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PubMed2024

PoweREST: Statistical Power Estimation for Spatial Transcriptomics Experiments to Detect Differentially Expressed Genes Between Two Conditions.

Recent advancements in Spatial Transcriptomics (ST) have significantly enhanced biological research in various domains. However, the high cost of current ST data generation techniques restricts its application in large-scale population studies. Consequently, there is a pressing need to maximize the use of available resources to achieve robust statistical power. One fundamental question in ST analysis is to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among different conditions using ST data. Such DEG analysis is often performed but the associated power calculation is rarely discussed in the literature. To address this gap, we introduce, PoweREST (https://github.com/lanshui98/PoweREST), a power estimation tool designed to support power calculation of DEG detection with 10X Genomics Visium data. PoweREST enables power estimation both before any ST experiments or after preliminary data are collected, making it suitable for a wide variety of power analyses in ST studies. We also provide a user-friendly, program-free web application (https://lanshui.shinyapps.io/PoweREST/), allowing users to interactively calculate and visualize the study power along with relevant the parameters.

Differentially expressed genes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge and power in the clinical setting.

In this paper we consider the three categories offered by Howard Brody for understanding power in medicine. In his book The Healer's Power, Brody separates out power in medicine into the categories of Aesculapian, Social, and Charismatic power. We examine these three categories and then apply them to a case. In this case set in an Obstetric ward, a junior member of the medical staff makes a clinical decision about a patient. This clinical decision is overruled by a senior medical staff member who then carries out his plan with disastrous consequences for the woman and her baby. This case challenges the three categories of power offered by Brody and highlights the need for a further category of Hierarchical power to be added to Brody's framework. We conclude by suggesting that there is a need to recognise the discrepancy in power not only between physician and patient but also between senior and junior staff in a clinical setting.

Cesarean Section↗

PubMed2004

How delivery ward staff exercise power over women in communication.

BACKGROUND: Power is a central element in all social interactions. In order to act appropriately in different care situations, it is important to understand the meaning of power. AIM: This paper reports a study whose aim was to describe delivery ward staff opinions about the exercise of power over women in communications. METHODS: Data were collected in 2000 using a questionnaire developed for the study with a convenience sample of 155 midwifery and nursing professionals in delivery wards in four Finnish hospitals. RESULTS: The results showed that in respondents' opinions they worked for women's good and aimed at relationships based on a sense of equality and individuality. Negative power was used in situations where women's well-being was threatened. The power used was verbal or non-verbal. CONCLUSIONS: The exercise of power is not only negative in nature. There are times, such as in life-threatening situations, when it is crucial that the professional takes control and makes decisions immediately, and in that sense exercises power.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Schizophrenic clients' experiences of power: using hermeneutic analysis.

This hermeneutic study was conducted to describe the personal power experienced by 15 people with schizophrenia. Analysis revealed that the essence of power was integrality or connection with the environment. The extent of power was determined by personal awareness of integrality. Among all participants, the range of power was modest. Power for people with schizophrenia differs from power for people in general. The characteristic of power for people with schizophrenia may interfere with their ability to adapt to living in the community.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Supervisees' perspectives of power use in supervision.

In this study, we examined the use of power in the supervisory relationship from supervisees' perspectives. Semistructured interviews of 11 supervisees in a Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education training program were conducted. From analysis of interview transcripts, themes about the ways in which supervisors and supervisees used power in the supervisory relationship emerged. Supervisors' power uses included discussions of power, empowering supervisees, promoting an atmosphere of safety, collaborating with supervisees, imposition of style/orientation, and misuses of power, such as violation of confidentiality. Themes for supervisees' power uses included supervisee-peer power, supervisees as consumers, and withholding information. Implications for researchers, supervisors, and supervisees are presented.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Perceptions of power mobility use and safety within residential facilities.

BACKGROUND: Power wheelchairs enhance quality of life by enabling occupation, improving self-esteem and facilitating social interaction. Despite these benefits, the risks associated with power mobility use raise serious concerns in residential facilities. PURPOSE: As there is no gold standard to assess when a client is unsafe, a two-phase study was conducted to develop client-centred guidelines for power mobility use. METHOD: In the first phase of the study, presented here, 18 in-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted with a variety of stakeholders, including power mobility users, other residents, staff and family members. RESULTS: A thematic analysis of the interviews revealed four main themes: 1) the meaning of power mobility, 2) learning the rules of the road, 3) red flags: concerns about safety, and 4) solutions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Given the importance of power mobility, safety measures need to address issues of mobility and safety for power mobility drivers and those around them.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Do nurses exercise power in basic care situations?

