SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Life Table Method”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources

PubMed1988

Cumulative effects of amiodarone on inducibility of ventricular tachycardia: implications for electrophysiological testing.

To determine whether the slow onset of action of amiodarone might result in a delayed effect on the inducibility of sustained ventricular arrhythmias, 45 patients with ischemic heart disease and inducible sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia were prospectively studied. Each patient had at least one initial repeat study on amiodarone and those with persistently inducible arrhythmias were rescheduled for further studies over the following 24 weeks. After 2-3 weeks of amiodarone therapy, nine patients no longer had inducible tachycardias, and tachycardia in another eight patients (18%) later became noninducible. Using life-table methods, analysis based on the results of the first re-study showed 18-month recurrence rates of 43% in the inducible vs 17% in the noninducible groups (p = 0.056). When the results of additional testing were then used to reclassify patients, the recurrence rates for these two groups were 50% and 17%, respectively (p = 0.004). Observation of blood pressure and level of consciousness during induced arrhythmias was also predictive of clinical tolerance in patients having recurrences; 16 of 19 patients experienced symptoms of similar severity to those produced during testing. We conclude: (1) early testing of amiodarone may result in misclassification of some patients as remaining inducible; (2) re-testing at a later time more accurately predicts tachycardia recurrence; (3) observation of hemodynamic response also provides important prognostic information.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

The incidence of optic neuritis and its prognosis for multiple sclerosis.

An incidence study of idiopathic optic neuritis (ON) was carried out in 2 geographic areas of Finland for the 9-year period 1970 to 1978. The southern province of Uusimaa composes a medium-risk and the western province of Vaasa a high-risk area for multiple sclerosis (MS). The risk for subsequent MS was determined. A total of 315 attacks on ON were recorded in 296 patients. The mean annual age-adjusted incidence for ON in Uusimaa was 2.2 and in Vaasa 2.5 per 100,000 population. The incidence figures remained unchanged all the time. The mean age at onset was 30 years. 19% of ON patients developed MS during the mean follow-up period of 5.1 years. When the life-table method of analysis was used, the probability of developing MS was 38% in Uusimaa and 24% in Vaasa 9 years after acute optic neuritis. In Uusimaa the risk of women for MS was significantly higher than in men. In 47%, the MS symptoms and signs developed within 1 year and in 90% within 5 years after the initial bout of ON. It is possible that only one part of idiopathic ON cases do have a relationship with MS.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Survival in 222 adult patients with acute leukaemia treated with intermittent combination chemotherapy programme.

222 patients aged 15-59 years with acute leukaemia were treated with intermittent combination chemotherapy consisting of six 5-day courses of cytotoxic drugs as induction treatment followed by 3 years of maintenance therapy in patients who obtained complete remission (CR). CR was achieved in 50.3% of 161 patients (early deaths included) with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). The observed cumulative 5-yr survival rate (observation time 1-12.25 yr) calculated by the life table method was 12% in AML. Among patients who obtained CR, those aged 40-59 yr appeared to fare better than younger patients (5-yr survival: 24%). The M-3 subtype was an adverse prognostic factor. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) the CR rate was 83.6% and the observed cumulative 5-yr survival rate was 14%. Women fared better than men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Follow-up study of 582 liver cirrhosis patients for 26 years in Japan.

A long-term follow-up study of liver cirrhosis (LC) was performed in 582 patients diagnosed by peritoneoscopy and liver biopsy in the 26 years from 1958 to 1984. The etiology of LC consisted of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 21%, alcoholic in 39% and cryptogenic in 39%. Fifty-nine percent of patients had died. Causes of death were hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC 44%), liver failure (30%), rupture of esophageal varices (14%), gastrointestinal bleeding (4%) and non-liver-related causes (8%). HCC accounted for increasing percentages (68%) since 1980. In all groups classified by the etiology, the causes of death had the same order in incidence. The age of onset of LC increased by 10 years from 42 to 52 years old and the age of death by 15 years from 43 to 58 in the 26-year period. The cumulative survival rate improved over the period. The 50% survival year was 7.9 in total patients, and 7.0, 8.5 and 10.0 in the three periods 1958-64, 1965-74 and 1975-84, respectively. It was 9.5, 6.3 and 9.8 in HBV, alcoholic and cryptogenic, respectively. LC patients survived 40-44% of the life expectancy of the general population in Japan in all age groups. Cox's multiregression life-table method selected three important prognostic factors from 7 parameters: a poor prognosis with a history of heavy alcohol consumption and old age at onset, and a better prognosis with recent onset.

