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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Study on the efficacy of genetically engineered vaccines against hepatitis B for interruption of perinatal transmission].

The infectivity rate of newborn babies who had been borne from HBsAG(+), HBeAg(+) and anti-HBc(+) mothers was very high (85%). 142 babies born in the hospital were divided into three groups, in this study. In the group 1, 57 babies were inoculated with 20 micrograms recombinant DNA vaccinia vaccines against hepatitis B. The injections were given at newborn, 1 month, and 6 months, respectively. In group 2, 41 babies were inoculated with 20 micrograms genetic engineering vaccines against hepatitis B at same time were intervals as group 1. In group 3, 44 newborn babies were inoculated with 10 micrograms as same vaccines as group 2 HBIG plus 1ml (200 U/ml), at same time intervals as group 1. The immune pretection rates of newborn babies in three groups were 88.2%, 85.9% and 100%, respectively. The anti-HBs pasitive conversion rates were 82%, 86% and 98%, respectively. The group 3 was compared with group 1 and 2. Statistical analysis showed the significant differences (P < 0.05). The result showed the immune program of group 3 was superior to that of group 1 and 2, and none of the 44 babies in group 3 were infected. The efficacy of immunization by genetic engineering vaccines were superior to that of blood-derived vaccine. The genetic engineering vaccines against hepatitis B would be more useful for interruption of perinatal transmission of HBV.

Female↗
PubMed1975

Measles immunization status in 1972 among first- and second-grade school children in Danbury, Connecticut.

An increased incidence of rubeola among first-grade Danbury school children in 1973 led to a study of seroimmunity to rubeola in a random sample of 60% of the first- and second-grade school children (299) from whom blood samples had been obtained in October 1972 during a voluntary meningococcal vaccination program. Immunization histories derived from physicians' statements on school entry were obtained from school health department records and included date of immunization. Seventy-five percent of the study group had received measles vaccine. Of those immunized prior to 11 months of age only half had an hemagglutinating inhibiting titer (HAI) of greater than or equal to 5 five to seven years later. This antibody level correlates with immunity. Eighty-five to ninety percent of those immunized during or after the 11th month had an antibody titer of greater than or equal to 5. Seventy-one percent of those never immunized also had an HAI titer of greater than or equal to 5 indicating natural infection had occurred. As a result of this investigation, a community-wide program was initiated to vaccinate those who were more than 1 year old as well as reimmunize those who had been vaccinated before the 11th month in accord with current U.S. Public Health Service recommendations for measles immunization.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Control of Japanese encephalitis in India: a reality.

Japanese encephalitis is considered as a serious disease due to the complexity of the disease and lack of specific treatment. A secular trend towards declining of JE has been brought in China, Korea, and Japan with widespread use of JE vaccine. In India, the actual JE burden could be estimated only by strengthening diagnostic facilities for JE confirmation in hospitals. However, the available records at present indicate a rising trend in JE- occurrence and expansion of the disease into JE non-endemic areas, which cannot be ignored. JE control through vector control methods has limitations owing to sustainability and cost effectiveness of the programs. Under these circumstances, feasibility of JE vaccination in India has to be considered as a preventive measure, for which identification of risk areas, target populations to be immunized, cost-evaluation of immunization is emphasized. Since, JE vaccine is produced in India, extension of the availability of this vaccine into routine JE-immunization programs is not remote. China has proved that countries with limited sources can produce safe and effective JE vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of a economic model of a populational influenza immunization strategy in healthy employees].

BACKGROUND: A debate exists as to whether it is advisable to extend the influenza immunization programs to the entire population, possibly due to the economic impact of this measure. This study is aimed at analyzing the cost-benefit ratio of an influenza immunization strategy among our country's working population. METHODS: Economic study from a social standpoint, including the direct and indirect costs (lost productive time, adverse effects) of the immunization. The costs avoided include the loss of productivity (from the human capital standpoint) and the health costs avoided when the infection is prevented. A costs avoided/costs incurred ratio, known as the Return Rate (RR) is constructed. The costs are converted into constant 2003 Euros. The data was compiled from published sources and a sensitivity analysis presented. RESULTS: The average cost of each immunization is 13.58 (95% CI 13.54-13.62) Euros. Each case of influenza avoided saves an average expense of 374.71 (95% CI 372.59-376.83) Euros. Every 1000 immunizations would avoid an average of 29.3 influenza cases (95% CI 29.0-29.5). The net cost of immunization is 2.60 (95% CI 2.51-2.70) euros. The RR has an average value of 0.80 (95% CI 0.79-0.81), median 0.74, interquartile range (0.53-1.02) Euros. In the case of avoiding more than 36 cases of influenza per 1000 immunizations, the RR takes on values >1. CONCLUSIONS: The influenza immunization strategy for the working population is solely cost-effective for situations of high influence incidence and high vaccine effectiveness.

