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PubMed1990

[Relation of emotional and cognitive processes in endogenous depression (results of the Rorschach test].

To reveal correlations between the elementary parameters of emotional and cognitive processes in endogenous depressions, the author suggests an original quantification of the "color" type according to Rorschach's test. As a result of a correlation analysis of the protocols of examining depressed patients, it has been discovered that stability of emotional processes is directly proportional to the degree of categorical accuracy and the degree of conformity of the ideas formed and is inversely proportional to the level of summarization. The correlation indicated supplements the general psychological ideas of the relationship between emotional and cognitive processes.

Cognition↗
PubMed1989

Hartmann on adaptation: an incomparable or incomprehensible legacy?

Hartmann's essay sets forth ideas of incomparable value as well as incomprehensible density. While he developed many important concepts which have far-ranging clinical utility even today, his attempt to extend psychoanalysis into a general psychology back-fired because it separated psychoanalytic concepts from analytic data. Because of his lack of clinical material or anecdotal illustration, Hartmann's theoretical scaffolding has been frequently misunderstood and misapplied. This paper re-examines Hartmann's essay in light of current clinical and metapsychological issues, and illustrates some of his more important ideas.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Variables that predict success on the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination.

The purpose of this research was to determine which, if any, of students' academic variables (high school grade point average [GPA], ACT scores, grades in college biological, physical, and behavioral sciences, dental hygiene GPA and college cumulative GPA as well as demographic variables [age and marital status]) were useful in predicting a passing score on the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (NBDHE). The entire population of 1983-86 graduates from three associate degree granting dental hygiene programs (N = 219) served as subjects. Information was obtained from the students' records retained at the schools. The research showed that grades in college anatomy, nutrition, sociology, chemistry, and physiology are the best predictors of the dental hygiene GPA. The best predictors of pass/fail status on the NBDHE are dental hygiene GPA, ACT social studies, sociology, general psychology, and anatomy.

Dental Hygienists↗
PubMed1986

[Labor psychology in a general hospital].

At the present article the author describes a personnel recruitment investigation made among aspirants to make Nurse studies (college level). There are used, as selection instruments, on one hand, an interview and projective techniques like Bender and HTP ("House, Tree, Person") tests; on the other hand, the Holland's "Vocational Preferences Inventory" (V.P.I.) is utilized as a psychometric technique. It is possible to demonstrate in this study, as the author believes, that there is a positive correlation between the results due to interview and projective tests, and those responding to the psychometric inventory mentioned before. Besides, a "Nurse Ideal Profile" based en V.P.I. Scales is obtained: successful aspirants must procure high scores in Scale 2 (Intellectual) and 3 (Social), and must get low scores in Scale 1 (Realistic, which tests interest in instruments rather than social motivations.

Aptitude Tests↗
PubMed1985

Headaches in older patients: Ddx and Tx of common nonvascular causes.

From this and the previous article, the following points may be offered in summary: When comparing the elderly age group with the general population, the incidence of migraine headaches decreases with age, whereas other etiologies such as glaucoma, temporal arteritis, and cerebrovascular disease may assume a more prominent role in the differential diagnosis. Patients in the geriatric population are frequently taking a multitude of medications, and it is extremely important to carefully evaluate these for possible precipitants of headache. Furthermore, in elderly patients with other potential medical problems, particular attention should be paid to the possibility of various systemic causes of headache. Therapy for specific headache disorders should be tailored to the individual patient. Consider the patient's overall general, psychological, medical, and neurologic background. The physician must be aware of possible interactions of medications with the therapeutic intervention, as well as possible poor tolerance to specific medications due to preexisting medical or neurologic disorders. A complete history, obtaining information on the temporal pattern of headache, the distribution of pain, and precipitating and alleviating factors, is extremely important in evaluating the elderly patient. A careful physical examination, paying particular attention to possible disorders of extracranial structures, is indicated. A neurologic exam, including basic tests of higher cortical function, should be obtained. Important additional laboratory investigations include a complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and basic blood chemistries. Arterial blood gases should be obtained in patients who have pulmonary disease, a history suggestive of sleep apnea, or other disorders that may produce hypoxia and hypercarbia, resulting in vascular headache.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Facial muscle electromyography in depressed and nondepressed hospitalized subjects: a partial replication.

Imagining happy events, sad events, and the events of a typical day led to measurable electromyographic (EMG) changes in the corrugator muscle of the face in both depressed and nondepressed subjects. The depressed and nondepressed subjects could not be differentiated on the basis of muscle activity, whether depression was defined by a self-rating scale, an adjective checklist, or research criteria. Previous investigators have observed differences in the facial EMG patterns of depressed and nondepressed subjects who were not hospitalized; the authors suggest that such changes are a consequence of a general psychological stress state rather than of depression specifically.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evoked potentials during elaboration of fine differentiations].