Actuarial Analysis↗

PubMed1975

A 3-year clinical follow-up study of pulpotomized primary molars treated with the formocresol technique.

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the prognosis of primary molars treated with pulpotomy employing formocresol. The material consisted of 98 primary molars. The study included clinical and radiographic observations 3, 12, 24 and 36 months after treatment. The survival rate at the 3-month follow-up was 91%, whereas the rate was 83%, 78% and 70% - 12, 24 and 36 months respectively after the treatment. The results were computed according to the life table method.

Child↗

PubMed1976

Respiratory disease mortality among uranium miners.

A mortality analysis of a group of white and Indian uranium miners was done by a life-table method. A significant excess of respiratory cancer among both whites and Indians was found. Nonmalignant respiratory disease deaths among the whites are approaching cancer in importance as a cause of death, probably as a result of diffuse parenchymal radiation damage. Exposure-response curves for nonsmokers are linear for both respiratory cancer and "other respiratory disease." Cigaret smoking elevates and distorts that curve. Light cigaret smokers appear to be most vulnerable to lung parenchymal damage. The predominant histologic cancer among nonsmokers is small-cell undifferntiated, just as it is among cigaret smokers.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Long-term results of anterior chamber tube shunt to an encircling band in the treatment of refractory glaucomas.

We performed the anterior chamber tube shunt to an encircling band procedure in 34 patients (36 eyes) with refractory glaucoma, and evaluated the long-term outcome. The preoperative mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was 36.8 +/- 9.6 mmHg, the postoperative mean IOP was 21.6 +/- 13.6 mmHg, a statistically significant (p < 0.01) reduction of IOP following this procedure. The final postoperative IOP was under 21 mmHg in 23 (63.9%) of the 36 eyes. The success rate of IOP control 36 months after the operation without any elevation of post-operative IOP was 30.3% (life-table method). Complications of this procedure included flattening of the anterior chamber (61.1%), damage to the corneal endothelium (25%), hyphema (25%), and a transient IOP elevation (25%). As filtering surgery with 5-fluorouracil is more effective and simple to perform, we conclude that the anterior chamber tube shunt to an encircling band procedure should be reserved for those with refractory glaucoma who have had multiple surgical interventions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Investigation and treatment of amenorrhoea resulting in normal fertility.

A simple scheme of investigation and treatment to restore fertility in amenorrhoeic women is described. Fifty-nine patients with amenorrhoea not due to primary ovarian failure were treated variously as appropriate, mainly with clomiphene (25), bromocriptine (15), or human menopausal gonadotrophins (12), and six by diet to increase their weight. All ovulated, and by the end of the study 55 (93%) had conceived, 42 (71%) had delivered at least one surviving child, and five others (8%) were pregnant and awaiting delivery. Conception rates were 49% within two cycles of treatment and 66% within three cycles; using life-table method to standardise the cumulative conception rates by correcting for patients who did not continue as long as others in the study, the expected conception rate was 79% in six cycles, 94% in 12 cycles, and 98% after 16 cycles. The multiple pregnancy rate was 13% and abortion rate 22%. Delivery rate (for a viable baby) were 48% within 11 months of starting treatment and 53% within one year; expected rates were 76% in 18 months and 97% in two years. The results show that a relatively simple scheme of classifying amenorrhoeic disorders endocrinologically followed by treatment directed at inducing ovulation allows amenorrhoeic women without primary ovarian failure to achieve conception and delivery rates equal to those in normal women.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Diagnosis and management of 528 abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Between 1960 and 1979 528 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms presented to the university department of surgery. Of these, 222 (42%) were elective cases, 72 acute (14%), 174 had ruptured (33%), and four had had a spontaneous aortoduodenal fistula (1%). In all these patients resections were undertaken, but in another 56 patients (11%) the aneurysm was not resected. A review of these cases showed that 91% had symptoms at their first presentation; abdominal pain and backache being most common. The diagnosis could be established in 91% by the presence of pulsatile abdominal mass on clinical examination. The operative mortality for elective resection was 8%, for acute 19%, for ruptured cases 42%, and for spontaneous aortoduodenal fistula 50%. After successful resection the overall five-year survival was 65% by the life table method, and there was no significant difference between elective, acute, and ruptured cases. This five-year survival after resection compares favourably with the expected 76% survival of a similar normal population, and was considerably better than that for conservatively treated patients. As most cases have symptoms, and diagnosis may be established easily by routine physical examination in 91%, the prognosis for this condition could be considerably improved by increased awareness of its existence and early referral for treatment as an elective surgical procedure.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1983

