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PubMed1989

Isolation, purification and characterization of low molecular weight 110mAg-binding proteins from the rat and goat testis.

Low molecular weight 110mAg-binding proteins have been purified from the goat and rat testis using a combination of acetone fractionation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Both the rat and goat 110mAg-binding proteins existed in three isoforms, although the goat isoforms carried higher net negative charge than the corresponding isoforms of the rat. The average molecular weight of the goat isoforms was 8000 daltons, whereas that of the rat isoforms was 6300. The goat 110mAg-binding protein (a mixture of all the isoforms) was stable when heated at 85 degrees C for 15 min. The isoform II of the rat 110mAg-binding protein showed little absorbance at 280 nm, although the corresponding isoform of the goat protein did show significant absorbance at the same wavelength.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Epizootiological survey of parainfluenza-3, reovirus-3, respiratory syncytial and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viral antibodies in sheep and goat flocks in Quebec.

A serological survey was conducted in an attempt to detect antibodies against bovine respiratory viruses in sheep and goats from seven geographical areas of Quebec. Sera from 10% of the animals in 182 sheep flocks and 40 goat flocks were collected and specific antibodies against parainfluenza-3, reovirus type 3, respiratory syncytial and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viruses were detected by hemagglutination-inhibition tests for the former viruses and complement fixation and seroneutralization assays for the latter viruses. Results showed prevalence rates of serological reaction to parainfluenza-3, reovirus type 3 and respiratory syncytial viruses of 28, 72 and 35% in sheep and 26, 64 and 36% in goats, respectively. No antibodies in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were detected in sheep or goats tested. Prevalence rates varied according to the geographical area. No relationships were detected between age, sex, breed, size of flock and prevalence rates of different antibodies except that parainfluenza-3 antibodies were more common in large goat flocks and in sheep flocks with total confinement housing. A relationship between presence of clinical signs in the flocks and prevalence rates of antibodies was only demonstrated for parainfluenza-3 infection in goat flocks.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[Sanitary and technologic evaluation of the rural processing of fresh goat cheese in Chile].

A sanitary and technological diagnosis of the goat cheese rural process was carried out. The purpose was to obtain more information for the planning of a program aimed to the improvement of this small agroindustry. Samples of milk, curdle, dry abomasum, rennet, water and cheese of 10% of the small industries of two rural villages in two agricultural seasons, were taken. Moreover, dilutions of the utensils and goat udders were prepared. The samples were subjected to microbiological analysis of mesophilic aerobic bacteria count, most probable number of total and fecal coliforms, and detection of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase (+), Salmonella typhi and Brucella melitensis. Proximate chemical analysis and determinations of sodium chloride and titratible acidity in milk, cheese, dry abomasum and rennet, were carried out. Goat milk was also subjected to analysis of density. It was found that significant sanitary failures are present during th whole goat cheese process, although the highest bacteria contamination occurred at the milking, curdling and filling stages. These are characterized by excessive handling and absolute lack of hygiene. The pathogen B. melitensis was absent; therefore the causes of poisoning were attributed to the toxin produced by S. aureus and to the significant count of fecal coliforms found in the goat cheese. Even though the goats are fed under a poor feeding system, the milk presented a normal physical and chemical composition. Nevertheless, protein and fat matter losses occur during cheese preparation, as a result of handling practices and lack of process control.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Effects of dexamethasone, levamisole, and dexamethasone-levamisole combination on neutrophil function in female goats.

Effects of dexamethasone, levamisole, or combined dexamethasone-levamisole administration on polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) function in healthy, adult female goats were studied. Goats were assigned to treated (n = 6) and control (n = 6) groups. In experiment 1, treated goats were given levamisole (6 mg/kg of body weight, IM). In experiment 2, treated goats were given 0.1 mg of dexamethasone/kg, IV, for 3 consecutive days, 1 mg of dexamethasone/kg, IV, for 6 consecutive days, and 6 mg of levamisole/kg, IM, with a 4th injection of 1 mg of dexamethasone/kg. All injections were administered 12 hours before blood collection. The PMN were evaluated for random migration and chemotaxis under agarose, ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus, cytochrome C reduction, iodination, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Levamisole alone did not alter the function of caprine PMN. Both doses of dexamethasone caused increased random migration and decreased cytochrome C reduction and iodination. Dexamethasone resulted in no changes in chemotaxis, S aureus ingestion, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Random migration and cytochrome C reduction returned toward base line in cells from dexamethasone and levamisole-treated goats. Although iodination activity in cells from dexamethasone-treated goats remained significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than those of controls after levamisole administration, a rebound toward base-line activity occurred.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Effect of tick-borne fever on the disposition of sulphadimidine and its metabolites in plasma of goats.

