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PubMed2003

Changes in behavior and behavioral intentions among middle-age women: results from an osteoporosis prevention program.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in behaviors and behavioral intentions that occurred among 342 middle-age women (M age 49.5 yr.) after participating in an Osteoporosis Prevention Program. The valid and reliable Osteoporosis Preventing Behaviors Survey (developed by Doheny and Sedlak) and a survey developed for this work were measures. Significant changes in behaviors were reported, especially increases in weight-bearing physical activity, dairy product intake, and decreases in consumption of caffeine-containing beverages. Many subjects reported intentions to increase physical activity and calcium intake. An Osteoporosis Prevention Program may help promote osteoporosis prevention behaviors, but intents must be followed up to check actual change.

Female↗

PubMed2005

Factors associated with intentions for colorectal cancer screenings in a Chinese sample.

This study investigated factors associated with intention to screen for colorectal cancer among Chinese people age 40 yr. and older. In-depth individual interviews were conducted. Participants were recruited from urban middle-class communities in Taichung, Taiwan through homogeneous, criterion, and snowball sampling strategies (N=32). Immersion and crystallization techniques were used in data analysis. Member check was used to ensure data quality. Analysis showed that factors related to intentions to have fecal occult blood tests were influenced by the inconvenience (61%) and the unpleasant screening procedure (29%), while participants' gastrointestinal symptoms or family history (32%) and physicians' recommendation or patients' self-health conditions (25%) were more important to intentions for a flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy screening. This study suggests tailoring strategies and messages to encourage use of various screening. Unique cultural issues, such as avoidance of facing problems (28%), embarrassment (23%), or lack of acceptance of preventive behaviors (16%), were also discussed with recommendations provided.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Intentional neglect.

The neglect syndrome has been defined as a failure to report, respond or orient to novel or meaningful stimuli presented to the side opposite of a brain lesion when this failure can not be attributed to elemental sensory (e.g., hemianopia) or motor (hemiplegia) deficits. This failure to report, respond or orient can be induced by attentional, representation-memory, and intentional deficits. The four major intentional deficits that can be associated with neglect include, akinesia (body part, directional and hemispatial), impersistence, defective response inhibition and motor perseveration. In this article we define and discuss each of these intentional disorders, describe how to test patients for these disorders and the neuropsychological and pathophysiological mechanisms that might be associated with these disorders.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Factors associated with college student intent to engage in community service.

Many universities in the United States highlight service as an integral component to their mission. Additionally, a growing pedagogical focus highlights the importance of community service as an integral component of student development. The current study was an investigation of the factors associated with college student intentions to engage in volunteer community service. University students (N = 403) at a comprehensive university located in the southern plains completed an anonymous Web-based questionnaire to assess community service attitudes and intentions. Subsequent to testing for statistical assumptions, results from multiple regression analysis suggest that a sense of community connectedness, cost and benefit considerations, and the seriousness of community needs are significant variables in explaining variance in the intent to engage in community service.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Antecedents of Taiwanese adolescents' purchase intention toward the merchandise of a celebrity: the moderating effect of celebrity adoration.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relative importance of adolescents' attitude toward an act (the degree to which the person had a favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of the act's behavior in question), perceived norm, and perceived behavioral control in predicting Taiwanese adolescents' intention to purchase the merchandise of a celebrity when they had different levels of celebrity adoration. The present results showed that the relative strengths of attitude toward the act and the perception of behavioral control in predicting purchase intention toward the merchandise of a celebrity were stronger for adolescents in the celebrity adoration group than for adolescents in the celebrity nonadoration group. On the other hand, the relative importance of the perceived norm in predicting the attitude toward the act and the purchase intention was stronger for adolescents in the celebrity nonadoration group than for adolescents in the celebrity adoration group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Perceptual implicit memory relies on intentional, load-sensitive processing at encoding.

