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Results for “Propensity Score”

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PubMed1994

Sex-ratio and mating propensity in Drosophila biarmipes.

Mating success between purple eye colour mutant and wild type D. biarmipes was observed in Elens-Wattiaux mating chamber. Multiple-, female-, male- and no-choice techniques were used. The values of isolation estimate in different experiments are above one which provides no evidence for preferential mating between females and males of the same type. The comparison of sexual behaviour of mutant and wild flies clearly indicates that wild type males are more successful in mating than mutant males, and mutant females are more receptive than wild type females. Thus purple eye colour mutation affects mating propensity of both sexes in D. biarmipes. However, the difference in the number of matings of wild and mutant flies is highly significant in multipe- and no-choice experiments in which sex-ratio was 1:1 (equal number of males and females). But the difference is not significant when mating success was scored by female- and male-choice methods in which sex-ratio was 1:2 (one female and two males; one male:two females). Thus it is suggested that mating propensity in D. biarmipes is influenced by sex-ratio.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Open fractures of the calcaneus: soft-tissue injury determines outcome.

BACKGROUND: Studies of open calcaneal fractures have been limited and have not analyzed results according to wound location, severity of soft-tissue disruption, fracture type, or treatment method. In this study, results were evaluated on the basis of the hypothesis that early surgical intervention was indicated. METHODS: Between 1989 and 1997, 503 calcaneal fractures were treated at our institution, and forty-three of these fractures, in forty-two patients, were open (8.5%). According to the Gustilo classification there were nine type-I, eight type-II, twelve type-IIIA, and thirteen type-IIIB open fractures as well as one type-IIIC open fracture. All fractures were treated according to the same protocol, consisting of intravenous administration of antibiotics chosen on the basis of the wound type, irrigation and débridement in the operating room, temporary wound coverage, and initial stabilization of the limb. Definitive final fixation was performed after the wound was clean, and soft-tissue swelling was minimal. The final follow-up examinations were performed at a minimum of two years after treatment. Clinical results were graded with use of the AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) score. RESULTS: An infection developed at the sites of 37% of the forty-three fractures, with osteomyelitis developing at the sites of 19%. Seven of the nine type-I open fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation or with primary fusion, with no major complications and a good-to-excellent short-term result. Three of the eight type-II open fractures were complicated by an infection. Three of the twelve type-IIIA open fractures and ten of the thirteen type-IIIB open fractures were complicated by an infection. Six of the infections associated with a type-IIIB open fracture progressed to osteomyelitis, and three of those cases led to an amputation. Overall, thirteen (50%) of the twenty-six type-III open fractures were complicated by an infection, with osteomyelitis occurring in seven (27%). Thirty-three patients with a total of thirty-four open calcaneal fractures were available for follow-up at a minimum of two years, and an average of fifty-five months. The average AOFAS hindfoot score for the twenty-seven patients who had not undergone amputation was 71 points. CONCLUSIONS: Open calcaneal fractures have a high propensity for deep infection despite the use of an aggressive treatment protocol to prevent it. It appears that type-I and type-II open fractures associated with a medial wound can be treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Type-II fractures associated with a wound in another location should be treated with limited or no internal fixation. Type-III open fractures, and especially type-IIIB open fractures, require extensive débridement and prompt soft-tissue coverage as soon as possible. Early internal fixation should be avoided in this subgroup because of the high rates of osteomyelitis and subsequent amputation.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Health-promotion practices of young black women at risk for diabetes.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the health-promoting practices of young black women at risk for type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The sample consisted of 30 black women from an urban area who had a history of gestational diabetes and/or a first-degree relative with diabetes. Participants completed the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II Survey and an interview. Both were used to categorize health-promoting practices, exercise, diet, knowledge of diabetes prevention, and general health. RESULTS: Demographic information and interview revealed a propensity towards obesity, despite education and income levels. The results for the Lifestyle II Survey showed a higher average total score for healthy nutrition than physical activity, which were inconsistent with the qualitative data obtained by interview. Fifty percent stated that they exercised as a general health-promoting behavior. Self-reported daily caloric, fiber, and fat intake was high to moderate; 60% reported initiating diet modifications secondary to a desire to lose weight or for medical problems; and 26% reported receiving information on diabetes prevention from a healthcare provider. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic approach of planning and actively incorporating health-promoting activities into one's lifestyle as a young adult may protect or delay the onset of diabetes and prevent complications.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Estimates of parameters between direct and maternal genetic effects for weaning weight and direct genetic effects for carcass traits in crossbred cattle.

Estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations were obtained for weaning weight records of 23,681 crossbred steers and heifers and carcass records from 4,094 crossbred steers using animal models. Carcass traits included hot carcass weight; retail product percentage; fat percentage; bone percentage; ribeye area; adjusted fat thickness; marbling score, Warner-Bratzler shear force and kidney, pelvic and heart fat percentage. Weaning weight was modeled with fixed effects of age of dam, sex, breed combination, and birth year, with calendar birth day as a covariate and random direct and maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects. The models for carcass traits included fixed effects of age of dam, line, and birth year, with covariates for weaning and slaughter ages and random direct and maternal effects. Direct and maternal heritabilities for weaning weight were 0.4 +/- 0.02 and 0.19 +/- 0.02, respectively. The estimate of direct-maternal genetic correlation for weaning weight was negative (-0.18 +/- 0.08). Heritabilities for carcass traits of steers were moderate to high (0.34 to 0.60). Estimates of genetic correlations between direct genetic effects for weaning weight and carcass traits were small except with hot carcass weight (0.70), ribeye area (0.29), and adjusted fat thickness (0.26). The largest estimates of genetic correlations between maternal genetic effects for weaning weight and direct genetic effects for carcass traits were found for hot carcass weight (0.61), retail product percentage (-0.33), fat percentage (0.33), ribeye area (0.29), marbling score (0.28) and adjusted fat thickness (0.25), indicating that maternal effects for weaning weight may be correlated with genotype for propensity to fatten in steers.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Understanding primary care physicians' propensity to assess elderly patients for depression using interaction and survey data.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine primary care physicians' propensity to assess their elderly patients for depression using data from videotapes and patient and physician surveys. STUDY DESIGN: An observational study was informed by surveys of 389 patients and 33 physicians, and 389 videotapes of their clinical interactions. Secondary quantitative analyses used video data scored by the Assessment of Doctor-Elderly Patient Transactions system regarding depression assessment. A random-effects logit model was used to analyze the effects of patient health, competing demands, and racial and gender concordance on physicians' propensity to assess elderly patients for depression. RESULTS: Physicians assessed depression in only 14% of the visits. The use of formal depression assessment tools occurred only 3 times. White patients were almost 7 times more likely than nonwhite patients to be assessed for depression (odds ratio [OR], 6.9; P < 0.01). Depression assessment was less likely if the patient functioned better emotionally (OR, 0.95; P < 0.01). The propensity of depression assessment was higher in visits that covered multiple topics (OR, 1.3; P < 0.01) contrary to the notion of competing demands crowding out mental health services. Unexpectedly, depression assessment was less likely to occur in gender and racially concordant patient-physician dyads. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care physicians assessed their elderly patients for depression infrequently. Reducing the number of topics covered in visits and matching patients and physicians based on race and gender may be counterproductive to depression detection. Informed by videotapes and surveys, our findings offer new insights on the actual care process and present conclusions that are different from studies based on administrative or survey data alone.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Transcranial brainstem stab injuries: a retrospective analysis of 17 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Transcranial stab injuries remain a frequent cause of emergent neurosurgical admissions to neurosurgical units in South Africa. Brainstem stabs are an uncommon, yet often fatal, form of brain injury. METHODS: A retrospective audit of 597 patients with transcranial stab injuries admitted to our unit over a 12-year period (January 1987 to December 1998) identified 17 patients (2.85%) with brainstem stab injuries. The computed tomographic scans of all patients were analyzed, and a detailed autopsy examination of the skull and its contents was performed in all patients who died. Stepwise linear regression analysis was used to formulate a predictive model of outcome for the entire series of 597 patients. RESULTS: The majority of the patients were males (16 patients), and the study group had a mean age of 28.65 +/- 9.59 years and a mean Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8.59 +/- 2.76. Knives (82%) were the most common instruments of penetration. Cerebral angiography identified 3 patients with vascular abnormalities, and autopsy revealed an additional 4 patients with vascular injury. Emergency ventriculostomy was performed in 10 patients for obstructive hydrocephalus. Four of the 17 patients survived (76.5% mortality). Factors significantly predictive of outcome in patients with transcranial stab injuries were the Glasgow Coma Scale score (F = 43.7), the occurrence of intraventricular hemorrhage (F = 22.8), the type of associated lesion (intracranial bleed, vascular abnormality, or brain abscess) (F = 5.9), and the number of operations (F = 3.2). CONCLUSION: The Glasgow Coma Scale score is the most significant predictor of outcome in low-velocity transcranial stab injuries. Brainstem stab injuries have a great propensity for vascular damage. Survivors are incapacitated by severe, fixed neurological deficits.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Phenotypic and genotypic risk factors for uveal melanoma in a high ambient UV radiation environment.