The paper deals with the character of changes in the EP form recorded from the visual cortex of a rat during elaboration of a system of positive and negative (with different degree of precision) conditioned defensive reflexes. It has been shown that in a state of a consolidated habit of pain stimulus avoidance in a shuttle box a negative component with peak latency up to 70 msec develops in EP to the differentiation stimulus of 0.5 c/s. This component is much less pronounced to the 2 c/s conditioned stimulus. When a more precise differentiation stimulus (1 c/s) was presented to the animal in this state the development of the studied component depended on the subsequent behavioural reaction: it developed if the animal reacted in the same way as to the differentiation stimulus. This fact suggests that the generation of this component is connected with the inhibitory processes developing at the time when the animal is choosing its behavioural reaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Self-injurious behavior in schizophrenic and retarded children.

Self-injurious behavior is a problem with some children who are primarily nonverval and low-functioning. This behavior has resulted in management difficulties far out of proportion to its incidence. In the present paper, we have considered possible operant and respondent paradigms instrumental in the acquisition and maintenance of several different topographies of self-injurious behavior. Support for these paradigms was gathered from existing epidemiological literature dealing with humans and primates and from the literature concerned with treatment of self-injurious behavior. Immediate outcome and results of subsequent follow-up were presented as a function of type of intervention, the nature of positive reinforcement utilized, and the topography of the self-injurious response involved. Implications were drawn for future research and treatment.

Attention↗
PubMed1980

Characteristics of high-frequency consumers of prescription psychoactive drugs.

Two cohorts of white middle-class housewives who reported themselves as high-frequency consumers of prescription sedatives, tranquilizers, and stimulants have been studied and their characteristics have been reported. One group of these women are residents of a Midwestern state, and the other in a Southern state. These women can best be described as follows: Most reported their primary physician as being a general practitioner (60%), and most reported they had consulted two or more separate physicians during the last year (78%). More than a third (36%) had seen at least three different physicians. Interestingly, while most of these women were consulting general practitioners and/or internists, almost a third were presenting them with general psychological complaints. The self-reported high-frequency users most frequently used the relaxants/minor tranquilizers (64%), followed by sedatives (41%), stimulants (31%), and major tranquilizers (7%). Almost half of all these high-frequency medicine consumers were also regular drinkers (47%), and some 13 to 17% could be considered as heavy drinkers. The majority of the relaxant/minor tranquilizer users had been taking the medications daily or several times a week for at least six months. Less than half of these users, however, felt their "condition" had gotten "better." The majority of the sedative users had also been taking the medications daily or several times a week for at least six months. Less than a third of these users felt the condition that precipitated the prescription had improved during this period of use. Of major importance, only a minority of these long-term high-frequency users of sedatives and relaxants/minor tranquilizers believe these drugs to be habit-forming or to have any potential for physical or psychological harm. Although the stimulant-users were also found to be high-frequency consumers, stimulant-users were found to have been using these drugs for a shorter period of time. There also appears to be more confusion about the potential for physical and/or psychological damage in the long-term use of stimulants among those women than among the users of sedatives and/or minor tranquilizers. It is significant to note that stimulant-users felt that they had gotten "better" more than those who had used sedatives and/or tranquilizers. These two interview studies among housewives tend to confirm several of our earlier survey findings among people who use these drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Diseases associated with aging.

Friese has recently presented a graph of the demographics of aging, indicating that the number of people over 65 in 1990 will approach 21 million, or 15% of the population. The life expectancy of men will soon approach that of women (74 to 75 years). As cancer, heart disease, and stroke are conquered, longevity will increase by less than 12 years. The older population will have increasingly diminished physical and mental capacity, not necessarily associated with specific disease processes, but rather resulting from a generalized cellular and extracellular deterioration, particularly affecting the homeostatic control mechanisms of the central nervous, neuroendocrine, and immune systems. They will require increased protection from the environmental insults with which they could cope more easily at an earlier age. Their treatment will have to be individually adjusted depending on the combination of lesions they display. The patient's socioeconomic status, family support structure, and general psychological profile play significant roles in their longevity and terminal illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Role of the frontal cortex in the differentiation of conditioned stimuli].

Unrestrained cats were trained for a two-side choice of alimentary reinforcement in response to one of two initial figures differing in size (larger--smaller). Subsequently, new tasks were presented with the same alternative: differentiation of geometric figures, contour pictures, differentiation of the number of stimuli (two or five asterisks), abstraction from present signals (tasks with temporal extrapolation) a. oth. It has been shown that ablation of the proreal gyrus does not affect simple forms of generalisation, but excludes detection of a quantitative parameter and disturbs elementary abstract thinking.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neuropsychology and self perception].

The contribution of clinical and experimental neuropsychology to the genesis of identity is studied through the constitution of body image. The perceptual aspects are only considered and the body and face perceptions are distinguished. In both cases, pathological and experimental facts are described. It appears that neuropsychology can validate hypotheses of general psychology and brings into light new variables to be integrated into the psychology models.

Body Image↗