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PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic determination of seven antioxidants in dry food.

The liquid chromatographic determinative step of the official method for propyl gallate, trihydroxybutyrophenone, tert-butylhydroquinone, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in fats and oils has been applied to their determination in a number of dry foods. A representative sample (10 g) is homogenized first with hexane (25 mL), then with 5 mL added water, and finally with 75 mL added acetonitrile. The hexane and acetonitrile are decanted, filtered, and separated; the hexane and rehydrated food are reextracted with 2 additional portions of acetonitrile, and the combined acetonitrile extracts are concentrated and diluted to 10 mL. An aliquot is analyzed as described in the official method, using a 150 x 4.6 mm 5 microns C-18 column. The need for rehydration to maximize the recovery of BHA and other antioxidants from marketplace dry food samples such as potato flakes, dry coffee whiteners, and dessert topping mixes was demonstrated. Rehydration was not required for cheese snacks, breakfast cereals, cake mixes, and some other foods. The need for rehydration should be determined by analyzing other foods with and without the addition of water. Potato and corn chips, popcorn and cheese snacks, breakfast cereals, dry beverage mixes, rice, potato flakes, french fried potatoes, and cake mixes were spiked with the above antioxidants at 10-50 ppm. Overall recoveries ranged from 64.3 to 105.6% and repeatabilities ranged from 0.7 to 10.8%. A total of 109 samples of the above foods were analyzed, and 64% contained detectable (greater than 1-2 ppm) antioxidants, mainly BHA and BHT.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1989

Dental caries in Swedish 4-year-old children. Changes between 1967 and 1987.

The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of dental caries in 4-year-olds in the town of Umeå in 1987, and compare that data with data from 4-year-olds examined in 1967, 1971, 1976 and 1980/81, using the same diagnostic methods and criteria. The reduction in the mean dmfs value amounting to 75% between 1967 and 1980/81 did not continue up to 1987, but there was an increase in the number of children without caries from 50% in 1980/81 to 58% in 1987. There was also an increase in the proportion of children with 10 or more dmf-surfaces during the same period. The mean value for dmfs remained the same in these years. An analysis was made of the correlation between the frequency of tooth-brushing, use of fluoride toothpaste, snack consumption and the dmfs-value in 1987. A statistically significant difference in mean values for dmfs was found between children who had their teeth brushed greater than or equal to 2/day and less than or equal to 1/day. When fluoride toothpaste was used, the difference was less pronounced. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean intake frequency of snack products among children with and without caries, but a higher proportion of caries-free children was found among those with a low intake frequency of such products.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1989

[In what way does the diet of our children affect oral-dental health? Results of a survey on the diet of school children in Louvain].

The nutritional habits of 157 schoolchildren, aged between 6 and 12 years, were recorded during a period of 7 consecutive days. The nature of food substances, the frequency of snacks between meals, the frequency of sugar intake and toothbrushing habits were evaluated. The overall response was good. Results show that three out of four children take cariogenic food substances for their breakfast. Almost half of the drinks are highly cariogenic, containing large amounts of sugar. The daily frequency of between-meal snacks lies between two and three. About 10% of the forms show a frequency of sugar intake higher than 5 per day and in more than 10% the toothbrushing frequency is zero.

Belgium↗

PubMed1988

Do carbohydrates affect food intake via neurotransmitter activity?

The consumption of a carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor meal or snack can increase the synthesis of the brain neurotransmitter serotonin; proteins block this effect. The mechanism of the rise in brain serotonin involves the secretion of insulin, and the decrease that the hormone produces in plasma levels of certain amino acids that compete with tryptophan, serotonin's precursor, for transport across the blood-brain barrier. The rise in serotonin can thus be produced by any carbohydrate that elicits insulin secretion, independent of its sweetness. Pharmacologic treatments that amplify serotonin-mediated neurotransmission can selectively decrease the consumption of carbohydrate (i.e., in relation to that of protein). A group of diseases seems to exist in which depressive symptoms are associated with "carbohydrate-craving", and the consumption of large quantities of carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor snacks. Patients describe positive subjective responses to the dietary carbohydrates which are unrelated to hunger. These responses may be mediated by the rise in brain serotonin.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Oral health--the status of knowledge 1985. An analysis of a repeated survey of 761 Swiss recruits].