Economics↗
PubMed2002

Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Guillain-Barré syndrome is the most common paralytic illness affecting children and adolescents in countries with established immunization programs. The term is currently used to encompass a group of disorders in which an autoimmune response occurs days or weeks after an antecedent infection or event (e.g., immunization) and results in an acute polyradiculoneuropathy with flaccid weakness, areflexia, and increased cerebrospinal fluid protein. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome of this condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

New approaches to development of mucosal vaccine against enteric bacterial pathogens; preventing campylobacteriosis.

Although vaccination, after having been more than 200 years in medical practice, has proven to be the most effective and the cheapest way to prevent infectious diseases, they remain still the main cause of human premature deaths. As many pathogens enter the human body through the mucosal surfaces, the mucosal way of immunization is considered to be the most promising strategy to decrease the number of human infections. Moreover, the oral delivery system eliminates the necessity of injection what is extremely important for pediatric immunization programs. However, most of recently constructed subunit vaccines based on purified bacterial/viral antigens are rather poorly immunogenic. This review presents some novel ways to enhance and modulate host immune responses by combining antigens with specific adjuvants or by employing specific delivery systems. We also discuss some recent technologies, based on mining the genomic sequences of bacterial pathogens, which accelarate and improve identification of new candidates for vaccine construction. As an example, we focus on the progress in the development of vaccine against Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni is now recognized as a leading cause of bacterial enteritis in human.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2003

[New assumptions in the concept of vaccine prophylaxis of infantile infections].

An essential reduction in the incidence rate of six infantile infections within the Expanded Immunization Program was accompanied by occurrence of new problems in vaccine prophylaxis. 1. Vaccine-dependence--the reoccurrence of vaccine-prevented infections in those cases when vaccination was stopped. 2. A choice of strategy in the immune prophylaxis of poliomyelitis during the post-liquidation period bearing in mind the elimination of vaccine strains from the human population and a possible global refusal from vaccination. 3. Elaboration of regional programs for eliminating the measles in big territories. 4. Alteration of protective antigens Bordotella pertussis. The relationship of such alterations correlates with a rise in the Bordotella pertussis incidence rate with regard for multiple comprehensive vaccinations in the USA and Western Europe.

Bordetella pertussis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of infant and early childhood mortality in Cameroon: the role of socioeconomic factors, housing characteristics, and immunization status.

This study examines factors impinging on the survival of children in Cameroon using longitudinal data collected by the United Nations Demographic Training and Research Institute of Yaoundé, Cameroon. It deals especially with the role of socioeconomic factors (mother's education, employment, marital status, ethnicity, and household income), housing characteristics (construction materials, power source, source of water supply, extent of crowding), and immunization status on infant and child mortality. Two-state parametric and nonparametric hazards models for the risk of death at any time within the course of the study are used, with and without accounting for unmeasured heterogeneity. Overall, overcrowding has robust deleterious effects on infant and child survival. As regards the effects of socioeconomic variables, the robustness of the effects of household income and ethnic differentials are unchanged, even after controlling for unmeasured heterogeneity; the deleterious effects of marital status are also apparent, but these effects are largely explained by unmeasured covariates. The data also suggest that the protective effects of full immunization status are robust and not contaminated by confounding factors, at least in the first 16 months of life. These findings provide solid ground to support immunization programs and efforts as a means to reduce significantly infant and child mortality.

Cameroon↗
PubMed2002

[Immunization schedules in Spain in 2002. When will they be unified?].