BACKGROUND: Most evidence regarding risk factors for uveal melanoma (UM) derives from case-control studies prone to recall bias, and its rarity has limited prospective research. To address these gaps, we applied a population-based case-control design incorporating polygenic risk scores and Mendelian randomization to explore genetic and phenotypic determinants of UM risk. METHODS: The study was conducted in Queensland, Australia. Incident UM cases diagnosed between 2011 and 2022 were recruited through specialist ocular oncology clinics. Controls were participants in the QSkin Sun and Health Study, a prospective cohort of 43,794 adults aged 40-69 at baseline (2010-2011). Demographic, phenotypic, and sun exposure factors were harmonized across studies. Polygenic risk scores were calculated for pigmentation traits and nevi characteristics using genome-wide association study datasets, and Mendelian randomization was used to assess potential causal relationships with UM risk. RESULTS: Among 485 UM cases and 43,724 controls, several phenotypic traits were strongly associated with UM risk: male sex, blue or light eye color, inability to tan, freckling, and high nevus density. A family history of cutaneous melanoma and a personal history of keratinocyte cancer were also associated with higher risk. Polygenic risk score analyses confirmed significant associations for eye color and freckling. Mendelian randomization analyses supported causal relationships between lighter eye color, freckling propensity, reduced tanning ability and UM risk. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide genetic evidence supporting a causal role for pigmentation-related traits in UM susceptibility. IMPACT: This evidence may help refine risk assessment and inform counselling for individuals with suspicious ocular lesions.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

Clozapine-induced weight gain: prevalence and clinical relevance.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical relevance of weight gain during clozapine treatment. Previous reports indicated clinically significant weight gain in 13% to 85% of patients and an average gain of 9.0 to 24.7 lb. METHOD: Twenty-one state hospital patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were weighed weekly for 12 weeks before clozapine treatment and during the first 16 weeks of treatment. Psychiatric symptoms were rated with a modified version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). RESULTS: The mean weight gain for the entire group was 13.9 lb, or 8.9% of body weight. During the 16 weeks of clozapine treatment, 38% of the patients experienced marked weight gains and 29% had moderate weight gains. The improvements in BPRS total score and composite negative symptom score were significantly greater for the eight patients with marked weight gains than for the other 13 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Clozapine's propensity to induce weight gain may relate to the drug's efficacy and/or its unique neuropharmacologic effects. Increased attention to this phenomenon is important because of the morbidity associated with obesity.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Parental substance abuse, reports of chronic pain and coping in adult patients with sickle cell disease.

There is increasing interest from a social learning perspective in understanding the role of parental factors on adult health behaviors and health outcomes. Our review revealed no studies, to date, that have evaluated the effects of parental substance abuse on reports of chronic pain and coping in adult patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). We explored the effects of parental substance (alcohol or drug) abuse on reports of the sensory, affective and summary indices of pain in 67 adult patients, mean age 38.9 (13.5), with SCD. We also explored the effects of parental substance abuse on psychopathology associated with pain and active coping. Twenty-four percent of patients reported that their parent(s) abused substances. Patients whose parent(s) were characterized as substance abusers reported greater sensory (p=0.02), affective (p=0.01) and summary (VAS; p=0.02) indices of pain as compared to their counterparts, whose parent(s) were not characterized as substance abusers. Patients did not differ in average age, education or the propensity to respond in a socially acceptable manner. There was a significant trend towards patients who characterized their parents as abusers scoring higher than their counterparts on active coping. We propose a Social Learning Theory to explain the current findings and suggest a need for additional prospective research to simultaneously explore biological (genetic) and social factors that influence the interpretation, experience and reporting of chronic pain in adult patients with chronic disease.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Revision total knee arthroplasty with the total condylar III system: a comparative analysis of 71 consecutive cases of osteoarthritis or inflammatory arthritis.