The effect of tick-borne fever (TBF) on the plasma disposition of sulphadimidine (SDM) and its metabolites in goats was studied. In uninfected goats, SDM was extensively metabolised mainly by hydroxylation, glucuronidation and to a minor extent by acetylation. In TBF infected goats the hydroxylation of SDM into 6-methylhydroxysulphadimidine (SCH2OH) as well as into 5-hydroxysulphadimidine (SOH) was markedly reduced (-57.6 and -63.6 per cent, respectively). An unidentified metabolite (metabolite X) was detected, which was largely glucuronidated in the uninfected goats. In the TBF infected goats the glucuronide derivatives of the X metabolite and of SOH were barely detectable. In TBF infected goats the plasma concentration of the N4-acetylated metabolite (N4-SDM) was decreased to a lesser extent (-22.1 per cent) than the hydroxy metabolites. Due to the diminished metabolism the elimination half-life of SDM was increased 1.8 times and the total sulphonamide body clearance was diminished compared with findings in the control experiments.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Inhibition of erythropoiesis by plasma component(s) from sheep, goats, and rabbits.

Plasma from hypertransfused and normal sheep and experimentally induced anemic and normal goats was fractionated by ultrafiltration. Fractions obtained were assayed for erythropoiesis stimulatory factor (ESF) or erythropoiesis inhibitory factor (EIF) activity (or both) in the posthypoxic polycythemic mouse assay. The most potent sheep plasma-inhibitor fraction was found in the retentate on a membrane with a cutoff at mol wt 50,000. The most potent EIF fraction from anemic goats passed into the ultrafiltrate, but the comparable EIF from normal goats remained in the retentate on a membrane with a cutoff at mol wt 500. The yield of the most potent EIF fraction was higher from anemic goats than was the yield from normal goats. During thin-layer chromatography, EIF extracted from goat plasma fractions had the same mobility as did prostaglandin F2 alpha. Cohn rabbit plasma fraction IV-4 had an inhibitory factor, and a benzene extract of the fraction contained a component that had the same mobility as did prostaglandin F2 alpha. Cohn rabbit plasma fraction V contained a component that potentiated an erythropoietin-generating factor.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Occurrence of nematodiasis among sheep and goats].

The spread was studied of sheep and goat nematodirosis in the conditions prevailing in the district of Varna for the 1973-1975 period. Füleborn's method was employed with a total of 24,909 coprosamples taken from the animals as follows: sheep--12,690, weaned lambs--7370, lambs--3355, kids--782, and goats--712. Partial helminthologic postmortem examinations were carried out by the digestive method of 104 sheep, 33 goats, 142 weaned lambs, 96 lambs, and 35 kids. The percent of infected animals was determined on the basis of the coprostudies as follows; lambs--20.9 (per cent), kids--26.6, weaned lambs--54.9, sheep--22.6, goats--24.8. The necroscopic investigations revealed 32.3, 40, 64.8, 32.5, 39.4 per cent, respectively. The average parasite burden in number of helminths was 313 (lambs), 85 (kids), 1517 (weaned lambs), 586 (sheep), and goats--290. Greatest number of Nematodirus parasites was found in weaned lambs--16,000, followed by sheep--2260, lambs--1840, goats--800, and kids--240. As many as 100 per cent Nematodirus carriers were found on a sheep farm in the district. It was also found that the north plains of the district are less infected as against the south parts embracing the northern slopes of the Balkan mountain, and along the course of the Kamchia river. It was found that sheep on the private farm-holdings were more strongly infected than those on the cooperative farms. On the other hand, it was established that on farms where lambs and weaned lambs graze together with the adults the former prove more strongly infected than those that are on isolated grasslands.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1977

Serum biochemistry values in normal pygmy goats.

Blood serum of pygmy goats (both sexes, and castrated males) was analyzed to establish biochemical reference values. Influence of age on reference values was also studied. Serum biochemical analyses were made for urea nitrogen, creatinin, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, uric acid, and total lipids. These serum values for pygmy goats were similar to those reported for man, except as follows: Aspartate aminotransferase activities were slightly higher than those reported for man. Glucose concentrations in pygmy goats were slightly lower than in human beings, and uric acid levels were significantly lower than the values for man. Female and castrated male goats had lower total lipid concentrations than did human beings, whereas intact males had higher concentrations. Thus, of the 9 measured variables for pygmy goats, 5 were comparable to human values. This, together with other attributes, including the small size which conduces to economics of maintenance and enhances the desirability of using pygmy goats in research.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1977

Hematologic values in normal pygmy goats.

