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PubMed1991

c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in the CNS of the adult rat: basal and transynaptically induced expression of an immediate-early gene.

An immunocytochemical study of dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord and medulla oblongata was performed with antisera against the c-jun proto-oncogene encoded protein. The c-JUN-like immunoreactivity was restricted to the cell nucleus. In the CNS of untreated rats a basal c-JUN-like immunoreactivity was present in the nuclei of two types of neurons: motor and autonomic. Labelled nuclei could be seen in many motoneurons of the ventral horn of the entire length of spinal cord and the lower medulla oblongata, as well as in the area of the nucleus hypoglossus, the dorsal motor nucleus of nucleus vagus, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus facialis, nucleus abducens and motor nucleus of nucleus trigeminus. Additionally, labelled nuclei were found in the preganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic cells of the nucleus intermediolateralis and nucleus intercalatus in the spinal cord. In the medulla oblongata we found a cluster of cells with c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in an area between the dorsomedial part of the oral nucleus spinalis trigeminalis and the lateral border of the knee of facial nerve. Additionally, a second cluster of c-JUN-like immunoreactivity cells was visible between the ventromedial part of the oral nucleus spinalis trigeminalis and the lateral border of the rostral nucleus facialis. Examination of the characteristics of all cell groups with a basal c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord and lower brainstem revealed an overlapping distribution with cholinergic cell groups. Basal c-JUN-like immunoreactivity was also seen in the dorsal root ganglion cells. We examined the factors which can effect the expression of the c-JUN protein. Maximal expression of c-JUN-like immunoreactivity was observed after electrical stimulation of primary afferents. Stimulation of sciatic nerve at a strength sufficient to recruit A delta- and C-fibres produced c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in many nuclei of the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. c-JUN-like immunoreactivity was first detectable at 30 min following the end of stimulation, reached a maximum after 1 h, remained unchanged for another 1 h and declined to the basal level after 16 h. The distribution of c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in the lumbar cord coincided with the region of termination of sciatic nociceptive afferents. Contralateral c-JUN-like immunoreactivity appeared after 4 h. After noxious mechanical stimulation of the plantar hindpaw c-JUN-like immunoreactivity occurred in the spinal area of termination of nociceptive afferents of the tibial nerve. Noxious stimulation did not provoke additional c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Perspectives in the treatment of some types of pain using lasers. Histological correlation with experimental results].

Treatment of some painful syndromes in the innervation area of spinal ganglia, particular in persisting pain after operations of prolapsed intervertebral discs or operations of the discs, call for new therapeutic methods. Promising possibilities are elimination of the spinal ganglion or nucleolysis of the disc by laser rays, as revealed by experimental studies in vitro and histological check-up of the affected tissue. Three concentric layers of the focus, the carbonization zone, the zones of evaporization and coagulation display irreversible changes which are prerequisites of a permanent effect.

Ganglia, Spinal↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nuclear and nucleolar damage in adriamycin-induced toxicity to rat sensory ganglion cells.

A single dose (10 mg/kg) of Adriamycin was given to 23 adult Wistar rats and the spinal ganglia were studied from 6 h to 15 days after. As previously described, this drug results in the appearance of 'clear' areas in the nuclei of rat spinal ganglion cells as seen by light and by electron microscopy. The 'clear' areas become less conspicuous during the week before the onset of cytoplasmic degeneration. In addition, nucleolar changes become increasingly evident with time after injection. Fibrillar centres enlarge and nucleolar segregation is present from 24 h onwards, although the latter is invariably partial and more readily seen with the electron microscope. Nucleolar fragmentation is seen more frequently from 3 days onwards and nucleolar enlargement is common from 6 days. Early cytoplasmic abnormalities are associated with pronounced loss of Nissl substance. Adriamycin must bind extensively to nuclear DNA in spinal ganglion cells, causing the 'cleared' nuclear areas and the changes in dense chromatin. In addition, the binding of Adriamycin to nucleolar DNA with disturbance to nucleolar functions must be important in producing later cytoplasmic changes that precede cell death. There are thus similarities between the action of Adriamycin on these cells and those of Cisplatin, although in the latter intoxication the nuclear effects are significantly less prominent.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Observations on the migration and differentiation of neural crest cells in somite extirpated salamander larvae.

In order to research the influences of the somites or their derivatives on the migration and differentiation of neural crest cells, unilateral extirpation of somites was performed in the larvae of the salamander (Hynobius lichenatus Boulenger). Two types of neural crest cells appeared in the somite-free environment. They could already be distinguished from each other shortly after beginning of migration. One type of the cells was distributed in the expanded space between the epidermis and the neural tube, with melanocytes differentiated from them. The other type of the cells migrated closely to the lateral wall of the neural tube. They aggregated as a cord on the ventrolateral side of the neural tube and gave rise either to neurons or to satellite cells of spinal ganglia. The sequence of cytological events along the development of the cells and the time required for each event were essentially identical with those of the melanocytes and spinal ganglion cells developing on the control side. The present results suggest not only that migration and differentiation of neural crest cells are independent of the possible regulation of the somites or their derivatives but also that the fate of neural crest cells is determined before the onset of migration.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Amino acid and protein metabolism in dorsal root ganglia of rabbits with experimental allergic neuritis.

