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Results for “Methamphetamine”

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PubMed1991

Hair analysis for drug abuse: I. Determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in hair by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method.

Determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in hair was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using stable isotope-labeled internal standards, 2-methylamino-1-phenylpropane-2,3,3,3-d4 and 2-amino-1-phenylpropane-2,3,3,3-d4. Extraction of hair with methanol/5M hydrochloric acid (20:1) using ultrasonication was chosen as the standard method. The calibration curves for amphetamines in the hair were linear from 1 to 100 ng/mg (r greater than 0.99). The detection limit was 0.5 ng/mg at the 95% confidence level. The coefficients of variation (CV) (n = 8) of analysis using the spiked hair with methamphetamine were from 0.7 to 6%. The CV (n = 8) of analysis of the methamphetamine abuser's hair was 17.5%. Sectional analysis of monkey and human hair after methamphetamine ingestion suggested a good correlation between the duration of drug use and drug distribution in the hair.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Immunohistochemical study on the excretion of a drug (methamphetamine) by salivary glands.

We have succeeded in the immunohistochemical demonstration of methamphetamine; and in the present study, we used this technique to determine the topographic distribution of exogenously administered methamphetamine in mouse major salivary glands. Positive reactions for methamphetamine were localized in the striated duct portion of the major salivary glands and granular duct in the submandibular glands. Time course of the decrease in immunohistochemical reactivity of the ducts was very similar to that for reported methamphetamine levels in plasma or saliva. These results show that through the striated ducts of the major salivary glands and the granular ducts of the submandibular glands, MA is excreted into saliva; however, the mechanism by which MA is excreted into saliva is unknown.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Methamphetamine abuse during pregnancy: outcome and fetal effects.

Methamphetamines are a popular class of recreational drugs sometimes abused by women of childbearing age. The effects of methamphetamine abuse on pregnancy outcome and embryofetal development are not known. In this study, we compared pregnancy and fetal outcome in 52 women who abused methamphetamines with a randomly selected control group of 52 non-drug-abusing women. Body weight, length, and head circumference were significantly decreased in neonates born to mothers who abused methamphetamines during pregnancy. However, the frequency of congenital anomalies was not significantly increased in this group.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1985

Interaction between nootropic drugs and methamphetamine on avoidance acquisition but not on locomotor activity in mice.

Two nootropic drugs, oxiracetam and piracetam, were tested, alone or in combination with methamphetamine, on locomotor activity and shuttle-box avoidance acquisition in mice of the C57BL/6 strain. Oxiracetam (50 mg/kg/day) and piracetam (100 mg/kg/day) had no effect when given alone, but significantly increased avoidance responses when combined with methamphetamine (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg). On the contrary, the two nootropic agents did not affect locomotor stimulation induced by methamphetamine. The results suggest that nootropic drugs may interact with methamphetamine in behavioural tests in which learning and memory processes are involved.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Increasing morbidity and mortality associated with abuse of methamphetamine--United States, 1991-1994.

Methamphetamine (also known as "speed," "crystal," "crank," "go," and "ice") is the most widely illegally manufactured, distributed, and abused type of amphetamine, a class of stimulant drugs. An estimated 4 million persons in the United States have abused methamphetamine at least once (1). Information from several sources--including medical examiners, hospital emergency departments (EDs), substance-abuse-treatment facilities, and community epidemiologists--suggests a recent increase in morbidity and mortality associated with abuse of methamphetamine in the United States, primarily in the West but also in the South and Midwest. To characterize trends in methamphetamine-associated morbidity and mortality during 1991-1994, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) compiled and analyzed data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) and the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS). This report summarizes the results of these analyses.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗

PubMed1995

Smokable methamphetamine ('ice'): an old drug in a different form.

