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Results for “Immunity, Humoral”

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PubMed1995

Individual differences in cell-mediated and humoral immunity in pigs.

Previous experiments displayed consistent individual behavioural differences in pigs. Some showed a more active behavioural response (aggressive and resistant; so-called A/R pigs), other a more passive behavioural response (non-aggressive and non-resistant; so-called NA/NR pigs). Moreover, these behavioural coping strategies were associated with different behavioural, physiological and endocrine responses under stress conditions. In the present study we selected 32 A/R and 32 NA/NR individuals and tested their immune reactivity in reaction to stress using several cell-mediated (CMI) and humoral immunological tests. Active A/R pigs had a higher in vivo and in vitro CMI to nonspecific and specific antigens, while after stress CMI reduced more in A/R than in NA/NR pigs. In contrast, humoral immunity was highest in NA/NR pigs. Furthermore, some serologically typed swine lymphocyte antigen (SLA) class I haplotypes were not equally distributed between A/R and NA/NR pigs. In general, these findings show that measurement of immune reactivity is an important tool to define how animals cope with environmental demands.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Humoral immunity in Hansen's disease.

For many years immune response in leprosy has been studied. Since 1960 several reports dealing with humoral immunity have been described in the literature. Different autoantibody rates occur in leprosy. There is an increase in the prevalence of autoantibodies in elderly patients with long standing disease, in lepromatous leprosy and in those with reactional states. The differences in rates among various studies are attributed to different methods and variations among patient samples concerning age, gender, polar forms, therapy and other elements. The prevalence of numerous antibodies, immune complexes, cryoglobulins and complement levels have been studied by many authors. This also highlights the importance of the more recent reviews of anti-Mycobacterium leprae glycolipid antibodies such as the anti-phenolic glycolipid-I antibodies in which titers are variable and depend on genetic factors.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Grouping in Japanese quail 2. Suppression of humoral immunity.

Four-week-old Japanese quail were placed in either stable (isolate) or unstable (resident-visitor) groupings in this study. The visitor quail were transferred daily to cages containing unfamiliar residents, and the isolate quail were handled daily. The immune responsiveness to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), as indicated by production of hemagglutinins of the visitors and residents, was significantly less than that of the isolates, and the visitors were found to have less antibody than the residents. In subsequent experiments adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was used to compare its effect on immune responsiveness to that caused by grouping. The ACTH caused a suppression in humoral immune response, but only 8 IU ACTH/100 g body weight consistently suppressed antibody levels, indicating that the quail immune system is moderately resistant to this hormone. At the end of the experimental periods the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and adrenal glands were removed. The relative weights of the organs suggested that grouping and ACTH did not induce the classical symptoms of physiological stress. However, stress was not eliminated as a possible cause of the immunosuppressive effects of grouping and ACTH found in this study, because there was significant body weight loss in unstable groupings and in ACTH-treated birds.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1980

Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of German Shepherd Dogs and Beagles to experimental infection with Ehrlichia canis.

The cell-mediated and the humoral immune responses of 12 German Shepherd Dogs and 5 Beagles inoculated with Ehrlichia canis were evaluated. Results indicated that specific and nonspecific immunosuppression due to E canis occurred in the German Shepherd Dogs. Canine leukocyte migration-inhibition factor was successfully isolated and shown to be physically and functionally similar to human and guinea pig migration inhibition factor. Of the German Shepherd Dogs, 58% developed positive cell-mediated responses; 80% of the Beagles became positive. German Shepherd Dogs that developed severe chronic ehrlichiosis did not respond to as great a degree as did the German Shepherd Dogs and Beagles with mild chronic disease. The cell-mediated responses decreased with time and disappeared by 147 days after inoculation. Humoral antibody titers in all inoculated dogs increased with time and remained at increased concentrations. Treatment of four inoculated dogs with antilymphocyte serum did not modify the course of the disease. The findings indicated that cell-mediated immunity may have a significant role in determining the course of disease in dogs infected with E canis.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Role of plasmid-encoded antigens of Yersinia enterocolitica in humoral immunity against secondary Y. enterocolitica infection in mice.