Amino acid and protein metabolism has been studied in the dorsal root ganglia of rabbits with experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). The concentrations of a number of nonessential amino acids (glutamine, serine, aspartate, and glutamate) were reduced in the spinal ganglia of EAN animals without any comparable change in the blood plasma. The short-term influx of glycine and GABA was decreased in EAN animals, whereas that of histidine and valine was not altered. The prolonged accumulation of all the four amino acids was unchanged. These results suggest alterations in the cell metabolism of the dorsal root ganglia, rather than unspecific changes in cellular permeability. Furthermore, incorporation of tritiated valine, histidine, and glycine into proteins of EAN-ganglia in vitro was significantly increased. Autoradiography of the protein-bound [3H]-valine indicated alterations in the protein synthesis of the ganglion neurons: A decreased grain density was found in ganglion neurons of EAN animals. The increased grain densities in the affected ganglia were observed in macrophages, and possible in activated Schwann cells, over the demyelinated spots. The results suggest intraneuronal changes in the dorsal root ganglia of amino acid and protein metabolism, possibly in response to peripheral axonal injury and/or to nonspecific cytotoxic effect of active lymphocytes and macrophages.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1996

A Distal-less-like gene is induced in the regenerating central nervous system of the urodele Pleurodeles waltl.

We report the cloning of a Distal-less-like gene (PwDlx-3) and its pattern of expression during embryonic development and adult tail regeneration in the urodele Pleurodeles waltl. Using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization experiments we determined that, during regeneration, PwDlx-3 is expressed in the epidermis, the cells associated with muscle masses and in the ventrolateral parts of the ependymal tube. PwDlx-3 localization in the muscle masses and in cells of the ependymal tube, which give rise during regeneration to the ventral roots and the spinal ganglia, suggests that this gene might be expressed in cells which have some neural crest cell potentialities. PwDlx-3 is the first homeobox gene shown to be expressed in the regenerating spinal cord but not in the adult one and could thus be involved in the regeneration of the nervous system.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1983

Restrictions of developmental capacities in the dorsal root ganglia during the course of development.

By grafting ganglia from embryonic quails into the neural crest migration pathway of 2-day chick embryos, it was previously demonstrated that all type of ganglia possess more developmental potentialities than those normally expressed in the normal course of development. Namely autonomic neurones with catecholamine and adrenomedullary cells can be obtained from grafted spinal ganglia. The latter also yield sensory neurons to the host dorsal root ganglia (DRG) but only if they are taken from the donor before 8 days of incubation. In the present article we show that the capacity to differentiate sensory neurons in back-transplantation experiments can be correlated with the presence in the donor DRG of cycling neuronal precursors. Once all the neurons have been withdrawn from the cell cycle - an event which occurs first in the mediodorsal and then in the lateroventral area of the ganglion - the DRG cell population gives rise exclusively to autonomic ganglion cells in the host. It is concluded that in the conditions of the back-transplantation experiments, the postmitotic neurons contained in the donor ganglion do not survive. Therefore, the neurons and paraganglion cells which differentiate in the host arise from still undifferentiated precursor cells. This indicates that besides sensory neuron precursors the embryonic DRG cell population also contains precursor cells for the autonomic differentiation pathway.

Adrenal Medulla↗

PubMed1992

Developmental potentialities of cells derived from the truncal neural crest in clonal cultures.

The developmental potentialities of single truncal neural crest derived cells were analysed in clonal cultures. The clone-forming ability and differentiation potential of crest cells migrating through the somitic mesoderm of 3-day-old embryos (E3) and of non-neuronal cells of dorsal root ganglia taken at E6-14 were compared. Since most of the cells present in the sclerotomal and rostral parts of the somite at E3 become later on incorporated into the spinal ganglia, one can consider that these two cell populations represent the same derivatives of the trunk neural crest at different developmental stages. After 10 days in vitro, the size of clones and their phenotypic composition varied noticeably, revealing a certain heterogeneity in the founder cell populations in terms of developmental potencies. Clones obtained from migrating neural crest cells at E3 were often large (greater than 1000 cells) and many of them contained neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Dorsal root ganglion cells produced mostly small clones (less than 100 cells) in which only non-neuronal (i.e. glial) phenotypes were expressed. Therefore, both the capacity for proliferation and the differentiation ability of cloned neural crest derived cells decrease considerably with increasing embryonic age. This is even more striking if these results are compared with those obtained previously in our laboratory with single cells cultures of E2 cephalic neural crest. In the latter case, both clone sizes and cellular diversity within the colonies were much higher than with E3 truncal crest and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) non-neuronal cells. The second result of the present work concerns the differentiation of the dormant autonomic neuronal precursors of the DRG. It has been established previously that the non-neuronal cells of the DRG include adrenergic precursors than can differentiate in mass culture of dissociated DRG cells. We show that these cells never differentiate in clonal cultures but depend upon the cell density of the culture. This suggests that cell to cell interaction between crest derived cells are critical in eliciting the differentiation of the adrenergic phenotype.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Hoxb13 mutations cause overgrowth of caudal spinal cord and tail vertebrae.

