trauma, and 42.5% by nondetermined causes. The mute swan (Cygnus olor), mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos), common gallinule (Gallinula chloropus), common rhea (Rhea americana), and red-billed hornbill (Tockus erythrorhynchus) were the 5 species most frequently affected of the 1,032 deaths from 1973 through 1983. The most frequently isolated parasites were Microtetramere spp, coccidian species, Diplotriaena spp, and Trichomonia spp.

Animals↗