Methamphetamine has long been a drug of abuse. The smokable form of methamphetamine hydrochloride, called "ice" on the street, is twice as toxic as amphetamine and has clinical effects similar to those of cocaine. In the United States, methamphetamine use has spread eastward from Hawaii and California. Ice is a strong central nervous system stimulant. Chronic use may result in serious psychiatric, cardiovascular, metabolic and neuromuscular changes. Generally, patients presenting with methamphetamine toxicity can be treated conservatively in the emergency department. Long-term treatment usually requires drug rehabilitation and inpatient counseling.

Humans↗

PubMed1994

[Rotational behavior induced by methamphetamine and cocaine in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine system].

The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of intravenously administered methamphetamine and cocaine to facilitate dopaminergic transmission, based on the ability of these drugs to induce rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra. The doses of methamphetamine and cocaine ranged from 0.25 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg which was equivalent to 50% of the minimum dose which caused convulsion. Methamphetamine induced more marked ipsilateral rotational behavior than did cocaine. The present results suggest that methamphetamine produces longer duration of the facilitation of dopaminergic transmission both in the nucleus accumbens and in the striatum than does cocaine.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Methamphetamine causes depletion of glutathione and an increase in oxidized glutathione in the rat striatum and prefrontal cortex.

The administration of methamphetamine to experimental animals results in damage to dopaminergic neurons. The hypothesis that methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by reactive oxygen species was evaluated. It was found that acute administration of methamphetamine (5 and 15 mg kg(-1)) resulted in production of oxidative stress as demonstrated by decreased glutathione and increased oxidized glutathione levels in the rat striatum and prefrontal cortex. These changes in glutathione and oxidized glutathione levels were dose-dependent in striatum but not in prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, the results of present study provide further evidence in support of the notion that oxidative stress may play an important role in the methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Australian Federal Police seizures of illicit crystalline methamphetamine ('ice') 1998-2002: impurity analysis.

Nineteen crystalline methamphetamine ('ice') seizures captured by the Australian Federal Police (AFP) at the Australian border between 1998 and 2002 were analysed. Using a modified gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) impurity profiling approach of these samples we have identified >30 compounds associated with methamphetamine and/or its synthetic route. Major impurities detected include 1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine 8, dimethylamphetamine 14, N-formylmethamphetamine 24, N-acetylmethamphetamine 25, 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenylnaphthalene 32, 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene 33 and methamphetamine dimer 34. These data are suggestive of ephedrine/pseudoephedrine as the main precursor of the 'ice' samples seized during 1998-2002. Additionally the two naphthalenes 32 and 33 further identified that 15 items in 9 seizures were produced via the more specific ephedrine/hydriodic acid/red phosphorus method. One sample comprised 75% dimethylamphetamine and 9.7% methamphetamine, representing the first Australian seizure of imported dimethylamphetamine reported.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Methamphetamine use and HIV symptom self-management.

This study describes HIV-related symptoms in a methamphetamine-using sample of 20 men living in southern California. Data were obtained in 2004 and 2005 using a cross-sectional design. Participants were administered the Revised Sign and Symptom Check-List for Persons With HIV Disease and the Addiction Severity Index and were engaged in a semistructured interview. Participants reported using methamphetamine to treat HIV-related depression, fatigue, and neuropathic pain. HIV-related diarrhea seemed to diminish with methamphetamine use, although this was not a motivation for use. These results, although preliminary, suggest that further study of the interplay between methamphetamine use and HIV symptom management is warranted.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

The X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) gene is not associated with methamphetamine dependence.

Bipolar disorder has known as a high risk factor for substance abuse and dependence such as alcohol and illegal drugs. Recently, Kakiuchi et al. reported that the -116C/G polymorphism in the promoter region of the X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) gene, which translates a transcription factor specific for endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by misfolded proteins, was associated with bipolar disorders and schizophrenia in a Japanese population. Abuse of methamphetamine often produces affective disorders such as manic state, depressive state, and psychosis resembling paranoid-type schizophrenia. To clarify a possible involvement of XBP-1 in the etiology of methamphetamine dependence, we examined the genetic association of the -116C/G polymorphism of the XBP-1 gene by a case-control study. We found no significant association in allele and genotype frequencies of the polymorphism either with methamphetamine dependence or any clinical phenotype of dependence. Because the polymorphism is located in the promoter region of the XBP-1 gene and affects transcription activity of the gene, it is unlikely that dysfunction of XBP-1 may induces susceptibility to methamphetamine dependence.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Genetic variant of prodynorphin gene is risk factor for methamphetamine dependence.

