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PubMed1987

Effectiveness of language intervention with the language/learning disabled.

This paper uses a meta-analytic procedure to assess the effectiveness of language intervention with the language/learning disabled. A total of 43 studies were coded and analyzed for design, subject, and treatment characteristics. A mean effect size (ES) of 1.041 was achieved suggesting that the average language-disordered child moved from the 50th percentile to the 85th percentile as a result of language intervention. An analysis of the data for this study revealed several significant (p less than .05) ES differences for subject and treatment characteristics. The nature of the differences and their relationship to intervention are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1997

The utility of the Right Hemisphere Language Battery in patients with brain tumours.

The Right Hemisphere Language Battery (RHLB) (Bryan, 1989) was devised to assess the presence of language disorders in patients with damage to the right cerebral hemisphere and to permit an evaluation of the efficacy of therapeutic techniques. To evaluate the utility and sensitivity of the RHLB in patients with solitary right hemispheric brain tumours 20 patients were assessed before and after neurosurgery. Twenty control subjects with no signs or symptoms of brain disease who were undergoing lumbar spinal surgery were also assessed. On six of the seven RHLB subtests there was no significant difference between the scores obtained preoperatively by patients with right hemispheric brain tumours and the control subjects. There was also no significant change in the scores of the patients with tumours before and after resection of the lesion. The RHLB is therefore not recommended for either evaluating communication deficits or for measuring the efficacy of therapeutic techniques in patients with right hemisphere brain tumours. This study does, however, show that there are statistically significant differences between the control and brain tumour groups on the discourse analysis subtest preoperatively. The implications of the study are discussed together with possible reasons for the findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Anomalous cerebral structure in dyslexia revealed with magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To develop quantitative methods for identifying cerebral anomalies on magnetic resonance images of subjects with language disorders and other learning disabilities. DESIGN: Partially blinded comparison of subjects with dyslexia, unaffected relatives, and a control group balanced for age and socioeconomic status. Criterion standard: clinical diagnosis of dyslexia by physician or learning disabilities specialist on the basis of clinical assessment and family history. SETTINGS: Hospital pediatric neurology clinic and private reading clinic. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS VOLUNTEERS: individuals with dyslexia (seven male and two female, aged 15 to 65 years) from professional families; unaffected first- and second-degree relatives (four male and six female, aged 6 to 63 years) available in the geographical area; and controls (five male and seven female, aged 14 to 52 years). INTERVENTIONS: Gradient echo three-dimensional scan in Seimens 1-Tesla Magnetom; 128 1.25-mm consecutive sagittal images. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Average length of the temporal (T) and parietal (P) banks of the planum temporale; (2) interhemispheric coefficients of asymmetry for T and P banks: Left-Right interhemispheric coefficients of asymmetry = (L-R)/[(L+R)/2]; (3) intrahemispheric coefficients of asymmetry = (T-P)/[(T+P)/2]; and (4) qualitative assessment of gyral variants in the parietotemporal operculum. RESULTS: All groups had left-sided asymmetry for the temporal bank and right-sided asymmetry for the parietal bank. The group with dyslexia had exaggerated asymmetries, owing to a significant shift of right planar tissue from the temporal to parietal bank. They also had a higher incidence of cerebral anomalies bilaterally (subjects with dyslexia, six of nine; relatives, two of 10; and controls, zero of 12). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative assessment of high-resolution magnetic resonance images can reveal functionally relevant variations and anomalies in cerebral structure. Further refinement of these measurement techniques should improve the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of language disorders and other learning disabilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Involuntary language switching in two bilingual patients during the Wada test and intraoperative electrocortical stimulation.

