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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Estimation of capillary length density in skeletal muscle by unbiased stereological methods: I. Use of vertical slices of known thickness.

BACKGROUND: The unbiased estimation of the capillary length density in skeletal muscle tissue Lv(cap/mus) has been performed in this study applying a new stereological methodology based on the use of vertical slices and the intersections of cycloid test curves with capillaries in a three-dimensional space defined by systematically chosen fields of vision and the thickness of the sections. METHODS: The following simple requirements must be fulfilled: selection of a fixed vertical axis in skeletal muscle, adequate systematic muscle sampling, obtention of vertical slices of constant and known thickness but indifferent in magnitude, superposition of a cycloid test system with the minor axis of cycloid curves positioned perpendicularly to the vertical axis, and counting the intersections between cycloid curves and capillaries. In our study, the vertical axis was defined as that which is parallel to the natural, major axis of the muscle where fibres and capillaries are arranged parallel to this axis. The muscle sampling was performed using the fractionator method, and 25 microns thick sections were chosen. RESULTS: The application of the equation for estimation of Lv(cap/mus) permits determination of an average of 1,480 mm of capillaries per mm3 of muscle tissue, knowing the number of intersections, section thickness, and the points hitting the muscle with a known ratio between cycloid test curve length to a test point. CONCLUSIONS: The estimation of Lv(cap/mus) is efficient, unbiasedly obtained, and no assumptions on the degree of capillary anisotropy are required.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Estimation of capillary length density in skeletal muscle by unbiased stereological methods: II. Use of vertical slices of unknown thickness.

BACKGROUND: The capillary network of the skeletal muscle was analyzed from a quantitative point of view with the purpose of determining the capillary length density--LV(cap/mus). A recent stereological method was applied to estimate this quantity using vertical slices of unknown thickness. METHODS: First, the whole muscle was systematically sampled according to the fractionator method. The capillary length density was estimated on each chosen field of vision where the vertical axis was always identified as parallel to the major axis of the muscle fibers. Three measurements were performed: count of intersections between capillaries and cycloid test lines, count of intersections between capillaries and straight test lines, and count of capillary end points corresponding to the intersections of capillaries with the parallel planes of the vertical slices. RESULTS: The estimated capillary length density was 1,578 mm per mm3 of skeletal muscle tissue. The average thickness of the vertical slices was also estimated as 23.4 microns, which is roughly 6% less than the thickness measured using the microcator information on the microscope stage displacement. CONCLUSIONS: The advantages of this methodology were based on two main features: the method is assumption-free on the degree of capillary and muscle anisotropy, and the thickness of the vertical slices need not be known nor constant.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

A three-state model for the photophysics of adenine.

An ab initio theoretical study at the CASPT2 level is reported on minimum energy reaction paths, state minima, transition states, reaction barriers, and conical intersections on the potential energy hypersurfaces of two tautomers of adenine: 9H- and 7H-adenine. The obtained results led to a complete interpretation of the photophysics of adenine and derivatives, both under jet-cooled conditions and in solution, within a three-state model. The ultrafast subpicosecond fluorescence decay measured in adenine is attributed to the low-lying conical intersection (gs/pipi* La)(CI), reached from the initially populated 1(pipi* La) state along a path which is found to be barrierless only in 9H-adenine, while for the 7H tautomer the presence of an intermediate plateau corresponding to an NH2-twisted conformation may explain the absence of ultrafast decay in 7-substituted compounds. A secondary picosecond decay is assigned to a path involving switches towards two other states, 1(pipi* Lb) and 1(npi*), ultimately leading to another conical intersection with the ground state, (gs/npi*), with a perpendicular disposition of the amino group. The topology of the hypersurfaces and the state properties explain the absence of secondary decay in 9-substituted adenines in water in terms of the higher position of the 1(npi*) state and also that the 1(pipi* Lb) state of 7H-adenine is responsible for the observed fluorescence in water. A detailed discussion comparing recent experimental and theoretical findings is given. As for other nucleobases, the predominant role of a pipi*-type state in the ultrafast deactivation of adenine is confirmed.

Adenine↗

PubMed1991

Ultrastructure of the human erythrocyte cytoskeleton and its attachment to the membrane.