Long term effect on mortality of stopping smoking after unstable angina and myocardial infarction.

Subjects who stop smoking cigarettes after myocardial infarction have an improved rate of survival compared with those who continue, but to date it was not known whether the benefit persisted for more than six years. A total of 498 men aged under 60 years who had survived a first episode of unstable angina or myocardial infarction by two years were followed up by life table methods for a further 13 years. Mortality in those who continued to smoke was significantly higher (82.1%) than in those who stopped smoking (36.9%). These differences increased with time. Mortality in those who were non-smokers initially and who continued not to smoke was intermediate (62.1%). The adverse effect of continued smoking was most pronounced in those with unstable angina. Continuing to smoke increased the rate of sudden death to a greater degree in those with less severe initial attacks, while the effect of smoking on fatal reinfarctions was most apparent in those with a more complicated presentation. These findings suggest that stopping cigarette smoking is the most effective single action in the management of patients with coronary heart disease.

Angina Pectoris↗

PubMed1985

Testicular vein ligation and fertility in men with varicoceles.

Pregnancy rates in 651 subfertile couples in which the man had a varicocele were analysed by life table methods and were not found to be significantly different before and after testicular vein ligation performed in 283 patients. Estimated proportions of couples conceiving were roughly 30% by one year and 45% by two years in both groups. The operation was also not associated with improvement in results of semen analysis. These findings suggest that testicular vein ligation for varicoceles does not improve fertility.

Female↗

PubMed1972

Clinical and laboratory findings in a trial of norgestrel, a low-dose progestogen-only contraceptive.

Norgestrel, a progestogen-only oral contraceptive, was given continually at a dose of 75 mug/day to 144 women of proved fertility. It was an efficient contraceptive with a failure rate of 2.1% (assessed by the "life-table" method) within the first 12 cycles and 3.6% within the first 30 cycles (or 2.0 conceptions per 100 woman-years when assessed by the Pearl index). The overall conception rate for the entire trial period was 2.1% and 1.3 pregnancies per 100 woman-years respectively. Norgestrel caused a high proportion of irregular and generally short bleeding intervals, about one-fifth of the cycles lasting less than 17 days. This irregularity appeared to be due to individual variance in cycle length between women rather than that between their successive cycles. No confirmed instances of thromboembolism were observed. Norgestrel apparently exerts its contraceptive action by several mechanisms: reduction in the sperm penetrability of the cervical mucus and an impairment of luteal function appear important. The serum concentrations of cholesterol and globulin were significantly reduced in women taking norgestrel. Preliminary observations suggest that on discontinuing the medication fertility is promptly restored. Of the 144 women originally enrolled 57 (40%) withdrew for reasons connected with the method before completing 30 months on trial, over half of them because of the irregular menstrual pattern. Nonetheless, in view of its main clinical and laboratory characteristics and simple mode of administration, norgestrel appears to be a useful alternative to the combined type of pill for women unsuitable for, or unable to tolerate, oestrogen-containing preparations.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗

PubMed1992

Community clinics for leg ulcers and impact on healing.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of community clinics for leg ulcers. DESIGN: All patients with leg ulceration were invited to community clinics that offered treatment developed in a hospital research clinic. Patients without serious arterial disease (Doppler ankle/brachial index > 0.8) were treated with a high compression bandage of four layers. SETTING: Six community clinics held in health centres in Riverside District Health Authority supported by the Charing Cross vascular surgical service. PATIENTS: All patients referred to the community services with leg ulceration, irrespective of cause and duration of ulceration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to complete healing by the life table method. RESULTS: 550 ulcerated legs were seen in 475 patients of mean (SD) age 73.8 (11.9) years. There were 477 venous ulcers of median size 4.2 cm2 (range 0.1-117 cm2), 128 being larger than 10 cm2. These ulcers had been present for a median of three months (range one week to 63 years) with 150 present for over one year. Four layer bandaging in the community clinics achieved complete healing in 318 (69%) venous ulcers by 12 weeks and 375 (83%) by 24 weeks. There were 56 patients with an ankle/brachial arterial pressure index < 0.8, indicating arterial disease. The 50 patients with pressure index < 0.8 > 0.5 were treated with reduced compression, and 24 (56%) healed by 12 weeks and 31 (75%) by 24 weeks. The figures for overall healing for all leg ulcers were 351/550 (67%) at 12 weeks and 417/550 (81%) at 24 weeks, compared with only 11/51 (22%) at 12 weeks before the community clinics were set up. CONCLUSIONS: Community clinics for venous ulcers offer an effective means of achieving healing in most patients with leg ulcers.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Omeprazole v ranitidine for prevention of relapse in reflux oesophagitis. A controlled double blind trial of their efficacy and safety.

The aim of this study was to compare recurrence rates of reflux oesophagitis (after endoscopic healing with omeprazole) over a 12 month period of randomised, double blind, maintenance treatment with either daily omeprazole (20 mg every morning; n = 53), weekend omeprazole (20 mg on three consecutive days a week, n = 55) or daily ranitidine (150 mg twice daily, n = 51). Patients were assessed for relapse by endoscopy (with gastric biopsy) at six and 12 months, or in the event of symptomatic recurrence, and serum gastrin was monitored. At 12 months, the estimated proportions of patients in remission (actuarial life table method) were 89% when receiving daily omeprazole compared with 32% when receiving weekend omeprazole (difference 57%, p < 0.001, 95% confidence intervals: 42% to 71%) and 25% when receiving daily ranitidine (difference 64%, p < 0.001, 95% confidence intervals: 50% to 78%). Median gastrin concentrations increased slightly during the healing phase, but remained within the normal range and did not change during maintenance treatment. No significant pathological findings were noted, and no adverse events were attributable to the study treatments. In conclusion, for patients who respond favourably to acute treatment with omeprazole 20 mg every morning, the drug is a safe and highly effective maintenance treatment for preventing relapse of reflux oesophagitis and its associated symptoms over 12 months. By contrast, weekend omeprazole and daily ranitidine were ineffective.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Relation of infarct site to 15 year prognosis in patients who survived for 28 days after a first myocardial infarction.