In the present study the role of Yersinia enterocolitica antigens in humoral immunity against secondary Y. enterocolitica infection has been investigated. For this purpose, BALB/c mice, 4 weeks after immunization by primary infection with a sublethal dose of various Y. enterocolitica strains and mutant strains, were challenged with a lethal dose of highly virulent Y. enterocolitica strains of serotype O:8. As evident from the survival rate and protection against bacterial growth in the spleens of mice, only immunization with wild-type or attenuated strains harbouring an intact virulence plasmid mediated protection against a lethal challenge. Protection by immunization with plasmid-harbouring strains correlated with persistence of the bacteria in spleens for at least 7 days after immunization and high serum titres of Yersinia-specific antibodies directed against both chromosomal and plasmid-encoded determinants. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of the purified IgG fraction of a rabbit serum specific for the adhesin YadA encoded by virulence plasmid pO8 from Y. enterocolitica O:8 mediated protection against a lethal challenge with the serotype O:8 strain harbouring the virulence plasmid pO8 but did not mediate protection when this strain harboured the virulence plasmid pO9 from serotype O:9. In summary, the results demonstrate that in our experimental mouse infection model: (i) the presence of the intact virulence plasmid in an immunizing Y. enterocolitica strain is essential for induction of protection against a lethal challenge with highly virulent Y. enterocolitica and (ii) that antibodies against plasmid-encoded determinants of Y. enterocolitica, especially YadA, are of major importance for achievement of protective immunity in mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Experimental dicrocoeliasis: the humoral immune response of golden hamsters and rabbits to primary infection with Dicrocoelium dendriticum.

The results presented deal with the humoral immune response of golden hamsters to primary experimental infection with D. dendriticum. The development of serum antibodies has been comparatively investigated with three hamster groups (n = 43) harbouring different burdens of adult flukes. The mean numbers of parasites were 11, 30, or 130 per animal. Serum antibody response was studied during an observation period of at least 331 and up to 496 days postinfection. For antibody detection the sensitivities of precipitation test (PTs) (double diffusion test, immuno- and counterimmunoelectrophoresis), of the indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT), the complement fixation test (CFT), and the enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) were compared using aqueous crude fluke antigen and crude egg antigen. CFT and ELISA were most sensitive for the early detection of initial response. Thereafter all the tests employed revealed increasing antibody titres, which in general remained at constant levels and persisted until the end of the observation period with the exception of CF-antibodies. In general fluke antigen was found to be more sensitive than egg antigen. However, in CFT this antigen occasionally has been associated with unspecific inhibition of haemolysis. Comparison of the results shows that ELISA using crude fluke antigen gave the most realistic picture of the actual fluke burden. Also preliminary results on the precipitin response of rabbits (n = 3) after primary experimental exposure to different numbers of metacercariae (500, 1,000, and 3,000 per animal respectively) are reported. Employing the above mentioned PTs a persisting antibody response could be demonstrated only after exposure to at least 3,000 infective larvae. The initial response was found on day 63, the observation period was 550 days.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

B lymphocytes and humoral immune responses in rheumatoid arthritis.

Although the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unknown at present, major evidence implicates humoral immune mechanisms in the pathophysiology of this disease. The primary lesions occur in the synovium and are characterized by immunological activation and chronic inflammation. Activated B cells and plasma cells secrete antibodies including rheumatoid factors and anticollagen antibodies. These antibodies give rise to immune complex formation and activation of the inflammatory cascade. There is no evidence that rheumatoid factor secreting B cells act as antigen presenting cells and present immune complex to T cells, leading to perpetuation of the inflammatory response.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed2002

The effect of different psychological profiles and timings of stress exposure on humoral immune response.

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of different timings of stress exposure on humoral immune response in mice previously distinguished by their own psychological profile. The Swiss mice were submitted to two different protocols of social confrontation, based on the timing of stress exposure in relation to an immune challenge: animals socially confronted daily for 2 weeks (SINT) and another group confronted daily for 3 weeks (LINT). Control groups were individually housed in a different room. All groups were intraperitoneally injected with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The SINT group was challenged on the 1st and 7th days of confrontation, whereas the LINT group was challenged on the 7th and 14th days. Two days prior to the period of social conflict, the animals were tested in the elevated plus-maze (PM). The SINT protocol caused a more depressed primary immune response in the submissive mice than that observed in the dominants. The LINT protocol induced a marked increase in the primary immune response, which was more evident in the dominant mice, whilst no changes were observed in the secondary immune response. In the control and dominant groups, the correlation analysis attributed a higher anti-SRBC titre to the more anxious animals; by contrast, higher anti-SRBC titres were found in the less anxious submissive mice. These studies show that different physiological and behavioural adaptations to environmental demands over time, as well as different psychological profiles, constitute important factors to a better understanding of neuro-immune interactions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

The effects of voluntary exercise and immobilization on humoral immunity and endocrine responses in rats.