We attached paraformaldehyde-fixed human erythrocyte ghosts to coated coverslips and sheared them to expose the cytoskeleton. Quick-freeze, deep-etch, rotary-replication, or tannic acid/osmium fixation and plastic embedding revealed the cytoskeleton as a dense network of intersecting straight filaments. Previous negative stain studies on spread skeletons found 5-6 spectrin tetramers intersecting at each actin oligomer, with an estimated 250 such intersections/microns 2 of membrane. In contrast, we found 3-4 filaments at each intersection and approximately 400 intersections/microns 2 of membrane. Immunogold labeling verified that the filaments were spectrin, but their lengths (29-37 nm) were approximately one-third that of extended spectrin dimers. The length and diameter of the filaments were sufficient to accommodate spectrin dimers, but not spectrin tetramers. Our results suggest that, in situ, spectrin dimers may associate as hexamers and octamers, rather than tetramers. We present several explanations that can reconcile our observations on intact cytoskeletons with previous reports on spread material. Extracting sheared ghosts with solutions of low ionic strength removed the cytoskeleton to reveal projections from the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. These projections contained band 3, as shown by immunogold labeling, and they aggregated to a similar extent as intramembrane particles (IMP) when the cytoskeleton was removed, suggesting a direct relationship between these structures. Quantification indicated a stoichiometry of 2 IMP for each cytoplasmic projection. Cytoplasmic projections presumably contain other proteins besides band 3 since further treatment with high ionic strength solutions extracts peripheral proteins and reduces the diameter of projections by approximately 3 nm.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗

PubMed1983

The comparative effects of early-life undernutrition and subsequent differential environments on the dendritic branching of pyramidal cells in rat visual cortex.

Male rats were either undernourished or fed normally from birth to day 21, after which time food was made freely available. At 1 month of age littermate pairs from both nutritional groups were housed in either enriched or impoverished conditions for 30 days and then killed for brain measurements. Significant deficits due to undernutrition were observed in the weight and size of the cerebrum, but not in the thickness or area of the visual cortex. Although there were large differences of between 21 and 39% in the number of higher-order basal dendrites of layers II and III pyramidal cells, and of about 19% in the distal ring intersections, none except the fourth-order branches and intersections at 100 micron from the cell body approached statistical significance. Changes in cerebral weight and size also occurred as a result of differential housing, with the enriched rats showing increased values relative to their impoverished littermates. In contrast to the nutritional treatment, differential housing significantly affected cortical thickness and area, as well as basal dendritic branching of the pyramidal cells. Enriched rats had relative increases of 26% in the number of fifth-order branches and 45-80% in the number of distal ring intersections.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Mental-attentional capacity: does cognitive style make a difference?

There is currently no consensus on whether the difference between field-dependent and field-independent subjects on tasks of cognitive abilities result from different mental processing strategies, from true group differences in cognitive ability, or from both. School-age children (N = 239) were tested for field dependence/independence using the Children's Embedded Figures Test and for mental-attentional capacity using the Figural Intersection Task. Multigroup scaling models were used to separate the contributions of style from ability in children's performance on Figural Intersection items. Results show that field-dependent children have greater odds of success than field-independent children in Figural Intersection items when the task's mental-attentional demand is above the child's mental attentional capacity, as assessed in the same task. The contrary is true when the task's mental-attentional demand is below or equal to the mental-attentional capacity of the child. Overall, field-dependent children obtain lower estimates of mental-attentional capacity than field-independent children in this task. We discuss the implications of these results for the measurement of mental-attentional capacity and the conceptualization of field dependence/independence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Deriving shape space parameters from immunological data.