Concurrent with an epidemiological study, 761 military recruits were questioned about their attitudes towards dentists, dental treatment and oral hygiene habits. In addition, their knowledge of periodontal diseases and their prevention was evaluated, as were their smoking and snacking habits. Such recruits had been similarly questioned 11 years previously. Both the present and the previous studies showed that the recruits had a very positive attitude towards their dentitions, expressing a defined desire for good oral health. Oral hygiene habits, particularly daily toothbrushing, improved during the decade and were graded as acceptable. However, the recruits generally had a poor impression of dentists and their individual treatments. The number of recruits presenting for the emergency treatment of pain increased by 20%. Of this group, recruits who only sought dental checkups sporadically increased four times compared to the previous study. Confirming results of the previous study, knowledge of periodontal diseases and its prevention were poor. This may indicate a lack of clearly explained information by the dental teams which previously and presently treated these recruits. The development of a consumer society was expressed by the increased snacking habits. In contrast to what was expected, the information about dental diseases and the motivation of recruits by dental personnel and in the schools to better dental health should be improved.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Health habits of U.S. adults, 1985: the "Alameda 7" revisited.

Seven health habits, commonly referred to as the "Alameda 7," were shown to be associated with physical health status and mortality in a pioneer longitudinal study initiated in 1965 in Alameda County, CA. These habits are having never smoked, drinking less than five drinks at one sitting, sleeping 7-8 hours a night, exercising, maintaining desirable weight for height, avoiding snacks, and eating breakfast regularly. The Alameda study focused attention on the importance of everyday practices for the maintenance of good health and, ultimately, for longer life. This report presents selected findings on the prevalence of the seven Alameda practices (defined slightly differently in some cases) among the general U.S. population aged 18 years and older, by sex, according to age, education, income, and race. In general, men are more likely than women to smoke, drink, and exercise. Younger people are more likely than older people to skip breakfast, snack, and drink, and younger women are more likely than older women to smoke. Education, income, and racial differences were found for most health practices. Of all subgroups discussed, blacks, particularly black women, are the most likely to have lifestyles that would be considered unhealthy using the Alameda criteria. Overall, the data reported suggest that although large numbers of U.S. adults have healthy habits, many do not, particularly persons in socially and economically disadvantaged groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Sources of sodium, potassium, and energy in the diets of adolescents.

Analysis of food diaries of 200 students in two boarding high schools indicated that 30% of their average daily sodium intake was contributed by bakery foods and ready-to-eat cereals. The next most important source of sodium (24%) was a category made up of food adjuncts, snack-type foods, soups, and beverages. The largest proportion of sodium in most foods had been added during food manufacture or preparation. Salt added at the table contributed less than 1% of the sodium in the diets of the teenagers. All students did not eat foods from all categories on their day of recording; 70% or more ate bakery products, dairy foods, food adjuncts, and meat, fish, poultry, and eggs. Changes in recipe formulations can decrease sodium content for a variety of bakery products, cereals, mixed dishes, snack-type foods, soups, and processed meats. It is therefore possible to make large reductions in dietary sodium without disturbing other nutrient values.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Health practices in United States Air Force personnel compared to United States adult civilians.

Seven physical health practices have been found to be related to both physical health and mortality in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The practices include adequate rest, sufficient exercise, eating breakfast, no snacking, maintaining a reasonable body weight, no smoking, and use of alcohol in moderation. The purpose of this study was to describe physical health practices in the United States Air Force (USAF) and to compare them to those in the US adult population. In 1977 the USAF conducted a Health Survey that included questions concerning the seven physical health practices, and the National Center for Health Statistic's Health Interview Survey included a Health Practices Supplement. The results indicated a lower level of breakfast eating and more snacking in the USAF compared to other U.S. adults, but the difference may have been due to the relatively younger age distribution in the USAF. Air Force members reported sleeping less, and the females and older persons in both populations reported less physical activity. Air Force females reported drinking more than other females, but there appeared to be less heavy drinking in the USAF. Cigarette smoking in the USAF was slightly higher. The validity of self-reported health practice data is of considerable importance in these studies. However, there is no reason to suspect meaningful differences in reporting between the USAF and US populations.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMed1984

d-Fenfluramine selectively decreases carbohydrate but not protein intake in obese subjects.

Studies on normal rats and on obese human subjects exhibiting 'carbohydrate-craving' suggest that brain mechanisms exist allowing appetites for carbohydrates and proteins to be regulated independent of those for calories and for tastes of the carbohydrates. We observe that virtually all of the excess in daily energy intake among these obese people can be accounted for by carbohydrate snacks, and that a serotonin-releasing drug, d-fenfluramine, selectively diminishes the tendency to consume these snacks.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Obesity in young Dutch adults: II, daily life-style and body mass index.