Six hundred and eighty four patients (629 men), all aged under 60 years, who had survived for 28 days after a first acute myocardial infarction were studied to determine the influence of the site of infarction on long term prognosis. The infarct site was not significantly related to age nor to extent of infarct at the time of the acute episode. Mechanical complications were more common in patients with anteroseptal infarctions, while atrioventricular conduction disturbances were more commonly found in those with inferior infarction. The site of infarction was not related to smoking habits or angina before the infarction or at 2 year follow up. Life table methods did not show any relation between infarction site and morbidity or mortality either two years or 15 years after the initial infarction.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Prospective study of patients aged 55 years or less with acute myocardial infarction between 1981 and 1985: outcome 7 years and beyond.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term prognosis of patients after a myocardial infarction (MI) at a young age. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of patients aged 55 years or less suffering a myocardial infarction. SETTING: A single coronary care unit admitting patients from the community. PATIENTS: 255 consecutive patients (210 men) aged 55 years or less admitted between 1981 and 1985 after acute MI. Twenty four patients died in hospital or within 3 months of infarction and 11 were lost to further follow up after discharge. Of the remaining patients, 150 (mean (SD) age 48 (5.7) years) able to exercise 3 weeks after infarction and who agreed to undergo coronary angiography were recruited to a study group and seen 18 months, and 3, 5, and 7 years after MI. In addition, a cross sectional analysis of survival was made to a median of 120 months. Seventy 3 month survivors (mean (SD) age 48 (5.8) years) were not recruited to the study group but were traced for late survival through their general practitioners and family health service associations to a median of 130 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival in young patients after MI and the survival of 3 month survivors stratified by their ability to exercise and agreement to undergo angiography. The rate of coronary artery surgery (CAGB) and reinfarction during the first 7 years after index MI in patients recruited to the study group. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (6%) died in hospital and eight (3%) within 3 months of the index infarction. The 7 and 11 year survival rates in the whole cohort of 255 patients were 80% and 66% respectively using life table methods. Survival 7 years after MI, in patients recruited to the study group was better than in those not recruited (93% v 79%, P = 0.001), but thereafter mortality in the study group accelerated and there was no significant difference in survival 11 years after infarction (76% v 67%, P = 0.05). There was a trend towards higher mortality in patients with multivessel disease and severely impaired left ventricular function. During the first 7 years after MI, 38 of 150 patients in the study group underwent CABG and 19 suffered reinfarction, which was fatal in three. CONCLUSION: The medium-term prognosis of young survivors of MI is good, particularly in patients recruited to the study group. After 7 years there is an increase in mortality and the long-term prognosis is less favourable. This should be taken into account when planning future management and follow up of young patients after MI.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The changing relation between education and life expectancy in central and eastern Europe in the 1990s.

BACKGROUND: The political and social transition in central and eastern Europe has been generally associated with widening educational differences in life expectancy. However, interpretation of these findings is complicated because the size of educational categories within the population has also changed. It is therefore important to disentangle these two phenomena. SETTING: The Czech Republic, Estonia, the Russian Federation and, as a western European reference, Finland, in two periods, 1988-89 and 1998-99. METHODS: Life tables were calculated in three categories: university; secondary; and less than secondary education. Changes in life expectancy were decomposed into contributions of population composition and within-category mortality. RESULTS: In Finland and the Czech Republic improvements are seen in all educational groups, with only a slight widening of the educational differences. Over 80% of the total life expectancy increase is attributable to improved mortality within educational categories. In Estonia and Russia, less favourable overall trends coincide with a dramatic widening of the educational gap. A decrease in life expectancy in those with low and middle education has been compensated for, to a small degree in Russia but a greater extent in Estonia, by improvements among those with higher education and by the improved population composition. For highly educated Estonians, the gains were seen at all ages, the greatest at age > or =60 years. In Russia mortality increased in those <60 years although compensated for by improvements at older ages. CONCLUSIONS: Russia and Estonia exhibit much less equitable transitions compared with the Czech Republic. Analyses of trends in health inequalities should capture the changing population composition. In Russia and Estonia an improved educational structure prevented an even greater decline in life expectancy. The highly educated Estonians can potentially catalyse a wider health progress.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Acute optic neuritis and the prognosis for multiple sclerosis.

In a retrospective survey of acute optic neuritis 144 cases in adults were found and, of these, 127 were reviewed, five had died of causes related to multiple sclerosis, and 12 were lost to follow-up. There was a statistically significant seasonal variation in the incidence of optic neuritis. When the life-table method of analysis was used, the probability of developing multiple sclerosis rises to 78% 15 years after an episode of optic neuritis. At review, 49 (73%) of the 67 patients with multiple sclerosis were independent and leading active lives.

Acute Disease↗