Power is a matter of authority and control. It can be wielded either consciously or unconsciously, and it can be either overt or latent. Using a structured questionnaire, this study set out to describe nurses' opinions about the exercise of power in basic care situations in both acute and long-term care. The questionnaire was organized into four categories in which items concerned: power in obligatory daily activities; power in activities necessitated by obligatory activities; power in voluntary activities; and power in activities that take into account the patient's characteristics. The samples consisted of 228 nurses from five medical and surgical wards of district hospitals, and 233 nurses from five geriatric units of a community health centre and from one nursing home in Finland. The final response rate was 65% (acute care 76%; long-term care 55%). Data analysis was based on statistical methods. The results showed that, in the nurses' own opinion, negative power is exercised only in certain situations and in the patient's best interest, when for instance there are concerns that something may happen to the patient.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Overarching principles and salient findings for inclusion in guidelines for power mobility use within residential care facilities.

Although power mobility has many potential benefits for users, power mobility incidents and accidents are a serious concern. To date, little research has explored power mobility safety, and no gold standard exists to determine whether the user is a safe driver. As a possible alternative to a facility unilaterally imposing regulations on power mobility users, we conducted a research project in which power mobility users and other stakeholders used the Delphi method to develop guidelines for power mobility use within a residential facility setting. This article presents the overarching principles for power mobility use and noteworthy items from the safety guidelines that participants developed. These findings highlight the safety issues that are encountered in residential care settings and suggest some strategies to deal with them.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The power paradox.

Power, the capacity to influence others, produces the most constructive results when exercised in a voluntary partnership with others. Power is paradoxical because the more visible it is, the less it works. The less you have to rely on formal power to get things done, the greater your power actually is. Power begins with the desire to influence your coworkers in a productive manner. There are five potent forms of informal (invisible) power available to everyone in the workplace regardless of their formal authority: shared vision, rapport in relationships, networking, competency, and character. Power enables you to empower your colleagues to pursue the organization's success.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of dry powder inhaler dose delivery characteristics using a power criterion.

A novel method is described that compares the in vitro drug delivery characteristics of different dry powder inhalers (DPIs) based on the power supplied by the air flow. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done by the air flow and is equal to the product of pressure gradient and air flow rate through the inhaler. Tests were conducted to compare the emitted dose and fine particle fraction of the total dose (FPFTD) of the Diskus, Diskhaler, and a proprietary powder dispersion device (PDD) containing fluticasone propionate/lactose powder blends. Three power levels were selected: 1, 2, and 3 W, representing a range of inspiratory efforts. The Diskus and PDD were independent of power, delivering consistent doses and fine particle fractions over the range of powers evaluated. Diskhaler was dependent on power, the emitted dose and FPFTD significantly decreasing at the lower power level (1W) (p < 0.005). Diskus and Diskhaler are trademarks of the Glaxo Wellcome group of companies.

Drug Delivery Systems↗

PubMed2004

Dental plaque removal effectiveness of two powered toothbrushes.

PURPOSE: To compare the plaque removal efficacy of an experimental powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush Pro with redesigned bristle head) versus a control powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush Pro) following a single use. METHODS: This study was a randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, 4-period crossover design that examined plaque removal with the two toothbrushes following a single use. Plaque was scored before and after brushing using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Index. RESULTS: A total of 44 subjects provided data that were used in the statistical analysis. Baseline whole-mouth plaque scores averaged 2.177 prior to using the experimental powered toothbrush with redesigned bristles and 2.220 prior to using the control powered toothbrush. The experimental power toothbrush delivered an adjusted (via ANCOVA) mean difference between baseline and post-brushing plaque scores of 0.662 while the control toothbrush delivered an adjusted mean difference of 0.669. The experimental powered toothbrush had, on average, 1.1% lower plaque removal scores than the control toothbrush. The difference between toothbrushes was not statistically significantly different from zero (P = 0.667). A 95% confidence interval on the mean difference in whole-mouth plaque removal scores was calculated and was within plus or minus 6.3% of the control power toothbrush adjusted mean.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The power dynamics perpetuating unsafe abortion in Africa: a feminist perspective.