We present two bilingual patients without language disorders in whom involuntary language switching was induced. The first patient switched from Dutch to English during a left-sided amobarbital (Wada) test. Functional magnetic resonance imaging yielded a predominantly left-sided language distribution similar for both languages. The second patient switched from French to Chinese during intraoperative electrocortical stimulation of the left inferior frontal gyrus. We conclude that the observed language switching in both cases was not likely the result of a selective inhibition of one language, but the result of a temporary disruption of brain areas that are involved in language switching. These data complement the few lesion studies on (involuntary or unintentional) language switching, and add to the functional neuroimaging studies of switching, monitoring, and controlling the language in use.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recognition and management of fetal alcohol syndrome.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a common cause of developmental disability, neuropsychiatric impairment and birth defects. The disorder is identified by the presence of growth impairment, central nervous system dysfunction, and a characteristic pattern of craniofacial features. The reported prevalence of the disorder varies widely and recent estimates approach 1% of live births. Expression of these features varies by age. People with FAS have high rates of comorbid conditions: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (40%), mental retardation (15-20%), learning disorders (25%), speech and language disorders (30%), sensory impairment (30%), cerebral palsy (4%), epilepsy (8-10%). Birth defects are common. In the United States, the annual birth cohort of persons with FAS could be as high as 39,000 cases annually. Cause-specific mortality is 6% for patients with FAS. The disorder is expensive to treat and most patients have lifelong impairment. The annual cost of care in the United States would approach US$5.0 billion. Early recognition and entry into appropriate treatment programs appear to improve outcome. Prevention efforts should involve screening for alcohol use prior to pregnancy and at the first prenatal care visit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated to infection by streptococcus in the paediatric age: PANDAS].

INTRODUCTION: The acronym PANDAS (Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus) describes the neuropsychiatric disorders resulting from an autoimmune response to an infection by streptococcus in children. AIMS: The aim of this study was to clinically analyse 38 patients under the age of 16 with tics, Tourette syndrome (TS) or obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and their possible association to an infection caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (GABHS). METHOD: We reviewed the medical records at the Instituto Neurológico in Valencia (Venezuela) over a 12 year period (1988-2000). All the patients met the inclusion criteria set out by the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda (1997) and the DSM-IV. RESULTS: Onset of the symptoms was higher in the group of schoolchildren (n=24), followed by the group of preschool children (n=8) and adolescents (n=6). Males were predominant (n=33) (86.8%). 17 patients presented chronic tics (44.7%), 13 had transitory tics (34.2%) and there were eight cases of TS (21.1%). The most frequently related comorbid disorders were: difficulties in learning (n=30) (78.9%), ADHD (n=27) (71.1%), OCD 14 (36.8%), sleep disorders (n=14) (36.8%), behavioural disorders (n=12) (31.6%), language disorders (n=11) (28.9%), psychomotor disorders (n=10) (26.3%) and nocturnal enuresis (n=7) (18.4%). Electroencephalogram patterns were abnormal in 72.4% (n=12), and the disorganised pattern was the most frequently observed (n=12) (41.4%), followed by a slow diffuse pattern (n= 7) (24.1%) and the left centro-parieto-temporal focal paroxysmal specific pattern (n=7) (24.1%). Less frequently we found unspecific generalised paroxysmal patterns, in four cases (13.8%), and asymmetrical patterns (n=1) (3.4%). The association with an infection by streptococcus was shown in two cases, which amounted to 5.2% of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained are similar to those reported in the literature. Only 5.2% of the cases were linked to a prior streptococcus infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Familial aspect and phonological disorder].

BACKGROUND: Phonological disorder. AIM: To verify the phonological processes used by phonologically disordered children with and without family history of speech and language disorders; the association between the phonological processes; the difference between the Percentage of Correct Consonants-Revised (PCC-R) severity index regarding family history. METHOD: Participants were 104 subjects--25 phonologically disordered children--with no history of previous speech-language therapy, living with their biological parents and siblings. The material used was a child development questionnaire and the phonology tests of the Teste de Linguagem Infantil-ABFW. RESULTS: Liquid simplification was the most observed process independently of family history; the phonological process of devoicing was mostly observed when the family members presented phonological disorders; the phonological process observed in children are, in general, different from those presented by the family nucleus, and those that are similar do not determine characteristics of family history since they are processes frequently observed in subjects with phonological disorders; the PCC-R severity index did not differentiate types of phonological disorders regarding family history. CONCLUSION: This research shows characteristics that indicate that family history of speech and language disorder is associated to phonological disorders. The knowledge about the child's family history facilitates the planning and execution of early intervention actions, preventing the aggravation of phonological disorders. The PCC-R severity index does not differentiate types of phonological disorders regarding family history.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1992

Innovative instructional programs for students with language or behavioral disorders.