To address the expression and function of Hoxb13, the 5' most Hox gene in the HoxB cluster, we have generated mice with loss-of-function and beta-galactosidase reporter insertion alleles of this gene. Mice homozygous for Hoxb13 loss-of-function mutations show overgrowth in all major structures derived from the tail bud, including the developing secondary neural tube (SNT), the caudal spinal ganglia, and the caudal vertebrae. Using the beta-galactosidase reporter allele of Hoxb13, also a loss-of-function allele, we found that the expression patterns of Hoxb13 in the developing spinal cord and caudal mesoderm are closely associated with overgrowth phenotypes in the tails of homozygous mutant animals. These phenotypes can be explained by the observed increased cell proliferation and decreased levels of apoptosis within the tail of homozygous mutant mice. This analysis of Hoxb13 function suggests that this 5' Hox gene may act as an inhibitor of neuronal cell proliferation, an activator of apoptotic pathways in the SNT, and as a general repressor of growth in the caudal vertebrae.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Afferent neurons of the hypoglossal nerve of the rat as demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase tracing.

Cell bodies of sensory neurons of the rat's hypoglossal nerve were demonstrated by the somatopetal horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport technique. Labelled perikarya were found within the second and third cervical spinal ganglia and in the vagal sensory ganglia. After application of HRP to the cut peripheral trunk of the hypoglossal nerve about 200 labelled cell bodies were counted in each animal. The vast majority of the axons from cervical spinal ganglion cells reach the hypoglossal nerve via the descending ramus (N. descendens hypoglossi). However, there may exist an additional pathway, probably via the cervical sympathetic trunk. Application of HPR to the medial and lateral end branches led to a labelling of much fewer spinal ganglion cells while the number of labelled vegal sensory neurons remained unchanged. Thus, it is suggested that the majority of the cervical afferents of the hypoglossal nerve originates within the extrinsic tongue musculature and the geniohyoid muscle, whereas the vagal afferents may perhaps derive exclusively from the intrinsic muslces. Histograms of the mean diameters of labelled cell bodies show a predominance of very small perikarya. This contrasts with the diameter distribution of sensory perikarya labelled after HRP application to nerves supplying other skeletal muscles. It is therefore assumed that the afferent component of the hypoglossal nerve is composed mainly of small-calibre axons.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Distribution of capsaicin-sensitive urinary bladder afferents in the rat spinal cord.

The capsaicin-sensitive afferent innervation of the urinary bladder and the central nervous system distribution of urinary bladder afferents have been studied in the rat. Capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurones supplying the urinary bladder have been found in two groups of spinal ganglia located in the Th13-L2 and L6-S1 segments. Capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory afferents from the bladder terminate within Rexed's laminae I, V and X, and in the dorsal gray commissure of the lumbosacral spinal cord. In addition, the results point to a possible vagal sensory innervation of the urinary bladder.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1987

Development and distribution of substance P in the spinal cord and ganglia of embryonic and newly hatched chick: an immunofluorescence study.

The development and distribution of substance P (SP) immunoreactivity were studied in the spinal cord and ganglia of embryonic and newly hatched chick by using the indirect immunofluorescence method. Substance P immunoreactivity was first detected in the spinal cord at embryonic stages 18-20 (incubation day 3). Before stage 32 (day 7), it was mainly found in regions corresponding to the dorsolateral funiculus and Lissauer's tract. Subsequently, SP fibers appeared in the dorsal horn. By stage 38 (day 11), they were demonstrated almost throughout the gray matter, but mostly in laminae I and II. During this period, however, many SP-positive cells were found just ventral to the central canal at the thoracic level, although a few were also detected in other areas throughout the cord. In the white matter, very dense longitudinal SP fibers were observed in Lissauer's tract and the dorsolateral funiculus, where extremely dense plexuses of SP immunoreactivity were also detected around a group of nonimmunoreactive cell bodies. At later stages, no remarkable differences were noticed in the distribution of SP fibers, but the SP-positive cells decreased gradually in number and disappeared after hatching. However, they reappeared following colchicine treatment. In the spinal ganglia, SP immunoreactivity appeared initially at stage 25 (day 4). It was mostly located in small neurons of the mediodorsal region. These cells also decreased in number from later stages but increased by colchicine treatment after hatching. The development and distribution of SP immunoreactivity in the spinal cord and ganglia were generally comparable at all levels examined, except where indicated.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Spinal ganglion cells innervating the stomach of the rat as demonstrated by somatopetal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP).