Tens of thousands of African women die every year because societies and governments either ignore the issue of unsafe abortion or actively refuse to address it. This paper explores the issue of abortion from a feminist perspective, centrally arguing that finding appropriate strategies to reclaim women's power at an individual and social level is a central lever for developing effective strategies to increase women's access to safe abortion services. The paper emphasises the central role of patriarchy in shaping the ways power plays itself out in individual relationships, and at social, economic and political levels. The ideology of male superiority denies abortion as an important issue of status and frames the morality, legality and socio-cultural attitudes towards abortion. Patriarchy sculpts unequal gender power relationships and takes power away from women in making decisions about their bodies. Other forms of power such as economic inequality, discourse and power within relationships are also explored. Recommended solutions to shifting the power dynamics around the issue include a combination of public health, rights-based, legal reform and social justice approaches.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing historical exposures of children to power-frequency magnetic fields.

One risk factor for human cancer currently being studied is residential exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields. A key problem in such research is how best to use contemporaneous measurements to assess past magnetic-field exposures. The main goal of the research presented in this paper was to examine the effectiveness of various surrogate measures in predicting historical exposures and to determine if residential power consumptions and the loads served by neighborhood electric networks could be used to improve the accuracy of such predictions. Residential magnetic-field data were collected during 24-h periods in the spring of 1990 and, again, in the winter of 1990-1991 for 35 children living in Western Massachusetts and Northern California. Measurements included spot magnetic fields in rooms occupied by subjects for an average of one or more hours per day, 24-h recordings at locations selected to emphasize ground-current and power-line fields, personal exposures, wire codes, residential power consumptions, and loads served by neighborhood electric networks. The geometric means of time-weighted-averaged (TWA) room spot magnetic fields measured during earlier and later visits to each home were 0.052 microT and 0.060 microT, respectively. Geometric-mean personal exposures for these visits were 0.084 microT and 0.111 microT and were significantly larger. Wertheimer-Leeper wire codes were associated with exposure. These codes, TWA spot fields, and the 24-h averages of the magnetic-field recordings taken to emphasize power-line contributions were about equally effective in explaining between-home variability in personal exposures measured eight months in the past or future. In contrast, personal exposure measurements were ineffective surrogates for past or future exposure. The study yielded little evidence suggesting that residential power consumption or neighborhood electric power flow are helpful in explaining temporal changes in personal exposure.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

The ANSI/RESNA wheelchair standards: sample evaluation and guide to interpreting test data for prescribing power wheelchairs.

This study is a joint project of ECRI and the National Rehabilitation Hospital, supported by a grant from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR, U.S. Department of Education, Agreement No. H133E80016). ECRI is the first independent laboratory to test power wheelchairs according to the standards of the Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America (RESNA), now known as the Association for the Advancement of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technology (AART); these standards will ultimately be distributed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). We tested 10 power wheelchairs, which are similar in size and configuration, from seven manufacturers; all units are intended for adult use. Our testing showed that none of the sample wheelchairs are ideal for all environments in which these devices are typically needed. Each unit has advantages that should be carefully considered when specifying a power wheelchair. Numerous factors are involved in prescribing power wheelchairs, and learning the subtle differences in features and performance of a particular model and how they will affect the user is difficult. In addition, acquiring objective information about power wheelchairs from manufacturers is not typically easy. Considering these factors, and because the standards on which we based our testing do not generally provide criteria for passing or failing models under test, we did not rate the units. The purpose of this article is to present the data collected in our study, using wheelchair performance characteristics based on some parts of the ANSI/RESNA wheelchair standards, as an example of what prescribers can expect to receive from manufacturers and to provide guidance in interpreting and applying the data in writing power wheelchair prescriptions. Thus, this article provides an overview of the types of problems faced by those who specify power wheelchairs for users, the problems faced by the users themselves, and the components that are most susceptible to damage during use.

Electric Power Supplies↗

PubMed2000

Public health law in a new century: part II: public health powers and limits.