BACKGROUND: As revision total knee arthroplasty surgery is becoming more common, it is necessary to evaluate how individual revision prosthesis systems perform in degenerative and inflammatory arthritides. In this study, results of the use of the Total Condylar III (TC III) system in osteoarthritis (55 knees) were compared to results of its use in inflammatory arthritis (16). METHODS: Patients were followed radiographically for 5.9 (3.0-10.2) years and clinically for 3.0 (0.2-6.8) years, using re-revision as the endpoint. RESULTS: At 1 year after revision and at final follow-up, the total Knee Society knee score, function score and range of motion had improved (p < 0.001) with no differences between osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis. No knee had definite component loosening, although 23 knees had asymptomatic radiolucent lines. Complications comprised 4 infections, 1 patellar pain syndrome and 1 rupture of the patellar tendon. Using any re-revision of the prosthesis as the endpoint, 5-year survival was 95% and 8-year survival was 94%. INTERPRETATION: Concentration of demanding revision knee arthroplasties to a few hands led to good or excellent knee joint knee score results in four-fifths of the patients, and showed good outcome with the TCIII system. In spite of ligamentous laxity, propensity to develop infections, bone destruction and poor general health, patients with inflammatory arthritis had results similar to those with osteoarthritis.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Social influences: effects of the social environment on the use of alcohol and other drugs.

The research aimed to measure social influences produced by the differential effects of "high use" and "low use" environments on students' vulnerability to substance misuse. Each environment was represented by 3,000 students sampled from high and low use colleges. The social influences were measured by comparing vulnerability/resistance scores derived through a cognitive mapping strategy of the Associative Group Analysis method. Using an advanced system of software, empirical measures of students' propensities to use or not to use harmful substances were obtained by comparing hundreds of spontaneous responses elicited from individual respondents to the response distributions of reference groups of frequent alcohol/drug users and nonusers. In all comparisons, students with higher levels of reported use also showed higher vulnerability. In all comparisons, students in the high use environment showed significantly higher levels of vulnerability than students in the low use environment. ANOVA results indicated the vulnerability of students was significantly related to (high vs low use) campus environment as well as to marijuana use, alcohol use, and gender. Measuring vulnerability as a function of social influences opens numerous applications in proactive prevention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Neuropsychological performance and spectrum personality traits in the relatives of patients with schizophrenia and affective psychosis.

Neuropsychological deficits are found in both schizophrenic patients and their relatives, and some studies have shown similar, but less severe, deficits in affective psychotic patients and their relatives. We set out to establish: (a) whether schizophrenia spectrum personality traits are more common in the relatives of schizophrenic patients than, in the relatives of affective psychotic patients; and (b) what the relation is between spectrum personality traits and neuropsychological deficits in these relatives. Relatives were interviewed using the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE), and also completed the National Adult Reading Test (NART), the Trail Making Test (TMT; Parts A and B) and Thurstone's Verbal Fluency Test (TVFT). Spectrum personality traits were equally common in 129 relatives of schizophrenic patients and 106 relatives of affective psychotic patients, but the performance of the former group was inferior to that of the latter on the NART and the TVFT. Relatives with high paranoid traits had lower NART scores than relatives without such personality traits; similarly, those with high schizoid traits took longer to complete the TMT, part B, than those without such traits; and relatives with high schizotypal traits generated significantly fewer words on the TVFT than those without such traits. We conclude that relatives of schizophrenic and affective psychotic patients share a propensity to schizophrenia spectrum traits, but relatives of the former have poorer neuropsychological performance. Furthermore, there exists an association between neuropsychological deficits and spectrum traits in both groups of relatives; in particular those with high paranoid traits have lower IQ scores than their less paranoid counterparts.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Hierarchical method to align large numbers of biological sequences.