We described creative and innovative language programs for students with LLD and BD, or both. There are three models of learning that have had considerable impact on how language services have been designed and executed for these two populations of students. Our principal argument is that there is a fourth approach or model based on empowerment. We presented the premises and principles of the empowerment model and described two programs using empowerment as the foundation for the provision of communication and language services. Language and communication programs grounded in an empowerment model offer greater possibilities for students to acquire the discourses necessary for successful participation in the culture of school, as well as the cultures in which they participate outside of school. Discovering strengths and competencies across a wide spectrum of learning affords students opportunities for developing self-knowledge based in capability and adeptness rather than in deficiency and impairment. The emergence, unfolding, and eventual maturation of these competencies and capabilities are critical not only to those students who discover them, but also to the future of all of us.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1991

Semantic-pragmatic disorder: a right hemisphere syndrome?

Following right hemisphere lesions, adults' speech can become copious and inappropriate, with abnormal prosody, and they may be unable to comprehend metaphor or humour. Their symptoms resemble those of children with semantic-pragmatic language disorder, who use fluent, grammatically complex language, but with poor sensitivity to the communicative situation. The hyperlexia found in some of these children reflects an underlying cognitive problem in integrating semantic information with knowledge of the world. Both groups of patients fail comprehend inferential meaning or to make use of paralinguistic features. It is hypothesised that the disorders of communication and cognition found in semantic-pragmatic language disorder may be linked to right hemisphere dysfunction, but this has yet to be confirmed by research.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2002

[Phonological processing in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: is methylphenidate effective?].

INTRODUCTION: Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is usually associated with language disorders, there are few studies of phonological processing and the efficacy of psychostimulants (methylphenidate) on this. OBJECTIVE: 1. To find whether there are differences in the development of phonological processing, evaluated using linguistic segmentation tests and tests of lexical fluency with a phonetic mediator, between children with ADHD and normal children; and 2. To analyze the effects of methylphenidate on the phonological processing of children with ADHD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: For the first objective, 37 children with ADHD and 37 normal children aged between 5 and 12 years were studied. Twenty were boys and 16 girls of lower middle class. Of these children, 18 of the ADHD and 18 of the normal group were studied for the second objective, 15 boys and 3 girls. Three different tests were used to evaluate aspects of phonological processing: induced phonological register, linguistic follow up and lexical fluency with phonetic mediation. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups when carrying out all types of phonological processing tasks. In the experimental group, with or without methylphenidate, improvement was seen in lexical fluency tasks whereas linguistic segmentation test improvement was limited. CONCLUSIONS: These results show the importance of evaluating phonological processing in children with ADHD since this affects learning to read and write.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1989

[Developmental disorders in young children with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: implications for diagnosis and treatment].

The article describes two toddlers having Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In addition to motor problems they also exhibit attention disorders, deficits in short-term memory, speech and language disorders, and poor achievement motivation. Similar problems are reported in older Duchenne children. The etiology of the developmental disabilities, the content of the assessment protocol and the necessity for early intervention are discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

Linguistic features of Japanese twins at 3 or 4 years of age evaluated by Illinois test of psycholinguistic abilities.

In general, twins have delayed language development early in childhood compared with singletons. The purpose of this study was to clarify the overall linguistic features of twins. A Japanese version of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) was administered in 24 twin pairs (aged 3 to 4 years) at their own homes. The overall language abilities of the twins were in the normal range (based on ITPA normative data: mean scale score 36.0 +/- 6.0 points), and for the ITPA subtests only, Auditory Reception fell within the range of language disorder (mean scale score 24.9 +/- 5.1 points). The findings suggest that in 3- to 4-year-old Japanese twins, overall language abilities are not delayed. However, there may be specific difficulties with auditory reception skills.

Asian People↗
PubMed1993

Context and comprehension: a neurolinguistic and interactional approach to the understanding of semantic-pragmatic disorder.

In the present study we provide thorough descriptions of two children with a semantic-pragmatic disorder, a subgroup within the group of specific and severe developmental language disorders, from a neurolinguistic and interactional perspective. We argue that the pragmatic problems, at least in these two girls, are most probably secondary to their semantic/conceptual deficit. If sufficient contextual cues are provided comprehension is improved and, as a consequence, the pragmatic problems are reduced.

Child↗