The Constitution allocates public health powers among the federal government and the states. Federal public health powers include the authority to tax, spend, and regulate interstate commerce. These powers enable the federal government to raise revenues, allocate resources, economically penalize risk behavior, and broadly regulate in the public's interest. States have an inherent authority to protect, preserve, and promote the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the people, termed police powers. Police powers enable states to preserve the public health in areas ranging from injury and disease prevention to sanitation, waste disposal, and environmental protection. The Rehnquist Court has emphasized the limits of federal powers and the primacy of states in public health issues affecting local concerns. Finally, the Constitution safeguards individual interests in autonomy, privacy, liberty, and property. The Supreme Court often defers to public health authorities in matters of public health, but engages in strict scrutiny if government interferes with fundamental freedoms or discriminates against a suspect class. Provided that they act justly and reasonably to avert a serious health threat, the Court should cede to agencies the power to act for the communal good. JAMA. 2000.

Contracts↗

PubMed2000

Color and power Doppler sonography of liver hemangiomas: a dream unfulfilled?

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether color Doppler or power Doppler sonography can aid in the diagnosis of hepatic cavernous hemangiomas. METHODS: We imaged 25 hepatic cavernous hemangiomas in 17 patients with gray-scale, color Doppler, and power Doppler sonography. Five malignant lesions were also imaged in the same manner for reference. Hemangiomas had been previously diagnosed by biopsy in 8 patients (15 lesions) and by CT, MRI, and/or tagged red blood cell scanning in 9 patients (10 lesions). RESULTS: Of the 25 hemangiomas, color or power Doppler imaging showed no internal blood flow in 23. Of these 23 lesions, 11 showed a peripheral flow pattern believed to represent flow in displaced blood vessels. This pattern was better visualized with power Doppler imaging in 3 lesions and equally well visualized with color and power Doppler imaging in 8 lesions. Two hemangiomas that had unusual central fibrosis with large vessels in 1 patient showed diffusely increased blood flow on power Doppler study. All 5 malignant lesions showed flow in peripheral vessels, and 1 showed internal vascularity as well. CONCLUSIONS: Neither color nor power Doppler imaging improved the capability of sonography for making a specific diagnosis of benign hepatic cavernous hemangioma.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Delta (0.5-1.5 Hz) and sigma (11.5-15.5 Hz) EEG power dynamics throughout quiet sleep in malnourished infants.

The present study aimed to quantify, through power spectral analysis, the dynamics (temporal pattern and temporal interrelationship) of the EEG power in the low-delta (delta) and in the sigma-spindle (sigma) frequency band during quiet sleep (QS) in 5 malnourished infants (MI), 5.5 to 13.5 months old, and in 5 age-matched, healthy control infants (CI). Malnutrition results in modification of the temporal pattern of delta and sigma band power during QS. The delta band power increases faster in MI than in CI, leading to higher power levels in MI at the same time segment. However, the overall trend of the delta band power throughout QS is similar in MI and CI. The premature ending of QS phases (uninterrupted QS periods), and the reduced total amount of QS which have been reported in MI could result in an increased slow wave sleep (SWS) "pressure". This SWS pressure could account for both the higher level and the faster increase of the delta band power during the QS phase which are found in MI when compared to CI.

Electroencephalography↗

PubMed2001

Power motion imaging can improve image quality in stress conditions with tachycardia.

BACKGROUND: Stress echocardiographic studies are useful, but the evaluation of wall motion is sometimes suboptimal. The recently developed technique of power motion imaging can enhance mobile tissue definition. HYPOTHESIS: The study was undertaken to determine whether power motion imaging improves endocardial definition during tachycardia compared with conventional two-dimensional (2-D) imaging. METHODS: Twenty pigs were studied during pacing rates of 100, 120, and 150 beats/min. We compared power motion imaging with standard 2-D imaging using systolic thickening visualization (STV) scores (3 = excellent definition of systolic thickening approximately 0 = total lack of visualization of systolic thickening) at each heart rate. We calculated the sum of the scores of 22 left ventricular segments as the overall STV score, and also calculated the sum of the scores in 10 parasternal segments and 12 apical segments separately. RESULTS: The overall STV scores in both imaging methods were similar at 100 beats/min, but scores for power motion imaging were significantly higher than those of usual 2-D imaging at 120 and 150 beats/min. Using power motion imaging, the overall STV scores were similar as heart rate was increased; however, while using standard 2-D imaging, STV scores were significantly decreased as heart rate was increased. Findings were analyzed separately by parasternal and apical images. Especially in the parasternal images, the scores were significantly increased as heart rate was increased using power motion imaging. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that power motion imaging improves the detection of endocardial border in stress condition with tachycardia, and thus this modality is useful for stress echocardiography.

Animals↗