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PubMed1992

The role of myoneural and luminal continuity in the coordination of canine gastroduodenal patterns of motility.

Our aim was to determine the role of intrinsic myoneural and enteric luminal continuity in the coordination of gastric and duodenal motility patterns. Three groups of dogs were prepared: five dogs with an intact gastrointestinal tract served as a Control group; four dogs had transection and reanastomosis of the duodenum 0.5 cm distal to the pylorus (Pyloric Transection group); and seven dogs had identical proximal duodenal transection, but with oversewing of duodenum and pylorojejunostomy to a Roux-en-Y limb (Roux-en-Y group). In the Control and Pyloric Transection groups, the gastric and intestinal MMCs were similar in appearance, the cycle durations (x +/- SEM) were not different (134 +/- 19 vs 111 +/- 26 min, respectively; P > 0.05), and the times between the start of gastric and duodenal Phase III (gastroduodenal latency) were similar (6 +/- 1 vs 10 +/- 3 min; P > 0.05). In the Roux-en-Y group, MMCs also occurred in six of seven dogs but tended to have a longer cycle duration (176 +/- 19 min) and a more variable gastroduodenal latency (23 +/- 15 min). Plasma motilin concentration, measured only in the Roux-en-Y group, was greater during Phase III in the stomach and duodenum than during Phases I or II (P < 0.05). Feeding inhibited the gastric and duodenal MMCs in all groups, but the duodenal MMC returned earlier in the Roux-en-Y group. The Roux-en-Y jejunal limb exhibited a postprandial pattern in only seven of 14 studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Forestomach motility and behavior of bull calves according to changes in regimen.

Six 23-week-old bull calves were randomly assigned to a crossover design to study the effects of hay and concentrates given separately (A), silage and concentrates given in complete mixed ration (B), or given separately (C) on reticulo-ruminal motility and eating and resting behaviors after an adaptation period of 14 days (day 14). The effects of a change from one treatment to another on the same variables were also investigated (day 1). The differences observed between day 1 and day 14 indicate that a change in regimen, even not drastic, seems to affect reticulo-ruminal motility, rumination pattern, ruminal inactivity, and resting behavior. As expected, the number of triphasic and biphasic reticular spike bursts, as well as eating and resting behaviors, were affected by the type of forage ingested (A vs. C) on day 14 (p < or = 0.05). Moreover, the mode of distribution of concentrates affected also the variables measured (p < or = 0.05). Although the length of particles in complete mixed ration (B) was the same than in silage and concentrates given separately (C), the effect of regimen B on many variables was similar to that of regimen A or intermediate between A and C. The effect of regimens B and C was similar only for the rumination pattern, even though the number of boluses regurgitated for rumination differed (p < or = 0.05).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Effect of dietary composition on abomasal and duodenal myoelectrical activity.

The changes in the frequency of abomasal slow waves and their propagation, the abomasal spike burst rate and the duodenal spike burst rate were assessed in sheep fed three diets containing either 100 per cent concentrate, 50 per cent concentrate and 50 per cent forage, or 100 per cent forage. The frequency of abomasal slow waves and spike burst frequency were both significantly reduced in sheep fed the diets high in concentrate when compared with animals fed the 100 per cent roughage diet. The velocity of propagation of the slow waves and the duodenal spike burst frequency were not significantly affected by the dietary composition. The sheep consumed significantly less of the 100 per cent concentrate diet in the 45 minutes before recording than of the other two diets, but the amount of feed consumed was not correlated significantly with the changes observed in the myoelectrical activity. These are consistent with an inhibitory effect of concentrate on abomasal motility.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1994

The role of GABA receptors in the control of the omasal myoelectrical activity in sheep.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-mediated modification of omasal spiking activity (SA) was studied in six conscious ewes at rest, chronically fitted with electrodes implanted in the reticular and omasal walls and a cannula placed in the left cerebral lateral ventricle. Intracerebroventricular (0.1 microgram kg-1) but not intravenous (25 micrograms kg-1) administration of muscimol increased both the duration of omasal SA and the frequency of groups of spiking bursts (GSB) from the reticulum and oral omasum; the frequency of GSB from the aboral omasum decreased. These responses were antagonised by intracerebroventricular pretreatment with bicuculline (0.5 microgram kg-1). Both intravenous (500 micrograms kg-1) and intracerebroventricular (1 microgram kg-1) administration of baclofen inhibited reticular SA; in both the oral and aboral omasum, while the duration of SA increased, the frequency of GSB decreased. Reticuloomasal responses to intravenous or intracerebroventricular baclofen were greatly antagonised or abolished, respectively, by a previous intracerebroventricular injection of phaclofen (80 micrograms kg-1). The main conclusion which could be drawn from these results is that exclusively central GABAA and mainly central GABAB receptors mediate a prolongation of omasal body motility in sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on porcine gastrointestinal electrical activity.