In two experiments, we examined whether the encoding processes leading to perceptual implicit memory satisfied the intentionality and load insensitivity criteria for automaticity. Whether participants intended to process words or digits, in displays containing both, was manipulated in Experiment 1. Results showed an effect of intention on a subsequent perceptual identification task and a recognition task. Load (one, two, and four words) and exposure duration (1,000, 600, and 200 msec) at encoding were manipulated in Experiment 2. Recognition was affected by both variables, but performance on the perceptual identification task was affected only by load. In both experiments, the results showed that controlled (intentional, load-sensitive) processing of words at encoding is essential for later perceptual implicit memory. That is, the encoding processes leading to perceptual implicit memory fail both criteria of automaticity.

Attention↗

PubMed2004

Automatic and intentional memory processes in visual search.

Previous research has indicated that saccade target selection during visual search is influenced by scanning history. Already inspected items are less likely to be chosen as saccade targets as long as the number intervening saccades is small. Here, we adapted Jacoby's (1991) process dissociation procedure to assess the role of intentional and automatic processes in saccade target selection. Results indicate a large automatic component biasing participants to move their eyes to unexamined locations. However, an intentional component allowed participants to both reinspect old items and aid their selection of new items. A second experiment examined inhibition of return (IOR) as a candidate for the observed automatic component. IOR was found for items that had been previously examined. It is concluded that both automatic and intentional memory traces are available to guide the eyes during search.

Automatism↗

PubMed2004

[Effects of dance exercise on exercise intention and exercise-related affect of postmenopausal women].

PURPOSE: A dance exercise program was performed to investigate the effects of exercise on exercise intention and exercise-related affect as these are important determinants of exercise behavior. METHOD: The subjects were overweight (23< or =BMI< or =25) or obese (BMI> or =25) postmenopausal women (n=14), who participated in an exercise program from May, 2003 through November, 2003 at one public health center located in Kyong-gi Province. Data was analyzed with an SAS PC program. RESULT: Exercise intention was significantly increased after the exercise program (t=-2.24, P=0.04). Exercise-related affect was also increased, but there was no statistically significant change (t=1.81, P=0.09). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that exercise participation can increase the level of future exercise behavior by increasing exercise intention and exercise-related affect.

Affect↗

PubMed2005

[Influential variables on intention and action to quit smoking between adolescent smokers and adult smokers-based on the transtheoretical model].