Spinal ganglion cells innervating the stomach of the rat were demonstrated using the somatopetal horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport technique. After injection of the tracer into the anterior wall of the stomach, labelled neurons were observed bilaterally within spinal ganglia T4--L1. They were most numerous in ganglia T8--T10. No clear evidence of somatotopic organization of the labelled cells was found. Most of the cells measured 35--40 micrometer in diameter. There was a striking paucity of cells smaller than 30 micrometer. The predominance of medium-sized spinal ganglion cells may indicate that the stomach is innervated mainly by small myelinated rather than unmyelinated splanchnic afferent fibers.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of veratridine on the release of neurotrophic factors in nerve tissue cultures.

The depolarizing agent veratridine was shown to affect the level of neurotrophic substances in combined cultures of neonatal rat hippocampus and chick embryo spinal ganglia. In this experimental model, the level of neurotrophic factors in rat hippocampus explants increased as a result of increases in neuronal activity mediated by veratridine. The effects of these neurotrophins on neurite growth in the sensitive spinal ganglion neurons in the combined cultures were evaluated using morphometric methods. Neurite-stimulating effects were seen when veratridine was added to the nutritive medium at a concentration of 90 nM. Antibody to nerve growth factor blocked the action of veratridine. These results demonstrate a role for neuron activity as a regulatory mechanism controlling the expression of neurotrophins.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Neurotrophin-3 and trkC-immunoreactive neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia correlate by distribution and morphology.

Previous studies have shown that a subpopulation of large dorsal root ganglion neurons contains neurotrophin-3 (NT3)-like immunoreactivity. It is not known, however, whether these NT3 immunoreactive neurons also express the high affinity receptor for NT3, trkC. In the present study, the distribution and morphology of trkC immunoreactive neurons have been correlated with those of NT3 immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. Size and segmental distributions of both antigens indicate that they are present in the same group of large sensory neurons. Almost twice the number of these neurons are present in the cervical and lumbar spinal ganglia than in the thoracic. Co-localization study indicates that 94% of NT3 immunoreactive neurons express trkC. Our findings support the proposal that NT3 in these neurons is derived from their peripheral targets rather than synthesized in situ.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Enzymatic activity in spinal cord neurons after epidural administration of clopheline in dogs].

Time course of the major enzymes (SDH, LDH, GPDHcyt, GPDHmit, AP) and protein synthesis (DNA, RNA) in spinal neurons and spinal ganglia after epidural injection of clofelin were studied in an acute experiment on dogs. No physiological or neurological disorders or depriming effect of clofelin on the major enzymatic systems and protein synthesis in nervous tissue of dogs were detected. Increased activity of AP in the spinal white and gray matter is worthy of note, which indicates intensification of active transport in spinal capillary epithelium after epidural injection of clofelin.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed2005

Afferent innervation of the trachea during postnatal development.

Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase was used in this study to determine the location and basic morphological parameters of neurons innervating the trachea in newborn, 10-, 20-, 30-day-old and 2-month-old kittens. Labeled neurons were detected in all animals in the nodose ganglion of the vagus nerve and in the spinal ganglia (C1-C7 and T1-T6 after injection of tracer into the cervical trachea, C5-C7 and T1-T8 with injection into the thoracic part of the trachea) from both sides. The content of vagal and spinal afferent neurons innervating the cervical part of trachea declined during development. The number of spinal afferent neurons with connections to the thoracic trachea did not change but the quantity of cells in nodose ganglion supplying the thoracic trachea increased from the moment of birth till 10 and 20 days and decreased later in postnatal development. In newborn, 10-day-old and 20-day-old animals, the largest number of afferent cells was connected with the cervical part of the trachea in comparison with the thoracic one, whereas in 2-month-old kittens the relation was opposite. We suggest that afferent innervation of the trachea is not morphologically complete at the moment of birth and does not become mature until the second month of life.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

A cervical primary afferent input to vestibular nuclei as demonstrated by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in the rat.

Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) was microiontophoretically injected into the vestibular nuclear complex of the rat. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in ipsilateral spinal ganglia C2-C3 only if the injection site was in the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). Injections into rostral parts of the MVN, the superior, lateral and descending vestibular nuclei (SVN, LVN, DVN), the nucleus of the solitary tract (STN) and the reticular formation did not result in spinal ganglion labeling. Thus, the caudal part of the MVN appears to be the main vestibular termination site for rostral cervical primary afferents.

Animals↗