Pygmy goat blood was analyzed to determine hematologic base-line values. Male, female, and castrated male goats were used in this investigation. Influence of age on these variables was also studied. Most of the hematologic values of pygmy goats were similar to the reference values reported for several other ruminant species and for man. Values significantly different from reference values in man were as follows: Erythrocyte counts were slightly higher than for human beings. The relative lymphocyte count was comparable to that in infants, but significantly greater than values in adult human beings. Also, although not of statistical significance, hemoglobin levels in goats were slightly lower than in both infants and adult human beings, and the leukocyte count was just slightly higher than the usual values for infants and adult human beings. Thus, of 9 hematologic variables, only 1 was significantly different from those in man, and 2 were slightly different. The fact that pygmy goats have hematologic responses similar to those of man, and the similarity of hematologic values to reference values in man, further enhances the pygmy goat for use as an experimental animal.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Dehorning the mature goat.

Surgical techniques for dehorning the mature goat utilized combinations of sedation and local anesthesia. Numerous factors were considered before surgery was performed. Use of Barne's calf dehorners, tube-type calf dehorners, and elastrator bands are contraindicated in the goat due to the anatomic structure of the frontal sinus. Dehorning female goats late in gestation can induce aboriton; male goats used for breeding should be dehorned well in advance of the breeding season. Owners should be advised that dehorning can be temporatily debilitating to the goat and can alter a goat's social status within a herd.

Anesthesia, General↗

PubMed1981

Evaluation of antibovine IgG subclass specific antisera from guinea pigs and goats.

A technique for producing specific antibovine IgG2 antibodies is described. The method relies on the abrogation of the class-specific antibody response of guinea pigs to bovine IgG1 by intravenous injection of goat serum immediately before immunisation in the foot pads with bovine IgG2 in adjuvant. Of the 10 resulting antisera, six were judged monospecific for IgG2 by immunoelectrophoresis but, of these, two antisera gave a very faint line in gel diffusion using IgG1 as the antigen. Radial immunodiffusion studies indicated that the strength of the antisera, using IgG2 as the antigen, was similar to antisera of guinea pigs not injected with goat serum before absorption with bovine IgG1. For guinea pigs injected with goat serum, using bovine IgG1 as an immunogen did not result in the production of subclass specific antisera, rather, the specificities were similar to those of animals not receiving goat serum. This data is compared to absorption studies of goat antibovine IgG1 and IgG2 antisera. The relationships of goat and bovine IgG subclasses are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Fructose 1:6 bisphosphatase activity in the liver and testis of rats and goats.

1. The activity of the enzyme Fructose 1:6 Bisphosphatase (FDPase) was studied in the liver and testis of adult goats and rats. No significant difference in the enzyme activity was observed between liver and testis of rats. Highly significant differences (P less than 0.01) were observed between the activity of goat liver and goat testis, goat liver and rat liver, goat testis and rat testis; the activities being higher in goat tissues. 2. Homogenization of the tissues with water, 0.05 M lactate buffer (pH 3.5), 150 mM KCl and 0.34 M sucrose yielded highest activity with water and lactate buffer followed by Sucrose and KCl. 3. 10 microM of Fe2+ and 45 microM of Zn2+ decreased the enzyme activity of rat testis by 39% and 93% respectively. 4. The rate of hydrolysis of FDP with respect to time in rat liver and testis was a first order reaction. Linear kinetics of the substrate hydrolysis was observed up to 90 min. No substrate inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed up to 50 microM of the substrate. Km of rat liver and testis FDPase were 8.3 microM and 10.5 microM respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Chlamydia psittaci experimental abortion in goats.

To study abortive chlamydiosis in goats, 11 pregnant goats were inoculated intradermally at the 3rd month of pregnancy with 2 X 10(7) or 2 X 10(6) plaque-forming units of a strain of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from naturally occurring abortions in goats. The 11 inoculated does aborted 24 to 56 days after they were inoculated and shed Chlamydia. This shedding began at least 9 days before abortion (1 goat) and persisted 12 days after abortion (1 goat). Retained placenta or metritis were observed in 4 of the goats.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed1982

Biological effects of sonicated suspension and phenol-water extract of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides in goats.