This research examined the effect of type of stressor (physical vs. psychological) on humoral immunity and neuroendocrine responses in male and female rats. Eighty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of the four stress conditions (n = 20 animals/group): 1. Voluntary running (high physical/low psychological stress); 2. immobilization (low physical/high psychological stress); 3. mixed stress (running and immobilization); and 4. cage control group. The experimental manipulations were conducted over a 6-week period for 4 h/day. Five weeks after the start of the study, all animals were immunized with 1 ml of a 10% suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in saline and sacrificed 1 week later. Data analyses revealed no main effect of stress on any of the immune or endocrine parameters. However, strong gender differences emerged within the stress conditions on these physiological parameters. The stressed female rats displayed an enhanced antibody response to SRBC and a higher percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes than their male counterparts. However, there were no significant differences between the male and female control animals with respect to these variables. Female rats consistently displayed elevated levels of plasma corticosterone and adrenal norepinephrine across all conditions. In addition, female rats displayed heavier relative organ weights (adrenal and spleen). Taken together, the notion of differential immunity with respect to physical or psychological stress is not supported by the present study.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The humoral immune response of NIH Swiss and SWR/J mice to vaccination with formalinized AKR or Gross murine leukemia virus.

The humoral immune responses of NIH Swiss and SWR/J mice immunized with formalin-inactivated AKR or Gross murine leukemia virus, respectively, were examined. Both immune sera had high titers of antibodies detectable in radioimmune precipitation assays using [3H]leucine-labeled AKR virus and in radioimmunoassays using purified virion components. The predominant antibody titers were directed against gp71 and pl15(E). The immune response against gp71 was predominantly type-specific, whereas the reactivity with pl15(E) was predominantly group-specific. A weak immune response against p15 was also detected. Both sera were cytotoxic against cells replicating the AKR-Gross virus type but not against cells replicating Friend murine leukemia virus. This cytotoxicity could be specifically blocked with purified gp71 of AKR murine leukemia virus. Sera from immune NIH Swiss mice neutralized AKR virus, but did not neutralize Rauscher, Scripps, or wild mouse leukemia virus.

AKR murine leukemia virus↗

PubMed1980

Relation between benign course of multiple sclerosis and low-grade humoral immune response in cerebrospinal fluid.

The prognosis in multiple sclerosis (MS) is related to the presence of an abnorma humoral immune response within the central nervous system: 14/17 MS patients (82%) without oligoclonal CSF IgG displayed no or slight disability after a mean duration of MS of 17 years, while 53% of 88 patients with oligoclonal CSF IgG had a benign course after a mean duration of 13 years (p less than 0.05). A benign course also was more often accompanied by a normal CSF IgG index. MS patients without oligoclonal CSF IgG had elevated CSF/serum ratios of albumin in 6%, and of the complement factors C3 in 0% and C4 in 6%, as against 20%, 27% and 37%, respectively, in MS patients with oligoclonal CSF IgG.

Complement C3↗

PubMed1978

Familial combined cellular and humoral immune defect with multisystem granulomata.

A brother and sister presented with recurrent respiratory infections. Investigations showed combined cellular and humoral immune defects and non-caseating granulomata in lungs, liver, lymph nodes, and skin. Despite antimycobacterial chemotherapy and corticosteroids in the brother and the additional treatment of human immunoglobulin injections in the sister both patients deteriorated with pulmonary and hepatic involvement.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Dietary antigens: uptake and humoral immunity in man.

This thesis is based on 9 papers on the uptake of dietary antigens and on the humoral immune responses to dietary antigens, in healthy subjects and in patients with coeliac disease or atopic eczema. Work in experimental animals have indicated that dietary antigens are taken up in amounts, which are nutritionally insignificant, but may be of immunological importance. Local or systemic antibodies may retard the uptake, but in addition may increase the uptake of unrelated antigens. In humans the uptake of intact dietary antigen, free or in immune complexes, was reported in studies in healthy subjects and in patients with immune deficiency or atopy. We investigated the uptake of dietary antigen in 8 healthy subjects after a test meal, using ELISA methods and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the fractionation of serum samples. A significant finding was that ovalbumin (OA) was taken up as intact antigen or as a high MW immune complex constituent in all the 8 subjects. IgG was the only isotype demonstrable in the OA-containing aggregates, which were detected in particular in the subjects with high anti-OA antibody levels. The antigen was measurable in serum in up to 48 h after the meal. We studied with the same methods the uptake of OA and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) in children with coeliac disease on a gluten-free diet and after gluten challenge, and in controls with a normal gut mucosa. Both OA and BLG was mostly present in high MW fractions of the sera, presumably as immune complexes. The levels of antigens in serum did not differ between the children with coeliac disease and the controls. However, in 4/5 coeliac children the uptake of both antigens was increased after gluten challenge, indicating increased antigen uptake in coeliac disease. Increased gut permeability has been suggested as a pathogenic factor in food allergy. At present, there is in this condition no direct evidence for altered uptake of dietary antigens. Dietary antigens have been detected in the mother's milk and may be important for the development of normal immunity to dietary antigens and in particular of cow's milk allergy in the infant. Antibodies to dietary antigens have previously been detected in a major proportion of healthy subjects. In a limited number of sera from normals, analysed by electrophoretic techniques, we detected antibodies to bovine serum albumin and OA predominantly in the IgG class. Interestingly, these antibodies were restricted to the IgG subclasses IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Humoral immunity and the distribution of HLA antigens in patients with chronic pancreatitis].