The relationships between aspects of daily life-style and age, level of education, and body mass index (BMI; weight/height) were studied in young adult males (n = 1765) and females (n = 2092) in three age groups (19-21, 24-26 and 29-31 yr) in a Dutch population. By means of principal-components analysis five conceptually meaningful factors could be distinguished within the aspects of daily life-style which were considered. These factors were interpreted as constructs of: (1) slimming behaviour; (2) behaviour characterized by the consumption of coffee and alcohol, smoking habits and the number of hours sleep per night (CASS behaviour); (3) eating sweet and savoury snacks between meals; (4) health-conscious behaviour; and (5) physical activity. After adjustments were made for age and level of education, multiple regression analysis showed that slimming behaviour was positively related to BMI in both sexes, CASS behaviour was positively related to BMI in males, and health-conscious behaviour was inversely related to BMI in both sexes. An observed positive relationship between BMI and occupational physical activity in males could be explained by a confounding effect of socio-economic status. The observed weak positive relationship between number of hours active sport per month and BMI in males is possibly due to a difference in lean body mass. The consumption of sweet and savoury snacks was not related to BMI in either sex. These findings suggest that the daily life-style variables should be interpreted as indicators of more general types of behaviour, some of which may be important determinants of obesity.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Presweetened dry breakfast cereals: potential for dental danger.

Sugar concentrations were measured by enzymatic methods in twenty-eight presweetened breakfast cereals. Means for the various sugars were in essential agreement with recently published gas-liquid chromatography results and also with the sugar values expressed on the labels of these cereals. Thus, accurate and reproducible analytical methods are available for sugar measurements in foods; sugar levels in foods can now be assessed with confidence and the information disseminated to interested food purchasers. Oral retention time, as measured by salivary sucrose determinations, was prolonged after ingestion of these cereals directly from the box; oral clearance was more rapid, when the same subject drank a sugar solution of the same concentration. Presweetened cereals are candidates for frequent ingestion as snacks, due to their candy-like taste. This fact plus the high sugar levels in these cereals and the tendency to prolonged intraoral retention, automatically classifies these materials as potential dental hazards, when used as snacks. It is not implied that this is the case, when these products are eaten at mealtime with milk.

Cariogenic Agents↗

PubMed1981

Role of food characteristics in behavioral change and weight loss.

A behaviorally oriented correspondence course was completed by 517 subjects. All subjects received the behavioral course but were sorted into four groups: (a) behavioral instruction only, (b) recommend soup for lunch, (c) recommend soup for any meal or snack, and (d) recommend yogurt for meals or snacks. Subjects lost an average of 3.8 kg. in 10 weeks. There was a marked association between rate of eating and total caloric consumption for the meal. Eating soup as part of lunch or dinner led to both decreased consumption of kilo-calories and a slower rate of eating.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The effects of aspartame versus sucrose on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes in obese and lean women.

This study examined the effects of four breakfast preloads of different sweetness and energy content on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes of 12 obese and 12 lean women. The preloads consisted of creamy white cheese (fromage blanc) and were either plain, sweetened with sucrose or aspartame, or sweetened with aspartame and supplemented with maltodextrin. Their energy content was either 300 kcal (1,255 kJ) or 700 kcal (2,929 kJ). Motivational ratings of hunger and the desire to eat were obtained prior to and at 30 min intervals after breakfast. Taste preferences were measured prior to and 150 min after breakfast. The subjects ate buffet-style lunch, snack, and dinner meals in the laboratory. Obese women consumed significantly more energy at meals (2,596 kcal or 10,862 kJ) than did lean women (1,484 kcal or 6,209 kJ); derived a greater proportion of energy from fat (39.9% vs. 35.5%), and had lower dietary carbohydrate-to-fat ratios. Consumption of low-energy as opposed to high-energy breakfast preloads was associated with elevated motivational ratings by noon. However, energy intakes at lunch, snack, or dinner did not vary as a function of preload type, and no compensation was observed for the energy consumed at breakfast. Taste preferences were not affected by preload ingestion or by preload type. The study provided no evidence that aspartame promotes hunger or results in increased energy intakes in obese or in lean women.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The relative validity of the repeated 24 h recall for estimating energy and selected nutrient intakes of rural Ghanaian children.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relative validity of the 24 h recall for rural southern Ghanaian children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, in which food consumption was estimated for the same two days, using the recall and weighed record dietary techniques. SETTING: Two villages in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. SUBJECTS: 72 rural children (39 females and 33 males; 56.2 +/- 9.4 months). RESULTS: Overall agreement in the number of foods reported was noted for 42% of records; 53% of recalls under-reported and 5% over-reported the number of foods consumed. Over 65% of snacks compared to less than 6% of main meal foods were missed on recalls. Average recalled portions were similar to weighed with the exception of cereal staples; for Slepor 250 g vs 295 g, P = 0.007 and for Gidantuba 272 g vs 260 g, P = 0.02. Average daily recalled intakes of energy and most nutrients were lower (P < or = 0.05) than weighted intakes in Slepor, but similar in Gidantuba. In both villages, the recalled and weighted nutrient intakes per MJ, and percentage energy from food groups, were similar. Intraclass correlations between recalled and weighed intakes ranged from 0.06 (energy) to 0.78 (vitamin A) per day, and per MJ from 0.36 to 0.76 for Fe in Gidantuba and Slepor, respectively. Less than 35% of recalled energy and nutrient intakes were within +/- 10% of weighed intakes. CONCLUSIONS: The recall could be substituted for the weighted record to estimate average intakes of energy and most nutrients, dietary quality and food consumption patterns, provided the average recalled serving of cereal staples was accurately estimated. For assessment of individual intakes or snack consumption, however, the recall technique was invalid. SPONSORSHIP: The International Development Research Centre and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Child↗