The method presented here is intended as a compromise between finding a good overall alignment and the time taken to do so. Many multiple alignment algorithms spend an excessively large amount of effort trying to find the best global alignment. This time is often ill spent because the results of the standard dynamic programming alignment algorithm are dominated by the choice of gap penalty and the form of the score matrix, both of which have a poor theoretical foundation. Nonetheless, it is important that savings in time do not compromise the quality of the alignment. By using the consensus sequence approach, this danger is largely avoided as the conserved features of the sequences are quickly identified and preserved through further cycles. In the alignment of existing alignments, which is one of the more novel aspects of the method, each alignment was treated as an averaged consensus sequence with gaps making no contribution. This gives rise to the advantageous property that gaps will have a greater propensity to be inserted where there are already gaps and is equivalent to a local change in the gap penalty. This type of behavior represents a transition away from the homogeneous scoring schemes used in aligning two sequences toward a scoring scheme that depends on position in the sequence. The alignment of consensus sequences thus forms a bridge between simple pair alignment and the alignment of discrete patterns in which sequence features and allowed gap locations are exaggerated. To complete this transition the program described above has been integrated into the earlier pattern matching (template) program. Such templates can reliably locate sequence similarities that are too weak or scattered to be found by the more standard alignment methods and should therefore produce a further condensation of the sequence data bank. Only by continually extending our knowledge of the relationships between sequences to increasingly distant similarities can we hope to avoid being overwhelmed by the increasing amount of data.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1996

The effect of sleep deprivation on sleep states, breathing events, peripheral chemoresponsiveness and arousal propensity in healthy 3 month old infants.

We wished to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation on sleep, arousal propensity, respiratory events and peripheral chemoresponses in healthy infants, since these effects might be relevant to mechanisms concerned with some cases of sudden infant death syndrome. Paired observations were made overnight during natural sleep and following sleep deprivation, in a randomized fashion, in 15 healthy infants aged 78 (7) days (mean (SD)). Polysomnograms were recorded and sleep was scored using Anders' criteria. Respiratory events were categorized into central, mixed and obstructive apnoeas. Peripheral chemoresponses were measured during quiet sleep from the respiratory response to two-breath alternations in fractional inspiratory oxygen (F1, O2) (0.42 and 0.00). Arousal propensity was determined from awakening and arousal thresholds to graded photic and auditory stimuli during quiet sleep, and from spontaneous awakenings and limb movements. Compared with natural sleep, following sleep deprivation infants maintained a greater proportion of quiet sleep (39 vs 44%). There was no measurable change in arousal propensity. During quiet sleep, obstructed breathing events tended to be more common after sleep deprivation (0.1 vs 0 events.h-1) and the expiratory time during baseline breathing increased significantly (1.27 vs 1.58 s) although the decrease in respiratory rate was not significant (32 vs 30 breaths.min-1). Peripheral chemoresponses altered significantly, alternations in tidal volume/inspiratory time (VT/tI) as a measure of inspiratory drive increased after sleep deprivation (9 vs 21%). In conclusion, following short-term sleep deprivation in infancy, respiratory control alters, peripheral chemoresponsiveness increases in magnitude and the timing of baseline breathing alters, without any detectable alteration in arousal propensity. This state may be associated with an increased vulnerability to obstructive respiratory events.

Arousal↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Does anhedonia correlate with depression severity in chronic depression?

Anhedonia has been proposed as a psychological marker for biological depression. In this study, anhedonia was measured in a cohort of chronically depressed outpatients. Levels of anhedonia were similar to those reported in acutely depressed patients. Anhedonia was significantly correlated with morbid risk of depression in first-degree family members, neuroticism, introversion, and dysfunctional attitudes, but not with depression severity or hopelessness scores. In a naturalistic follow-up study over a 1-year period, while depression severity was significantly reduced, anhedonia scores remained constant. The study provides support for the view that in chronic depression anhedonia may have trait-like properties, and that the propensity toward anhedonic responses may occur irrespective of depressive severity.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Longitudinal health endangering behavior risk among resilient and nonresilient early adolescents.