132 chronic pancreatitis patients were studied for humoral immunity components and HLA antigens distribution. Antibodies to pancreatic tissue, insulin, o-DNA, d-DNA, n-DNA, ds-RNA were recognized in 44.5, 21.8, 41.8, 29.1, 20.9, 19.1% of chronic pancreatitis patients, respectively. Most pronounced immunological shifts occurred in aggravation of the disease. HLA-antigen typing was indicative of more frequent incidence in chronic pancreatitis patients of antigens HLA A1, B8, B27, Cw1 and less frequent occurrence of antigens A2, Cw4. The results evidence nonuniform etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of leuzea tincture and leveton on humoral immunity of athletes].

The effect of 20-day administration of ectisten-containing tincture of leuzea and leveton on humoral immunity of track and field runners for distances of 5,000 and 10,000 m was studied. Intensive cyclic physical activity induced significant decrease of IgG and IgA in blood serum of the athletes as well as the complement C3 component on the 10th and 20th days. Both drugs contributed to restoration of the lowered IgG, IgA, and C3 concentration. The effect of leveton was more pronounced. The working capacity of the athletes grew by 10 to 15% in this case.

Antibodies↗

PubMed2005

Humoral immune defense (antibodies): recent advances.

The humoral, or antibody, immune response is essential for host defense against bacterial pathogens. The lung has the ability to respond quickly to some pathogens through stimulation of resident antigen-specific memory B cells. Alternatively, after exposure to a new pathogen, the lung can generate de novo both a systemic and local (mucosal) antibody response. The resulting production of antigen-specific IgG and IgA act in concert to help clear the invading pathogen and reduce subsequent colonization of respiratory epithelium. Systemic vaccination against respiratory pathogens, although effective in generating systemic IgG responses and some mucosal IgA responses, may be less effective than vaccination through mucosal surfaces, which induce a brisk IgA and IgG response both locally and systemically depending on the site of antigen deposition. The local response is important in reducing colonization of the upper respiratory tract by pathogenic bacteria, the first step in the development of most causes of pneumonia. Future studies are needed to provide further insight on the site of pulmonary humoral host responses to bacterial challenge and optimal vaccine regimens to minimize the burden of respiratory disease caused by pathogenic bacteria.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1992

Modulation by naltrexone of stress-induced changes in humoral immune responsiveness and gastric mucosal integrity in rats.

The effects of restraint stress (RS) and the opioid antagonist, naltrexone, were evaluated on humoral immune responsiveness and gastric mucosal integrity in rats. RS for 24 h, but not 6 h, attenuated both the primary (PAR) and secondary antibody response (SAR) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) after a single exposure to the stressor. Naltrexone (1 or 5 mg/kg) dose-dependently aggravated the effects of RS on anti-SRBC antibody titre in both PAR and SAR studies. Further, in rats sensitized with SRBC, RS (24 h), in addition to lowering the humoral antibody response, also induced gastric mucosal lesions. Both these responses were further aggravated with naltrexone pretreatment. These results are discussed in light of interactions between immune and visceral responses, and their regulation by endogenous opioids, during RS.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The adjuvant effect of jacalin on the mouse humoral immune response to trinitrophenyl and Trypanosoma cruzi.

We have evaluated the adjuvant action of jacalin, a lectin obtained from seeds of Artocarpus integrifolia, on humoral immune response against the trinitrophenyl (TNP) hapten when conjugated to it and to Trypanosoma cruzi. The protective effect of parasite-specific antibodies generated in mice immunized with epimastigote forms of T. cruzi plus jacalin was also evaluated by determining the parasitemia levels of animals after infection with 1000 trypomastigote forms. Immunization of mice with trinitrophenylated jacalin (TNP-JAC) in saline resulted in an antibody response to the TNP hapten that was eight and 16 times higher than that found in mice immunized with TNP-human gamma globulin (TNP-HGG) or TNP-bovine serum albumin (TNP-BSA), respectively. In addition, immunization with either a lysate or viable epimastigote forms of T. cruzi in the presence of jacalin resulted in a marked increase in the levels of anti-T. cruzi antibodies. The protective action of antibodies against acute infection by T. cruzi was evident when mice were immunized with 1.0 x 10(5) epimastigotes plus jacalin. These animals had a significantly lower parasitemia than those immunized with epimastigotes alone. In contrast, mice immunized with 1.0 x 10(6) epimastigotes developed very low levels of parasitemia, regardless of the presence of jacalin. These data suggest that jacalin is a potent adjuvant in the humoral response to TNP and T. cruzi, and that the protective action of the T. cruzi-specific antibodies depends on the number of parasites used in the immunization protocol.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