PURPOSE: This study identified and compared influential variables on intention and action to quit smoking between adolescent smokers and adult smokers. METHODS: For the selection of variables, the transtheoretical theory was used. A survey was conducted with 376 adolescent smokers in 4 high schools and 451 adult smokers in community settings in South Korea. Discriminant analysis was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The variables of adolescent smokers that predicted an intention to quit smoking were: smoking temptation, self re-evaluation, counter conditioning and stimulus control. The variables that predicted an action to quit smoking were: self-efficacy for smoking abstinence, pros for smoking, self reevaluation, and self liberation. The variables of adult smokers that predicted an intention to quit were: smoking temptation, pros for smoking, cons for smoking, self reevaluation. The variables that self liberation and predicted an action to quit smoking were: self efficacy for smoking abstinence, smoking temptation, and counter conditioning. CONCLUSIONS: Developing stage specific smoking intervention methods based on different ways of how individuals make a decision to quit smoking within their contexts needs to be done.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Prescriber intent, off-label usage, and early discontinuation of antidepressants: a retrospective physician survey and data analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many patients discontinue antidepressant therapy long before the 6-month minimum duration recommended for the treatment of major depression and many other diagnoses. We explore various possibilities, including prescriber intent and patient diagnosis, to explain some of this early discontinuation. METHOD: Patients from a single health maintenance organization who filled at least 1 prescription for an antidepressant during the first 4 months of 2001 and who did not fill an antidepressant prescription in the 6 months prior were identified retrospectively. Prescribers of those patients' antidepressants were surveyed for patient diagnosis and length of intended treatment with antidepressant medication. Actual length of treatment was then obtained from pharmacy data and correlated with survey data and other variables. RESULTS: Prescriber surveys were returned for 51% (485/951) of the patients identified. Surveys indicated that for 34% of initial antidepressant prescriptions, < 6 months of treatment was intended. Important determinants of the length of antidepressant therapy included prescriber specialty area, number of prescribers, prescriber intent, diagnosis, specific antidepressant used, and concomitant benzodiazepine use. CONCLUSIONS: Prescriber intention to treat many patients with short courses of antidepressants, often for off-label, non-mental health indications, was correlated with early discontinuation and needs further study of both its rationale and efficacy. Although less prevalent, short-term treatment of mental health disorders, including depression, was also intended by psychiatrists and other prescribers. The widespread practice of intended short-term treatment with antidepressants needs to be understood better, since it results in guideline-incompatible, early antidepressant discontinuation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Intention to serve the same company for long years and job satisfaction in Japanese workers].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between intention to serve the same company for long years and job satisfaction in Japanese workers. Four hundred eighteen Japanese workers completed a questionnaire to assess intention to serve for long years and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction was measured by two scales. One scale was consisted of the items which were deviced in the preliminary study concerning satisfaction with the company, and the other was consisted of the items based on the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. A factor analysis on the former scale yielded four factors: fosterage by company, order in company, company's name recognition, and expansibility of company. A factor analysis on the latter yielded four factors: contribution and activity, recognition and benefits, supervision, and discretion on job. The multiple regression analysis showed that "expansibility of company" was the most important predictor of intention to serve for long years.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Fertility desires and intentions of HIV-positive patients at a suburban specialist center.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent of fertility desires and intentions of HIV-positive patients receiving care at a suburban specialist clinic and assess how these may vary by their sociodemographic and health-related factors. METHODS: Questionnaire-based interview of a consecutive sample of HIV-positive men (18-55 years) and HIV-positive women (18-45 years) who presented at the HIV clinic of the Center for Special Studies, Sagamu, Nigeria, between November and December 2004. RESULTS: 63.3% of the 147 studied participants expressed the desire for childbearing, even though 50.4% of them already had > or = 2 children. Respectively, 71.5% and 93.8% of men and women who desired children intended to have > or = 2 in the near future. Only 4.3% of those who desired children did not intend to have any. All 30 individuals who had no children intended to bear children in the future, and they constituted 32.3% of those who expressed the desire for childbearing. Multivariate logistic regression analyses of associated factors indicated that decreasing age, shorter time since diagnosis of HIV infection and nondisclosure of serostatus to current partner significantly increase the odds of desire for childbearing, while having no children and a poor most-recent CD4 count significantly increase the odds of intention to have > or = 3 children instead of 1-2. CONCLUSION: The extent of the fertility desires and intentions of these patients poses a threat to the preventive strategies against vertical and heterosexual transmission of HIV in this region. In view of their compelling desire for parenthood, it may be wise for caregivers to desist from the conventional systematic advice against pregnancy but, in addition to laying emphasis on the risks, provide adequate information on practicable reproductive options for HIV-positive individuals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Intentional torts claims in medical cases.

Civil liability legislation enacted in each Australian jurisdiction following the Ipp Report recommendations created a clear divide between "negligence" and "intentional" torts. The common law action for trespass to the person is to varying extents maintained in the approaches taken by the State and Territory legislatures. This article explores the potential application of intentional torts claims in a medical context in light of recent case law. It identifies advantages for plaintiffs who plead intentional tort claims, including onus of proof, causation, remoteness, the quantum of compensatory damages and the availability of aggravated and exemplary damages.

Australia↗

PubMed2006

With good Intentions.

The use of intentions in computer-based guidelines may help to make them more flexible, easier to adapt to local standards, easier to evaluate and to improve. We see possibilities of using intentions in several areas: as a generator of actions which could be performed and then compared with the decision of the physician, as a method for pruning proposed actions based on current and previous patient data. In this contribution we present our approach to intention-based guidelines.