Previous studies have indicated that genetic factors substantially affect development of substance use disorders, including methamphetamine dependence. Prodynorphin (PDYN) is an opioid peptide precursor that yields dynorphins, endogenous kappa opioid-receptor agonists that play important roles in substance abuse. A physiologically active polymorphism of 1-4 repeats of a 68-bp element in the promoter region of the PDYN gene has been identified. We analyzed this polymorphism of the PDYN gene by a case-control association study in 143 patients with methamphetamine dependence and 209 healthy controls in the Japanese population. A 3- or 4-repeat allele in the PDYN gene promoter was found significantly more frequently in patients with methamphetamine dependence than in controls (chi(2)=9.45, p=0.0021). A 3- or 4-repeat allele in the PDYN gene promoter, which was shown to produce significantly higher transcription activity of the PDYN gene than a 1- or 2-repeat allele, is a genetic risk factor for development of methamphetamine dependence (odds ratio: 1.83, 95% CI=1.24-2.68).

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Substance abuse and HIV: considerations with regard to methamphetamines and other recreational drugs for nursing practice and research.

Substance use continues to be closely associated with both HIV infection and treatment considerations in all at-risk populations. Among those groups heretofore not well characterized epidemiologically or clinically are those dual-risk men who have sex with other men (MSM) and use and/or inject drugs. Of particular current concern with regard to drug-using MSM is the growth in popularity of a group of recreational or so-called party drugs associated with specific social and sexual environments and networks. Chief among these drugs are hallucinogens, such as MDMA, ketamine, and GHB, and stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and methamphetamine. Increased methamphetamine use by MSM is particularly alarming because of its reported associations with high-risk injecting and sexual behaviors. Preliminary data are reported from an ethnographic exploration of MSM methamphetamine users in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Case studies drawn from the data illustrate the complex and variable patterns of methamphetamine use among MSM. Finally, implications for nursing are discussed, and "upstream nursing" is suggested as a means of patient advocacy for HIV nurses working with substance-using populations.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Injury associated with methamphetamine use: a review of the literature.

This paper reviews the literature exploring issues around methamphetamine and injury. There was a paucity of peer reviewed quantitative research and a lack of large scale epidemiological studies. Further sources described cases and others described injury risk as part of an overall review of methamphetamine misuse. Thus, a number of limitations and potential biases exist within the literature. The main areas where associations were noted or extrapolated with methamphetamine use and injury were around driving and violence. Other associations with injury related to methamphetamine manufacture. There was also circumstantial evidence for third party injury (that is injury to those not specifically involved in drug use or drug manufacture); however, the available data are inadequate to confirm these associations/risks.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Evaluating methamphetamine use and risks of injection initiation among street youth: the ARYS study.

Many Canadian cities are experiencing ongoing infectious disease and overdose epidemics among injection drug users (IDU). These health concerns have recently been exacerbated by the increasing availability and use of methamphetamine. The challenges of reducing health-related harms among IDU have led to an increased recognition that strategies to prevent initiation into injection drug use must receive renewed focus. In an effort to better explore the factors that may protect against or facilitate entry into injection drug use, the At Risk Youth Study (ARYS) has recently been initiated in Vancouver, Canada. The local setting is unique due to the significant infrastructure that has been put in place to reduce HIV transmission among active IDU. The ARYS study will seek to examine the impact of these programs, if any, on non-injection drug users. In addition, Vancouver has been the site of widespread use of methamphetamine in general and has seen a substantial increase in the use of crystal methamphetamine among street youth. Hence, the ARYS cohort is well positioned to examine the harms associated with methamphetamine use, including its potential role in facilitating initiation into injection drug use. This paper provides some background on the epidemiology of illicit drug use among street youth in North America and outlines the methodology of ARYS, a prospective cohort study of street youth in Vancouver, Canada.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

Assessing the Concurrent Validity of the Australian Treatment Outcomes Profile in a Methamphetamine Dependent Treatment-Seeking Population.