The influence of intravenous infusion of VIP, 150 and 300 pmol/kg/min, on gastrointestinal electrical activity was studied in conscious piglets with electrodes implanted in the wall of the antrum pylori, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Both doses resulted in a decrease in antral electrical activity. In the small intestine, only the lower dose caused a shortening of the irregular spiking activity phase in the jejunum and ileum. In the jejunum this resulted in a reduction of the MMC interval. It may be concluded that the prevailing effect of VIP is an inhibition of gastrointestinal electrical activity in the piglet.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Influence of leukotriene D4 on arterial pressure and gastrointestinal electrical activity in the conscious piglet.

In 6 conscious weaned piglets with implanted electrodes in the corpus and antrum of the stomach, the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum the influence of intravenous infusion of leukotriene (LT)D4, 0.1 and 1 microgram kgmin for 10 min, on mean arterial pressure and gastrointestinal electrical activity was examined. LTD4 induced a significant increase in arterial pressure. Gastrointestinal electrical activity, however, was little influenced, since only the antrum pylori revealed a transient decrease.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Gastrointestinal transit and disintegration of enteric coated magnetic tablets assessed by ac biosusceptometry.

The oral administration is a common route in the drug therapy and the solid pharmaceutical forms are widely used. Although much about the performance of these formulations can be learned from in vitro studies using conventional methods, evaluation in vivo is essential in product development. The knowledge of the gastrointestinal transit and how the physiological variables can interfere with the disintegration and drug absorption is a prerequisite for development of dosage forms. The aim of this work was to employing the ac biosusceptometry (ACB) to monitoring magnetic tablets in the human gastrointestinal tract and to obtain the magnetic images of the disintegration process in the colonic region. The ac biosusceptometry showed accuracy in the quantification of the gastric residence time, the intestinal transit time and the disintegration time (DT) of the magnetic formulations in the human gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, ac biosusceptometry is a non-invasive technique, radiation-free and harmless to the volunteers, as well as an important research tool in the pharmaceutical, pharmacological and physiological investigations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Gastric myoelectrical activity as an index of emotional arousal.

Autonomic nervous system parameters such as electrodermal activity, heart rate, and facial EMG have been utilized extensively as measures of emotional arousal. One measure that has rarely been employed in this setting is gastric myoelectrical activity, despite the fact that "gut feelings" have an obvious and even profound role in everyday emotional life. It has been shown that the gastrointestinal system changes wall tonus and contraction rate during stressful tasks. However, the effects of emotionally salient stimuli on gastrointestinal motility have scarcely been studied. In the current study, emotional film clips designed to elicit happiness, disgust, fear, sadness, or no emotion (neutral) were presented to 16 normal participants. Electrogastrogram (EGG), skin conductance, and heart rate were measured while the participants viewed the film clips, and participants rated subjective arousal intensity and pleasantness of the film clips. We found that emotional film clips reliably induced the intended subjective feeling states. Also, EGG peak amplitudes in fear, disgust, sadness and happiness were higher than in the no emotion condition. There was a strong positive correlation (r=0.64) between EGG peak amplitude and subjective ratings of arousal. This is the first evidence that gastric myoelectrical activity is strongly correlated with arousal ratings to emotionally salient stimuli, and it suggests that EGG may add useful information about how the body contributes to the phenomenology of emotion and feeling.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Impaired gastric myolectrical activity in patients with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is frequently associated with gastrointestinal complaints that can be due to gastrointestinal dysmotility. Electrogastrography (EGG) is an attractive, non-invasive procedure to assess gastric electric activity. The aims of our study were to investigate EGG abnormalities in pancreatic sufficient and pancreatic insufficient CF patients, and to examine whether EGG correlates with gastric emptying as assessed by scintigraphy. METHODS: EGG was performed in 23 CF patients (12 pancreatic sufficient patients, 11 pancreatic insuffficient) by using cutaneous recording pre- and postprandialy. Pre- and postpostprandial EGG indexes were compared to 19 healthy control patients. Gastric emptying was assessed simultaneously by gastric scintigraphy in 11 of the 23 CF patients. Six patients underwent a repeated scintigraphy recording following a month of treatment with cisapride. RESULTS: Abnormal patterns of EGG were found in 78.3% of CF patients compared to 31.3% of controls during fasting (p<or=0.003) and in 56.5% of CF patients compared to 15.7% in healthy controls postprandially (p<or=0.018). In the CF patients, dysmotility consisted mostly of bradygastria during both fasting (16 of 18 with abnormal EGG) and postprandially (12 of 13 [92.3%]). Gastric emptying results on scintigraphy were in agreement with EGG results in 9 of 11 (two normal and seven pathological). Five of the six patients treated with cisapride (83.3%) showed significant improvement in EGG indexes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that EGG abnormalities are frequently found in CF patients. The similar rate of EGG and gastric scintigraphy abnormalities suggests that EGG may be a useful clinical tool in CF patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Electrogastrography in the management of pediatric functional dyspepsia and motility disorder.