In the middle of the year 2002, there still are distinct calendars for vaccinations in Spain. The Ministry of Health and Consumption proposed on calendar for 2001, the Spanish Association of Pediatrics another, quite different, and the 17 Autonomous Communities each recommend their own calendar, even though there are numerous similarities among these. There is no justifiable reason for this disparity and it does not seem reasonable that these circumstances, which create tremendous confusion and many problems among the general population as well as health professionals, should continue for any longer. Infectious diseases susceptible to vaccination have some almost identical clinical epidemiological traits in all the geographical regions in our country and the germs responsible for these disease behave similarly in all areas. This article reviews the epidemiological situation of those diseases which are included in the distinct immunization programs, and others not yet included, and it carries out a critical analysis of the recommendations which these programs make regarding their prevention.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1999

Update on diagnosis, management, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection.

Acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 350 million people worldwide have chronic HBV infection and that 1 million persons die each year from HBV-related chronic liver disease. In the past decade, significant progress in the understanding of the molecular virology and pathogenesis of HBV infection has been made. In addition, effective treatment modalities have been developed for persons with chronic infection. Worldwide, prevention of HBV transmission has become a high priority. In 1992, the Global Advisory Group to the World Health Organization recommended that all countries integrate hepatitis B vaccine into national immunization programs by 1997. Currently, 80 countries have done so and several others are planning to. Many countries have reported dramatic reductions in the prevalence of chronic HBV infection among children born since the hepatitis B vaccine was introduced into infant immunization schedules. Recent reports from Taiwan indicate a reduction in the incidence of liver cancer among children as a result of widespread hepatitis B vaccination programs.

Hepatitis B↗
PubMed1990

[Efficacy of influenza vaccination--the detection of a seeming efficacy].

In Japan, influenza vaccination has been offered to schoolchildren as a collective preventive program with parents given the right to participate or not participate in this program since 1987. Literature on the efficacy of influenza vaccination including the research report by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (1987) which proposed the continuation of the collective immunization program were examined. In almost all of the papers supportive of vaccination, approaches by which the final conclusions of the efficacy of vaccination were obtained have been found to be scientifically marginal in design and analysis. In order to further investigate these problems, a reanalysis of the data from recent studies by Satomi and Mori (1989) was conducted. A significant efficacy of the influenza vaccination could not be detected from this analysis, strongly suggesting that what appeared to be an efficacy in many papers may have been produced as a result of the confounding by the "healthiness" of the study population.

Binomial Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Political, administrative, and economic resources for the control of poliomyelitis.

Control of any major childhood disease in developing countries is dependent on the ability of health services to reach the susceptible population and to administer appropriate therapy or preventive action. Both of these needs are addressed by the development of primary health-care services. The vaccine-preventable diseases, including poliomyelitis, are likely to be controlled only through programs that are executed through the primary health-care system. The implications of the technical aspect of poliomyelitis control on economic resources are secondary to the administrative capability of the programs to manage these technical facilities effectively. The first prerequisite of any health program is the political will on the part of the decision makers to carry it through effectively. This will be reflected in the strength of the administrative structures and the economic resources made available. At present poliomyelitis, with its clinical visibility and its appeal to humanitarian instincts, has an importance as a leader for immunization programs and thus, for primary health care.

Health Policy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pediatric immunizations.

The record of disease prevention in children is an impressive testament to our universal immunization program. However, these successes are being threatened by rates of vaccination in some areas of the country that are substantially less than those seen in the developing world. Unless the pediatric immunization rates are improved, epidemics of other vaccine-preventable diseases will recur, as evidenced by the measles outbreaks. Although the tools needed for disease prevention are available, the means for their delivery are lacking. It is the obligation of us all to immunize the nation's children.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Satisfaction of parents or accompanying persons with vaccination services for children and youngsters being vaccinated].

A patient satisfaction survey aimed to assess the quality of immunization services was carried out as part of the new regional vaccination plan launched in Piemonte in 1999 to comply with the targets of the national immunization program. In January and February 2001, persons accompanying children for vaccination at the outpatient clinics were requested to fill a self-administered questionnaire with questions on the organization of the immunization services, the health care facilities, the attitude of the health care workers and the quality of the information provided. The response rate was 93%. Overall, satisfaction with the immunization services scored generally high, except for the quality of the information provided to the public. Many interviewees complained that the written/verbal information about the vaccination schedules was either lacking or insufficient. The survey results indicate a need for better training and updating of health care workers so that they can give immunization service users correct information as requested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Prospects for vaccines during pregnancy and in the newborn period.