We present a method for deriving shape space parameters that are consistent with immunological data, and illustrate the method by deriving shape space parameters for a model of cross-reactive memory. Cross-reactive memory responses occur when the immune system is primed by one strain of a pathogen and challenged with a related, but different, strain. Much of the nature of a cross-reactive response is determined by the quantity and distribution of the memory cells, raised to the primary antigen, that cross-react with the secondary antigen. B cells with above threshold affinity for an antigen lie in a region of shape space that we call a ball of stimulation. In a cross-reactive response, the intersection of the balls of stimulation of the primary and secondary antigens contains the cross-reactive B cells and thus determines the degree of cross-reactivity between the antigens. We derive formulas for the volume of intersection of balls of stimulation in different shape spaces and show that the parameters of shape space, such as its dimensionality, have a large impact on the number of B cells in the intersection. The application of our method for driving shape space parameters indicates that, for Hamming shape spaces, 20 to 25 dimensions, a three or four letter alphabet, and balls of stimulation of radius five or six, are choices that match the experimental data. For Euclidean shape spaces, five to eight dimensions and balls of stimulation with radius about 20% of the radius of the whole space, match the experimental data.

Antigens↗

PubMed1993

Pathfinding by neuroblastoma cells in culture is directed by preferential adhesion to positively charged surfaces.

Pathfinding is a fundamental behavior of migrating neuroblasts and advancing growth cones. We have analyzed this behavior in culture using mouse neuroblastoma (N1E-115) cells grown on a chemically patterned surface. The patterned surface was defined photolithographically and consisted of intersection 10-micron-wide pathways. The pathways were coated with positively charged amines and separated by regions bound with uncharged alkanes. Cells and growth cones were guided along the pathways and made choices at intersections. Whereas migrating cells made random choices at intersections, growth cones displayed a preference for advancing straight ahead. Interference reflection microscopy (IRM) revealed that pathfinding by cells and growth cones was correlated with greater overall attachment to aminated regions, although cell bodies and appendages also attached to adjacent alkanated regions. Thus guidance was not simply due to contact inhibition by alkanes; rather, it was due to "preferential" adhesion to aminated surfaces. Gray level analysis of IRM images demonstrated that focal and close contacts were made on both surfaces, indicating that preferential adhesion was not the result of tighter attachment to aminated surfaces. Fluorescent labeling of F-actin and microtubules indicated that preferential adhesion was not due to compartmentalization of these cytoskeletal structures on aminated regions. We propose that preferential adhesion involved a signal transduction mechanism that discriminated between positively charged and uncharged molecules. Such a mechanism could contribute to pathfinding by neuroblasts and growth cones along extracellular matrix proteins in vivo.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1994

Morphometry of the size of the capillary-to-fiber interface in muscles.

Capillary-to-fiber perimeter ratio is a morphometric estimate of muscle capillarity in transverse sections which accounts for the three-dimensional arrangement of the capillary network. We compared different methods for estimating capillary-to-fiber perimeter ratio in muscles with large differences in fiber size and capillary density or geometry (hummingbird and bat flight muscle, bat hindlimb, tuna red muscle and rat M. soleus). There was no significant difference between light and electron microscopy estimates of capillary-to-fiber perimeter ratio by direct intersection-counting in transverse sections. Calculated values via capillary surface per fiber volume and fiber cross-sectional area/perimeter were not significantly different from those obtained by direct intersection-counting in muscle transverse sections in any muscle. A closer estimate of capillary-to-fiber perimeter ratio to that obtained by direct intersection-counting in transverse sections was calculated via capillary surface density than capillary length per fiber volume and capillary diameter, possibly because of the greater number of variables used to calculate capillary-to-fiber perimeter ratio via capillary length density and diameter. A greater capillary-to-fiber perimeter ratio was found in hummingbird and bat flight muscle than in the other muscles, consistent with an important role of the capillary-to-fiber interface in determining O2 flux rates and measurements of mitochondrial respiratory rates in flying hummingbird that are about two times greater than those in locomotry muscles of mammals running at VO2max.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Covering one eye in fixation-disparity measurement causes slight movement of fellow eye.

In the subjective measurement of fixation disparity (FD), the subject fuses contours presented in the peripheral macular areas of both eyes (fusion lock). The position of the eyes relative to each other is monitored by means of two haploscopically seen vertical lines presented in the central macular area, one above and one below a binocularly seen horizontal line. The subject is instructed to shift one of the vertical lines horizontally until the two are aligned, while fixating their intersection with the horizontal line. It has recently been questioned whether the foveolae really are pointed towards the perceived intersection. In this study, we monitored the position of one eye while intermittently covering the fellow eye, while the subject maintained fixation of the intersection of the remaining vertical line and the horizontal line. We found slight differences in position of the measured eye, depending on whether the other eye was covered or not, i.e. depending on the presence or absence of fusion in the macular periphery. These differences were more pronounced in the non-dominant eye.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Abnormal motor patterns in the framework of the equilibrium-point hypothesis: a cause for dystonic movements?