Strain Y3343 isolated from a goat with septicemia and polyarthritis was studied. The strain was virulent and induced septicemia, polyarthritis and coagulopathy in two goats. Limulus amebocyte lysate active material was present in plasma, but not in higher titre in inoculated goats. Sonicated mycoplasma material induced a dramatic somatic cell response in the mammary gland of cows and goats and marked clotting of the cows' milk, but it did not clot limulus amebocyte lysate or kill chick embryos. Phenol-water extract clotted limulus amebocyte lysate and induced somatic cell response in cows but not in goats. The phenol-water extract did not kill chick embryos, was not pyrogenic in rabbits or goats, and did not induce generalized Shwartzman reaction or change the leukocyte kinetics in rabbits. It therfore appears that the virulence mechanisms of strain Y3343 can not be explained on the basis of factors with strong endotoxin activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Gene constitution of miniature "shiba" goats (author's transl)].

Genetic surveys were carried out on the miniature "Shiba" goats which have been raised in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Recently, in thhe prefecture the number of "Shiba" goats have been markedly decreased to totally about 190 which are kept now only in two towns. Morphological genetic traits were observed to have been coming homogenous in Nagasaki Prefecture, and homogeneity of the traits in the colonies kept the National Institute of Animal Industry and in Stock Farm of University of Tokyo, especially in the latter, was remarkably high. The "Shiba" goats have white coat color, horns and supernumerary teats, but not wattles. Electrophoretic examinations of genetic variations at 27 blood protein loci revealed that variability in the "Shiba" goat populations were lower than that of the Japanese Saanen breed, and that the amount of gene flow from the Saanen breed into the "Shiba" goats was estimated to be smaller than into the present-day Okinawa meat goats. The genetic variability of the colony in Stock Farm of University of Tokyo was observed to be conspicuously low. From the results of pedigree analysis such a decay of genetic variability was postulated to come about from unavoidable inbreeding resulted from smallness both in numbers of foundation animals and in effective population size of the colony.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

A serologic survey of Mycoplasma putrefaciens infection in goats.

The prevalence of Mycoplasma putrefaciens infection in goat populations in Mendocino and Sonoma counties of northern California was studied, using the plate and tube agglutination tests. On a county basis, Mendocino had a higher antibody prevalence (13%) than Sonoma (10%). The overall antibody prevalence among the 377 goat serum samples tested was 11%. There was no statistical evidence to show any significant difference in prevalence on the basis of herd size. Of the common goat breeds in California, the American La Mancha had the lowest prevalence (4.7%), the Toggenberg, highest (10.8%). Angora goats shipped from Texas showed a much higher prevalence (67%) than any of the California breeds. The age-specific risk calculations indicate that all age groups were more susceptible to M putrefaciens than 4-year-old goats, with the lowest prevalence of 3.8%. The highest prevalence (21.3%) was observed in the Angora goats. Males had a lower prevalence (10.7%) than females (16.1%). A flock of sheep included in the survey showed a prevalence of 15%.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Prolonged excretion of Toxoplasma gondii in semen of goats.

Toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated by mouse inoculation in semen of three of three goats orally inoculated with 10(4) oocysts of the GT-1 strain of T gondii. From goats 1 and 3, T gondii was first detected in semen 7 days after inoculation (DAI) and 12 DAI from goat 2. Excretion continued over a period of 52 days from goat 1 and 16 days from goat 2. Goat 3 had excreted T gondii for 5 days when its was killed 14 DAI.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Helminth and arthropod parasites of indigenous goats in the northern Transvaal.

Helminth and arthropod parasites of 60 female indigenous goats of three age groups on a farm in the northern Transvaal were collected, identified and counted. Anoplocephalid tapeworms were present in the two younger groups of goats, while larvae of Taenia hydatigena were recovered from all three groups. Eight species and two genera of nematodes were found in the youngest goats, five species and three genera in the middle group and six species and two genera in the oldest goats. Strongyloides papillosus was the most numerous and most prevalent nematode in the youngest goats, while Haemonchus contortus was most numerous and most prevalent in both older groups. Adult H. contortus was most abundant during the summer months, while S. papillosus occurred in the youngest goats during the cooler months (April to September). No pattern of seasonal abundance could be established for the other nematodes. Only ixodid ticks were recovered and of the nine species present, the immature stages of Amblyomma hebraeum were most numerous and prevalent. Boophilus decoloratus was present from October to January and in August, and the adults of a Rhipicephalus sp. (near R. pravus) from January to March and during May. Rhipicephalus simus was present from October to January.

Animals↗