Maternal and neonatal vaccine strategies have been used successfully throughout the world for many years. In addition, new vaccine technologies are likely to overcome the scientific issues related to safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of neonatal vaccines. There are obvious advantages to maternal or neonatal immunizations. Immunologic protection in the first 8 to 12 weeks of life occurs only by passive immunization with IgG or by actively immunizing the mother or newborn baby (or by doing both as in hepatitis B). Although mothers may have protective levels of antibody to many pathogens, only active immunization of mothers or babies ensures that reliable protective levels are abundant in the neonate. Also, premature infants receive lower levels of passive maternal antibody and may not be protected regardless of maternal levels of specific antibodies. Thus, there is a particular need for development of neonatal immunization strategies in these babies. There is another value of neonatal immunization in the newborn period and that is compliance. In all areas of the world there is often poor compliance with infant vaccination policies. The newborn period offers the earliest possible time at which many infants can be reliably started on their immunization program. In many parts of the developing world this is already being put into practice for selected vaccines. Many of the vaccines currently used or under consideration for maternal or neonatal immunization are listed in Table 4. What are the impediments to progress in this area? For neonatal immunization there are several issues; however, the main impediment is providing vaccines that are safe, provide rapid protection, and are highly immunogenic if given to babies with an immature immune system. As reviewed in this article, current vaccines are safely and effectively used in newborn babies. As new vaccine technologies improve immunogenicity and allow mucosal delivery, the routine childhood immunization may move into the newborn period. Maternal immunization is a more complex issue. Currently available vaccines and new conjugate vaccines are immunogenic in women, and there is no convincing evidence of risk to the fetus by immunizing pregnant women with bacterial vaccines, toxoids, or inactive viral vaccines. The reduction in anti-PRP antibody in mothers receiving PRP-T conjugate vaccine within 4 weeks of a tetanus shot, however, demonstrates the necessity to demonstrate immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy of maternal immunization strategies before universal implementation. To hasten the availability and utilization of maternal vaccines, an increasing emphasis on research with increased funding should focus on vaccine development specifically to provide protection for infants in the first weeks of life (both maternal and neonatal vaccine strategies). The pharmaceutical industry, physicians, and the FDA must work together to develop guidelines for studies that will efficiently analyze the safety and efficacy of candidate vaccines. Liability issues also must be addressed so that physicians and the pharmaceutical industry can become comfortable with producing and employing vaccines that will protect babies at the earliest possible time.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Immunization of patients with rheumatoid arthritis against influenza: a study of vaccine safety and immunogenicity.

OBJECTIVE: To address the issues of immunogenicity and local and systemic reactions to vaccination with influenza vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six patients with RA were stratified into 3 groups: (1) those with a history of vaccination with influenza vaccine within 24 months who were receiving usual therapy for RA, (2) those receiving usual therapy for RA but without prior vaccine, and (3) those receiving immunosuppressive medication or prednisone > or = 7.5 mg/day, irrespective of their prior immunization status. Within each group, patients were randomized to receive vaccine or placebo. A group of age matched, healthy controls were also vaccinated. RESULTS: During a one month followup period, adverse reactions occurred with equal frequency among patients with RA and healthy controls. Similar significant increases in titers to the vaccine were seen in all groups of patients with arthritis and in the controls. CONCLUSION: The potential increase in susceptibility to influenza and death from respiratory illness in patients with RA and the demonstrated safety and immunogenicity of influenza vaccine should require the inclusion of patients with RA in standard immunization programs.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1998

Hepatitis B immunization programme: Spain.

Until the early 1990s, the hepatitis B prevention strategy in Spain was based exclusively on selective vaccination of high-risk groups. However, this strategy proved inadequate in reducing the incidence of disease and the prevalence rate of chronic carriers. In October 1991, the Autonomous Region of Catalonia embarked on a programme of universal immunization targeted at 12-year-olds. A few months later, in June 1992, the National Council on Health issued the recommendation that the "autonomous regions, taking into account their budgets and infrastructures, should establish HB immunization programmes for adolescents as soon as possible". Currently, the 17 autonomous regions are carrying out adolescent immunization programmes against HB.

Child↗