Until now, the equilibrium-point hypothesis (lambda model) of motor control has assumed nonintersecting force-length characteristics of the tonic stretch reflex for individual muscles. Limited data from animal experiments suggest, however, that such intersections may occur. We have assumed the possibility of intersection of the characteristics of the tonic stretch reflex and performed a computer simulation of movement trajectories and electromyographic patterns. The simulation has demonstrated, in particular, that a transient change in the slope of the characteristic of an agonist muscle may lead to temporary movement reversals, hesitations, oscillations, and multiple electromyographic bursts that are typical of movements of patients with dystonia. The movement patterns of three patients with idiopathic dystonia during attempts at fast single-joint movements (in the elbow, wrist, and ankle) were recorded and compared with the results of the computer simulation. This approach considers that motor disorders in dystonia result from faulty control patterns that may not correlate with any morphological or neurophysiological changes. It provides a basis for the high variability of dystonic movements. The uniqueness of abnormal motor patterns in dystonia, that precludes statistical analysis across patients, may result from subtle differences in the patterns of intersecting characteristics of the tonic stretch reflex. The applicability of our analysis to disordered multijoint movement patterns is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Simplified methods for the evaluation of the parameters of the time course of plasma concentration in the one-compartment body model with first-order invasion and first-order drug elimination including methods for ascertaining when such rate constants are equal.

The many limitations in determining the pharmacokinetic parameters of first-order invasion of, and elimination from, the one-compartment body model by the method of residuals or by "feathering" C-t data can be minimized by applying the simplified methods outlined herein. Comparisons of the apparent volumes of distribution, V, calculated on the premises that the Bateman Function represents ka > ke or its converse, ke > ka, i.e., flip-flop, can permit a proper choice of the correct version. Estimation of ke can be obtained by regression of (A0/V)/C(oncentration) on AUCt/C where A0/V is estimable from knowledge of Cmax and tmax since A0/V = Cmax eketmax. The ratio of the magnitude of the rate constant of invasion to that of elimination, m = ka/ke, is related to ketmax by the expression ketmax = ln m/(m - 1) for all possible values of m. A table for the determination of m from values of ketmax is given. When bioavailability, gamma = Ao/Dose, is known or complete, ke and V can be determined from the respective ordinate and abscissa of the intersection of A0/Cmax eketmax and Cl(clearance)/ke, both plotted against arbitrary ke values. The two functions may not intersect at low values of m due to errored C-t values but the ke value when the two curves are closest (kmin) may approximate ke. The intersections of Cmax eketmax and keAUCT (AUCtrap) plotted against variable ke values (Method A) provide estimates of ke from their abscissa values and A/V from their ordinate values when gamma is unknown. Method B appears to give more reliable estimates of ke at the kmin of the difference eketmax/ke - AUCT/Cmax, plotted against ke. Since kmin of this plot is l/tmax when m = 1, the identity of the m as unity underlying the C-t data is indicated when either kmintmax is approximately unity or kmin is practically synonymous with l/tmax. This was clearly shown when 12 constructed m = 1, C-t cases with 10% random error were evaluated by Method B. Better estimates were effected by all procedures when the raw C-t data were smoothed.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed1989

New echocardiographic and angiographic methods for right atrial volume determination: in vitro validation and in vivo results.