Decision Support Systems, Clinical↗

PubMed2004

Characteristics associated with use or intention to use indoor tanning among adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Indoor tanning is a popular behavior that may increase skin cancer risk. OBJECTIVE: To examine characteristics associated with use or intention to use indoor tanning among adolescents. METHODS: A telephone interview was conducted with 1273 adolescents, aged 14 to 17 years, in the Minneapolis-St Paul, Minn, and Boston, Mass, metropolitan areas. Questions included demographic and phenotypic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, social factors, use of indoor tanning, and intention to tan indoors. RESULTS: Twelve percent of boys and 42% of girls had tanned indoors. Among nontanners, 22.4% planned to start, and 77.2% of tanners planned to continue tanning indoors. Nontanners and tanners at risk for future indoor tanning use were each significantly more likely to be female, less likely to use sun protection, less knowledgeable about skin cancer risks, more likely to agree that tans were attractive, and more strongly influenced by social factors compared with their low-risk counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that intention to tan indoors may identify a group of adolescents at risk for adopting the behavior; prospective studies are needed for confirmation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars.

CONTEXT: This large outbreak of foodborne disease highlights the challenge of investigating outbreaks caused by intentional contamination and demonstrates the vulnerability of self-service foods to intentional contamination. OBJECTIVE: To investigate a large community outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections. DESIGN: Epidemiologic investigation of patients with Salmonella gastroenteritis and possible exposures in The Dalles, Oregon. Cohort and case-control investigations were conducted among groups of restaurant patrons and employees to identify exposures associated with illness. SETTING: A community in Oregon. Outbreak period was September and October 1984. PATIENTS: A total of 751 persons with Salmonella gastroenteritis associated with eating or working at area restaurants. Most patients were identified through passive surveillance; active surveillance was conducted for selected groups. A case was defined either by clinical criteria or by a stool culture yielding S Typhimurium. RESULTS: The outbreak occurred in 2 waves, September 9 through 18 and September 19 through October 10. Most cases were associated with 10 restaurants, and epidemiologic studies of customers at 4 restaurants and of employees at all 10 restaurants implicated eating from salad bars as the major risk factor for infection. Eight (80%) of 10 affected restaurants compared with only 3 (11%) of the 28 other restaurants in The Dalles operated salad bars (relative risk, 7.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-22.7; P<.001). The implicated food items on the salad bars differed from one restaurant to another. The investigation did not identify any water supply, food item, supplier, or distributor common to all affected restaurants, nor were employees exposed to any single common source. In some instances, infected employees may have contributed to the spread of illness by inadvertently contaminating foods. However, no evidence was found linking ill employees to initiation of the outbreak. Errors in food rotation and inadequate refrigeration on ice-chilled salad bars may have facilitated growth of the S Typhimurium but could not have caused the outbreak. A subsequent criminal investigation revealed that members of a religious commune had deliberately contaminated the salad bars. An S Typhimurium strain found in a laboratory at the commune was indistinguishable from the outbreak strain. CONCLUSIONS: This outbreak of salmonellosis was caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars by members of a religious commune.

Contact Tracing↗

PubMed1987

The effects of unconscious presentation of information on therapist conceptualizations, intentions, and responses.

This article presents a study of the effects of tachistoscopic presentation of affective words on subjects' conceptualizations, intentions, and responses to a simulated client. The participants, 36 counseling students, were assigned randomly to one of the following treatments: subliminal presentation of negative emotional concepts; subliminal presentation of positive emotional concepts; supraliminal presentation of positive emotional concepts. After the tachistoscopic presentations, all subjects were exposed to a simulated client, whom they were asked to evaluate, respond to, and report the cognitive intentions that guided their responses. Significant effects were found in the subliminal presentation of positive emotional concepts on subjects' conceptualizations, intentions, and responses. Some significant effects also were found for the supraliminal presentation, but only for the client evaluation measure.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Prediction of intention to exercise of individuals who have suffered from coronary heart disease.

The aim of the study was to understand the intention to exercise of individuals who suffer from CHD. A group of 161 cardiac patients completed a questionnaire that investigated intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived barriers, habits, perceived difficulties, and personal normative beliefs with respect to exercising, as well as perceived severity of and perceived vulnerability to re-infarction. Regression of intention yielded an R2 of .41 (p less than .0001), with perceived barriers, habits, and perceived difficulties as the significant predictors. MANOVA indicated that high and low intenders differed (p less than .01) according to their perception of three barriers: difficulties in time management, difficulties in psychological adaptation, and laziness. These results suggest that new guidelines should be adopted for the development of cardiac rehabilitation exercise programs.

Coronary Disease↗