PURPOSE: To explore the relative likelihood of engaging in new health-endangering behaviors among a group of resilient early adolescents compared to a sample of nonresilient peers and a sample of normal, low-risk peers in a nonclinical, school-based setting. METHODS: Resilient adolescents and their peer groups were identified by way of a multiple linear regression equation in which age, family structure (single or step-parent family), gender, self-injurious behaviors, and emotional risk were used to predict propensity to initiate risky health behaviors. The resilient sample consisted of those adolescents who were predicted to be above the standardized mean, yet actually scored below it. The nonresilient population included those who were predicted to and actually scored above the standardized mean. The normal, low-risk population consists of adolescents who were predicted to and scored below the standardized mean. The mean age for all populations was 13.78 years. All students completed a Health Behavior Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory. RESULTS: Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals revealed that in the year following identification as resilient, nonresilient, or normal, the resilient adolescents were less likely than the nonresilient adolescents to initiate a variety of risky behaviors. At the same time, the resilient adolescents were more likely than their normal, not at-risk peers to have initiated those same risky behaviors. The resilient adolescents have modestly higher mean self-esteem than the nonresilient peers (t = 2.47, p < 0.05) but lower self-esteem than their normal, not at-risk peers (t = 3.66, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Determination of resilience status by way of multiple linear regression yielded identifiable groups which conformed to expected elevated risk of initiating new risky behaviors relative to normal, not at-risk peers but lowered risk relative to nonresilient peers. Differences were most notable with reference to new reports of substance use. The lower rate of initiating new risky behaviors among resilient relative to nonresilient peers is seen as a reflection of behavioral competence in an adverse context. However, the elevated rate of initiating new risky behaviors among resilient relative to normal, not at-risk peers is seen as a reflection of the continuing, negative impact of that adverse context.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

An assessment of endodontic re-treatment decision-making in an educational setting.

AIM: To test the applicability of Praxis Concept (PC) theory in endodontic re-treatment decision-making amongst dental students of similar backgrounds, but from two dental schools. METHODOLOGY: A total of 172 students from two dental schools (n = 97 and n = 75) were asked to select their management choices (from five possible options) for each of six variations on quality (by way of adequacy of root filling) and complexity (by way of absence or presence of a post) of a simulated radiograph of an anterior tooth. The six variations each had five possible levels of periapical condition, giving a total of 30 cases for which management choices were sought. Individual re-treatment preference scores (RPS) were obtained, from which school and gender differences were compared by t-test. The association between students' stated re-treatment propensities and the different cases was expressed as odds ratios using unconditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: There were large inter-individual variations in RPS within the cases at both schools. Mean RPS for the group was 0.62 (SD 0.14), and did not differ between the schools (P = 0.44), but was significantly lower for males than females (P = 0.01). For all participants and a given case, if re-treatment was proposed for a particular size of lesion, then all larger lesions for that case were also marked for re-treatment. Presence of a defective root filling or overfilling reflected a greater propensity for re-treatment than when the root filling was adequate, whilst the absence/presence of a post had no clear effect on re-treatment choices. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the explanatory potential of PC theory in endodontic re-treatment decision-making in the group investigated, and suggest that factors besides disease status alone, may contribute to the choices that clinicians make.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2004

Timing conditions and the magnitude of gender differences on the Mental Rotations Test.

In two experiments, we examined the effect of timing conditions on the magnitude of gender differences in performance on the Mental Rotations Test (MRT). In Experiment 1, each of 196 females and 119 males was administered the MRT via a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation in one of five timing conditions (15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 sec). The participants were exposed to each MRT item for the period specified in the assigned timing condition. Experiment 2 was conducted to address flaws found in Experiment 1. Accordingly, each of 105 females and 105 males was individually administered the task in one of three timing conditions (15 sec, 25 sec, or unlimited duration). The results of both experiments showed that the magnitude of gender differences was similar across timing conditions when a conventional scoring method was used. An analysis of guessing behavior generally indicated that men tend to show little effect of timing conditions, whereas women's propensity to guess increases when they are given more time to respond. In general, the results supported an interpretation of gender differences on the MRT that relies on the joint operation of performance factors and level of spatial ability.

Adolescent↗