PURPOSE: Electrogastrography (EGG) is a noninvasive investigation for recording gastric myoelectrical activity. We hypothesize that children with functional dyspepsia (FD) and gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorder have abnormal gastric myoelectrical activity. We aim to study the dyspepsia symptom scores and EGG of these children and compare them with those of the normal population. METHODS: Seventeen children aged 6 to 18 years with persistent dyspepsia symptoms but with normal investigations were recruited as the FD group. Nine children with same age as the FD group with known upper GI motility disorder were recruited as the GI group. Eight normal healthy children were recruited as controls (CL). Dyspepsia symptom score (0-18) was charted, and all had EGG performed. Gastric slow wave frequency of 2 to 4 cycles per minute is defined as normogastria. Electrogastrography is regarded as abnormal when normogastria occurs in less than 70% of recorded time. Wilcoxon rank sum test and Fisher's Exact test were performed with statistical significance at P value equal to .05. RESULTS: Mean dyspepsia symptom score was significantly different in comparing FD and GI with CL groups (FD, 6.71; GI, 5.54; CL, 0.25; P < .001). Abnormal EGG patterns occur more often in FD than in CL (FD, 58.9%; CL, 12.5%; P = .042). Abnormal EGG patterns were found in 55.6% of GI and 12.5% of CL (P = .131). CONCLUSIONS: Electrogastrography is a useful and noninvasive armamentarium for evaluating the abnormal myoelectrical activity in children with FD and GI motility disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric myoelectric activity and substance P in the dorsal vagal complex of rats.

Acupuncture has been widely applied to treat gastrointestinal diseases in the clinic. However, its precise mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at Zusanli acupoints (ST36) on gastric myoelectric activity and substance P (SP) in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) were observed. EA at ST36 significantly increased the frequency of slow waves and the frequency of the spike potentials superimposed on the slow waves, which persisted for 90 min after cessation of EA and was completely abolished after bilateral vagotomy. Meanwhile, the mean optical density of SP immunoreactive fibers in the DVC increased following EA. The results suggested that EA at ST36 promoted the gastric myoelectric activity, which was regulated by the vagus, and SP in the DVC may be involved in the excitatory effects. Furthermore, EA had a relative long-term post-effect. We presumed that DVC may be a supraspinal center in the effect of EA on gastric function.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1993

Nitric oxide inhibits resting sphincter of Oddi activity.

The sphincter of Oddi has basal myogenic phasic activity that is modulated by neural and hormonal pathways. Stimulatory innervation to this organ is cholinergic, whereas the inhibitory pathways are unknown. Nitric oxide (NO), generated from L-arginine, relaxes gastrointestinal smooth muscle in vitro. We, therefore, hypothesized that resting sphincter of Oddi and duodenal motilities are regulated by a NO-mediated inhibitory pathway. In 23 anesthetized prairie dogs, systemic blood pressure and sphincter of Oddi and duodenal motilities were monitored during systemic infusion of N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. L-NAME was infused alone and simultaneously with excess D- and L-arginine. L-NAME alone and L-NAME with D-arginine produced hypertension and increased sphincter of Oddi and duodenal motilities. L-arginine blocked these increases, suggesting that baseline sphincter of Oddi and duodenal motility regulation involves the generation of NO from L-arginine. We conclude that baseline sphincter of Oddi phasic activity is regulated by cholinergic stimulatory and NO-mediated inhibitory neural pathways.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1993

Treatment of acute postoperative ileus with octreotide.