PubMed1977

Impact of fast food meals on nutrient intake of two groups.

Two groups in different population centers were studied to determine how often consumers frequented fast food restaurants, and consequently, how heavily they relied on this type of food for nutrients. A questionnaire was answered by 280 customers of two fast food restaurants of the same chain. They were asked how often they patronized fast food restaurants, their specific food choices, and other pertinent questions. Food choices were evaluated for energy and seven nutrients on the basis of published analyses of the menu items of the particular fast food chain. Fifty-two per cent of the subjects in the two groups considered their purchases to be meals. Seventy-seven per cent of these consumed one-third or more of the recommended dietary allowance for protein, but no more than 30 per cent received that amount of the other nutrients examined, including food energy. Calcium and particularly vitamin A were least often consumed in amounts equal to one-third of the recommended allowances. Consumer choices were responsible for low consumption of calcium, but no good sources of vitamin A were included on the menus. Fast food items were purchased so infrequently by the majority of our respondents that nutrient composition of the fast food meals or snacks would be of concern in only a small number of cases. This study indicates that any attempts to improve nutritive value of fast food snacks or meals must include efforts to lead consumers to make wiser food choices, as well as encourage the fast food industry to provide rich sources of all the nutrients in their menus.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

School nutrition survey.

Food we eat has an important influence on health and well-being. Many eating habits are established in childhood. 456 children aged eight to 12 years participated in this survey of food eaten at school. Of all the food items eaten as a snack, 48.6% were categorised as junk. 75.8% of the sandwiches brought to school for lunch were made with white bread. Of the remaining food items brought for lunch 63.5% were of the junk variety. Compared with those who brought a snack or lunch from home, those given money to buy their own were more likely to eat junk (p < 0.01). Food eaten at school reflects approximately one third of a child's daily food intake but health food practises for even a third of food intake may be of a value for health and long term eating habits. Nutritional education with the reinforcement of high nutritional standards in schools could improve the situation.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Weight concerns and eating patterns: a survey of university students in Europe.

OBJECTIVE: To assess a wide range of health-related behaviours, beliefs and knowledge in educated young adults. DESIGN: A standardized questionnaire was developed, translated, and administered in university classes. SUBJECTS: 16,486 university students in 21 European countries. DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Reported and self-perceived body size, eating practices and weight concerns. RESULTS: Body Mass Index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2) was slightly different between countries, and rather low overall (20.5 in women and 22.0 in men). These low values can be attributed to the young age of respondents (21.4 years) and to their presumably high socio-economic status. Very few were overweight (8%) and less than 1% were obese. In spite of the low BMI, many perceived themselves as overweight, especially among women. Trying to lose weight (44% of women, 17% of men) and dieting (14% in women and 3% in men) were not uncommon, although large differences existed between countries. Dieting affected snack and meal patterns: dieters reported fewer snacks and female dieters also reported fewer meals than non-dieters. Breakfast was skipped by almost twice as many dieters as non-dieters. Some evidence of anorexia nervosa (dieting in very underweight individuals) appeared. CONCLUSION: The data suggest excessive responses to weight loss pressures and imperfect translation of nutritional advice into behaviours.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Managing pregnancy sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum.

The causes of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy are still not clearly understood, nor is there one simple, effective treatment. Nausea and vomiting do not appear to be associated with fetal morbidity, malnutrition or death. Carbohydrate-rich snacks at frequent intervals seem to provide relief. Health education on healthy sandwiches and snacks should be given. Hyperemesis gravidarum-severe vomiting in pregnancy-requires management in hospital to restore electrolyte balance and prevent severe dehydration.

Diet↗