Until now, right atrial (RA) volume calculation by means of two-dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) has only been attempted in a single plane: the apical four-chamber view. Our study reports a new method for RA volume calculation using two intersecting 2-DE views. For this purpose, silicone rubber casts of 19 human necropsy hearts were obtained and thin-walled natural rubber moulds of the RA casts were prepared. Totally filled with and immersed in water, the moulds could be visualized in the apical four-chamber view and an additional 2-DE plane, the latter corresponding to the subcostal view in vivo. In this view the vertical extension of RA could be estimated. Areas and lengths of RA were determined in the respective planes, and RA volume was calculated by applying the formula, area x length, to two intersecting planes. Finally, volume of the silicone casts was determined angiocardiographically (Angio) using a biplane method (30 degrees RAO, 40 degrees LAO-40 degrees hepatoclavicular). The true RA volume was 106 +/- 23 ml (mean +/- 1 SD) as determined by water displacement. Using Angio an excellent correlation was found: the calculated volume amounted to 106 +/- 23 ml; the difference was 5.5 +/- 4.8 ml (n.s.); Angio vol = 0.93 true vol + 7.77; r = 0.95; SEE = 7.4 ml. Volume determination from the apical four-chamber view of 2-DE using a monoplane disk method resulted in a mean volume of 62 +/- 17 ml. The mean difference to the true RA volume was 44 +/- 16 ml (p less than 0.001). When volume calculations were made using the biplane method, a value of 105 +/- 22 ml resulted. The mean difference to true volumes was 7.4 +/- 4.8 ml: y = 0.84x + 15.88; r = 0.91; SEE = 9.4 ml. In an in vivo study endsystolic RA volumes were calculated in a normal adult population (n = 40) from the same intersecting planes as in vitro. A normal value of 38 +/- 6 ml/m2 was found. In vivo validation using Angio showed a slightly higher normal value of 43 = 7 ml/m2. Thus, 2-DE is highly accurate in determining RA volume. In the in vitro as well as in the in vivo study the results of monoplane calculations are clearly inferior to a method which also takes account of the vertical extension of RA.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The Bateman function revisited: a critical reevaluation of the quantitative expressions to characterize concentrations in the one compartment body model as a function of time with first-order invasion and first-order elimination.

The Bateman function, A"(e-k(e)t--e-k(a)t), quantifies the time course of a first-order invasion (rate constant ka) to, and a first-order elimination (rate constant ke) from, a one-compartment body model where A" = (gamma Dose)ka/(ka-ke)V. The rate constants (when ka > 3ke) are frequently determined by the "method of residuals" or "feathering." The rate constant ka is actually the sum of rate constants for the removal of drug from the invading compartment. "Flip-flop," the interchange of the values of the evaluated rate constants, occurs when ke > 3ka. Whether -ka or -ke is estimable from the terminal ln C-t slope can be determined from which apparent volume of distribution, V, derived from the Bateman function is the most reasonable. The Bateman function and "feathering" fail when the rate constants are equal. The time course is then expressed by C = gamma Dtk e-kt. The determination of such equal k values can be obtained by the nonlinear fitting of such C-t data with random error to the Bateman function. Also, rate constant equality can be concluded when 1/tmax and the kmin (value of ke at the minimum value of ek(e)tmax/ke plotted against variable ke values) are synonymous or when kmintmax approximates unity. Simpler methods exist to evaluate C-t data. When a drug has 100% bioavailability, regression of Dose/V/C on AUC/C in the nonabsorption phase gives ke no matter what is the ratio of m = ka/ke. Since k(e)tmax = ln m/(m-1), m can be determined from the given table relating m and k(e)tmax. When gamma is unknown, ke can be estimated from the abscissas of intersections of plots of Cmax ek(e)tmax and keAUC, both plotted vs. arbitrary values of ke, and gamma D/V values are estimable from the ordinate of the intersection. Also, when gamma is unknown, ke can be estimated from the abscissas of intersections (or of closest approaches) of ek(e)tmax/ke and AUC/Cmax, both plotted vs. arbitrary values of ke. The C-t plot of the Modified Bateman function, C = Be-lambda 2t-A e-lambda 1t, does not commence at the origin (i.e., when tc = 0 = 0 and when a lag time does not exist).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Absorption↗

PubMed1992

A local algorithm for DNA sequence alignment with inversions.