Our hypothesis was that postoperative ileus is caused by the release of neurotransmitters in the gut wall that inhibit motility. We reasoned that blocking the release with octreotide would prevent ileus. We placed serosal electrodes on the small intestine and stomachs of 15 dogs and inserted a duodenal cannula. After the animals recovered, electrical activity was recorded, and small bowel transit, colonic transit, and gastric emptying were studied radiographically and scintigraphically. Ileus was induced by celiotomy and intestinal abrasion. Dogs were randomized to receive on postoperative days 0 through 3 either a placebo (n = 5), octreotide, 1.5 micrograms/kg/8 hr subcutaneously (n = 5), or octreotide 0.83 micrograms/kg/hr intravenously (n = 5). Both doses of octreotide resulted in a faster return to preoperative values of small bowel interdigestive myoelectric activity and transit and colonic transit than did the placebo. The larger dose of octreotide, however, slowed gastric emptying. In conclusion, octreotide shortened the duration of postoperative ileus in the small bowel and colon of dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Relation of endometriosis and neuromuscular disease of the gastrointestinal tract: new insights.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the neuromuscular activity of the gastrointestinal tract by antroduodenal manometry in women with endometriosis documented by laparoscopy, to assess the effects of diet and drug therapy on symptoms, and to assess the bacterial overgrowth that is commonly associated with these nerve diseases. DESIGN: Prospective, open-label study. SETTING: A clinical center for the care of women's health. PATIENT(S): Fifty women with endometriosis documented by laparoscopy and gastrointestinal tract symptoms characterized by chronic abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating and distention, and altered bowel habits. INTERVENTION(S): Motility of the gastrointestinal tract was recorded and bacterial overgrowth was assessed. Treatment consisted of dietary changes, including reduction of glycemic carbohydrates, balancing with omega 9 oils, elimination of foods with caffeine and tyramine, and addition of omega 3 fatty acids, as well as drug therapy with clonazepam (0.25 mg 3 times per day). RESULT(S): All 50 women showed a characteristic motility change (ampulla of Vater-duodenal wall spasm, a seizure equivalent of the enteric nervous system). Forty of the women showed bacterial overgrowth. There was a significant reduction in the total symptom score after 8 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION(S): This study suggests that endometriosis and gastrointestinal tract symptoms are a result of the dysfunction of hollow organs. Correction of the biochemical imbalance of the eicosanoid system and the hypersecretion of insulin that results from excessive intake of glycemic carbohydrates and lack of essential fatty acids significantly decreases symptoms in patients with endometriosis and associated neuromuscular disease of the gastrointestinal tract.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Myenteric neuronal antibodies in scleroderma: passive transfer evokes alterations in intestinal myoelectric activity in a rat model.

Although the mechanism for neuropathic gastrointestinal motility disturbances in scleroderma is unknown, we have previously described anti-myenteric antibodies in some patients with scleroderma. The aim of this study was to screen patients with scleroderma who had gastrointestinal symptoms for the presence of anti-myenteric neuronal antibodies and then purify the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction from serum samples for passive immunization into a rat model and observe for intestinal motility effects. Patients with scleroderma were screened, a serum sample from a patient with high titer anti-myenteric neuronal antibodies was obtained, and IgG was purified. Using a rat model with chronic indwelling intestinal electrodes to measure intestinal myoelectric activity, we passively transferred the IgG from either control subjects or this patient with scleroderma. We immunosuppressed the rats and intraperitoneally injected IgG from control subjects and this patient with scleroderma daily for 7 days. Recordings of myoelectric activity in control injected rats revealed no difference from baseline, but a prolongation in the activity front duration and interval and a disruption were seen after scleroderma IgG injections. IgG from a patient with scleroderma with antimyenteric neuronal antibodies, when passively immunized into a rat model, evokes intestinal myoelectric activity alterations. We hypothesize that these antibodies could account for the gastrointestinal neuropathic motility disturbances seen in scleroderma.

Animals↗