INTRODUCTION: The Australian Treatment Outcomes Profile (ATOP) is a brief clinical tool assessing substance use, health and well-being used in Australian alcohol and other drug treatment services. It is validated for use with clients using alcohol, opioids and cannabis, but not yet for clients who primarily use methamphetamine. METHODS: An embedded validation study was undertaken in treatment-seeking adults enrolled in a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of lisdexamfetamine for methamphetamine dependence with sites in New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria. Participant demographics were collected during study screening. The ATOP and comparators (Time Line Follow Back, Opiate Treatment Index, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, WHOQOL-BREF and Personal Wellbeing Index) were collected at baseline. Continuous ATOP items were analysed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, and dichotomous items were analysed using Fleiss's κ. Agreement was rated as strong where measures were ≥ 0.50, moderate where agreement was 0.30-0.49, and weak where < 0.30. RESULTS: One hundred and eighteen study participants (2018-2020) had data for concurrent validity analysis. Strong validity was demonstrated for physical health, psychological health, quality of life, injecting drug use and crime items, and for days of use for amphetamines, alcohol, cannabis and cocaine. There was weak validity for days of use for benzodiazepines. Heroin use days and other opioid use days were endorsed by fewer than five participants and were therefore unable to be assessed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The ATOP is valid for use in a treatment-seeking methamphetamine-dependent population, expanding the range of tools for assessment and standardised outcome monitoring across different settings and services.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Abuse and violence history of men and women in treatment for methamphetamine dependence.

The Methamphetamine Treatment Project offers the opportunity to examine the history of abuse and violence in a sample of 1016 methamphetamine users participating in a multisite study between 1999-2001. Reporting of abuse and violence was extensive, with 80% of women reporting abuse or violence from a partner. Men were more likely to report experiencing violence from friends and others. A high percentage of study participants reported a variety of threatening or coercive experiences with their partners. Past and current interpersonal violence is a characteristic of the lifestyles of the majority entering treatment for methamphetamine dependence.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Long-term effects of universal preventive interventions on methamphetamine use among adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term effects of universal preventive interventions on methamphetamine use by adolescents in the general population during their late high school years. DESIGN: Two randomized, controlled prevention trials. SETTING: Public schools in the Midwest from 1993 to 2004. PARTICIPANTS: Study 1 began with 667 sixth grade students from 33 rural public schools; the follow-up included 457 students. Study 2 began with 679 seventh grade students from 36 rural public schools; the follow-up assessment included 597 students. INTERVENTIONS: In study 1, schools were assigned to the Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP), Preparing for the Drug Free Years, or a control condition. In study 2, schools were assigned to a revised ISFP (SFP 10-14) plus Life Skills Training (SPF 10-14 + LST), LST alone, or a control condition. RESULTS: Self-reports of lifetime and past-year methamphetamine use were collected at 6(1/2) years past baseline (study 1) and at 4(1/2) and 5(1/2) years past baseline (study 2). In study 1, the ISFP past-year rate was 0.0% compared with 3.2% in the control condition (P = .04). In study 2, SFP 10-14 + LST showed significant effects on lifetime and past-year use at the 4(1/2) year follow-up (eg, 0.5% lifetime use in the intervention condition vs 5.2% in the control condition, P = .006); both SFP 10-14 + LST and LST alone had significant lifetime use effects at the 5(1/2) year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Brief universal interventions have potential for public health impact by reducing methamphetamine use among adolescents.

Adolescent↗