A dynamic programming algorithm to find all optimal alignments of DNA subsequences is described. The alignments use not only substitutions, insertions and deletions of nucleotides but also inversions (reversed complements) of substrings of the sequences. The inversion alignments themselves contain substitutions, insertions and deletions of nucleotides. We study the problem of alignment with non-intersecting inversions. To provide a computationally efficient algorithm we restrict candidate inversions to the K highest scoring inversions. An algorithm to find the J best non-intersecting alignments with inversions is also described. The new algorithm is applied to the regions of mitochondrial DNA of Drosophila yakuba and mouse coding for URF6 and cytochrome b and the inversion of the URF6 gene is found. The open problem of intersecting inversions is discussed.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2001

Vaginal configuration on MRI after abdominal sacrocolpopexy and sacrospinous ligament suspension.

An MRI study was conducted to compare the vaginal configuration of women who had undergone sacrospinous fixation with transvaginal needle suspension or abdominal sacrocolpopexy with retropubic colposuspension with that of normal controls. MRI examination demonstrated that in normal controls the lower vagina formed an acute angle (mean 53 degrees) with the pubococcygeal line and intersected the upper vagina at a mean angle of 145 degrees. In the abdominal repair group the lower vagina intersected the pubococcygeal line at a mean angle of 57 degrees and joined the upper segment at a mean angle of 137 degrees. In the vaginal repair group the lower vagina intersected the pubococcygeal line at a mean angle of 54 degrees and joined the upper segment at a mean angle of 220 degrees. Our study demonstrated that abdominal sacrocolpopexy with retropubic colposuspension more closely restored the vagina to its normal configuration, whereas sacrospinous fixation with transvaginal needle suspension creates an abnormal vaginal axis.

Female↗

PubMed2006

An unbiased and efficient computerised tomography method to quantify muscle and adipose tissue volume in neuromuscular patients.

The objective was to evaluate the applicability and reliability of an unbiased stereological computerised tomography (CT) method for estimating total human body (HB), skeletal muscle (SM) and adipose tissue (AT) volumes in groups of neuromuscular patients. In 10 neuromuscular patients HB, SM and AT volumes were estimated using systematic sampling on equidistant CT sections throughout the total body axis using a counting grid with systematically ordered intersection points. Each intersection point hitting HB, SM or AT represented a known volume dependent on intersection point distance and sum of section thickness and gap. Random and systematic intra- and interobserver errors for volume estimates were below 0.035. These errors were negligible to the coefficient of variation of the group mean, being 0.190 for HB, 0.323 for SM and 0.471 for AT. Even in the presence of intrafascicular and intramuscular fat in neuromuscular patients, unbiased and reliable quantification of HB, SM and AT is possible.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2026

Integrative computational analysis combining network pharmacology, regulatory network modeling, and molecular dynamics reveals the mechanisms of Quanshen compound in ITP.

UNLABELLED: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a hemorrhagic disorder caused by immune dysfunction. Quanshen Compound (QSC) is an in-house preparation developed by the Uyghur Hospital in Hotan Prefecture. This study primarily investigates and validates the potential pharmacological basis and mechanism of action of QSC in modulating immune thrombopoiesis. Based on the multi-database screening of the QSC and the related targets of ITP, the intersection was obtained to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and screen the core targets; the intersection targets were analyzed for gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis using R packages; a component-target-pathway network was constructed to screen the key active components and their mechanisms of action. At the same time, the TF-mRNA-miRNA regulatory network of the core targets was constructed, and chromosome localization and subcellular localization analysis were performed; further, the binding stability of key components and core targets was verified through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. A total of 227 potential target sites were screened out, among which TNF, IL6, AKT1, TP53 and IL1B were the core targets. The enrichment results indicated that these intersecting target sites mainly participated in inflammatory responses, immune regulation and hemostasis-related biological processes, and were significantly enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation and PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. The core target TF-mRNA-miRNA regulatory network contained 184 nodes and 200 edges, suggesting that the core targets were subject to multi-level regulation. Molecular docking results showed that the main active components had good binding activity with the core targets, and molecular dynamics simulation further verified the stability of the complex. QSC may improve ITP through a multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway synergistic mechanism involving key targets such as TNF, IL6, AKT1, TP53, and IL1B, as well as the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. These findings provide new insights into the potential therapeutic mechanisms of QSC against ITP and warrant further experimental validation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s40203-026-00718-0.

Immune thrombocytopenia↗