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Results for “Subcutaneous Tissue”

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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Differential arterial/venous expression of NG2 proteoglycan in perivascular cells along microvessels: identifying a venule-specific phenotype.

OBJECTIVE: Similar to other vascular pericyte markers, including smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin, desmin, and PDGF-beta-receptor, NG2 proteoglycan is not pericyte specific. Therefore, the use of NG2 as a pericyte marker, especially in cell lineage studies, in comparison to other nonspecific pericyte markers requires an understanding of how its expression varies spatially within a microvascular network. The objective of this study was to characterize NG2 expression along vessels within rat microvascular networks and compare this to SM alpha-actin expression. METHODS: Mesenteric tissue, subcutaneous tissue, spinotrapezius muscle, and gracilis muscle were harvested from 250-g, female, Sprague-Dawley rats and stained for NG2 and SM alpha-actin. The distribution of NG2 expression was evaluated in mesenteric networks (n = 28) with complementary observations in subcutaneous tissue and skeletal muscle. RESULTS: Perivascular cells, including mature smooth muscle cells (SMCs), immature SMCs, and pericytes, expressed NG2. Most importantly, NG2 expression was primarily confined to perivascular cells along arterioles and capillaries, and continuous expression was not observed along venules beyond the immediate postcapillary vessels. The differential expression of NG2 along the arteriolar side of microvascular networks was also observed in rat subcutaneous and skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that NG2 is expressed by all perivascular cells along arterioles, and its absence denotes a venule-specific phenotype. These results identify for the first time a marker that differentiates venous smooth muscle and pericytes from other capillary- and arteriole-associated perivascular cells.

Actins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of a heparin-heparinoid combination on esthesiologic and trophic changes in deep periarticular tissues in gonarthritis].

We evaluated the efficacy of heparin-glucuronylglucosaminoglycane association topically used on periarticular deep tissues (subcutaneous and muscle), in 20 females divided into two homogeneous groups of 10 each, affected by painful osteoarthritis of the knee. Electrically stimulated subcutaneous and muscular pain thresholds have been assessed; ultrasound scan of subcutaneous tissue overlying articular rima and vastus medialis muscle, and ultrasound scan of vastus medialis muscle thickness have been also examined. The measurements have been done (at the beginning of the experiment) in basal conditions and respectively after one, two, and three weeks treatment with the drug or placebo administered in a double blind fashion. Subcutaneous and muscular pain thresholds have shown an important rise right from the first week of treatment; subcutaneous tissue thickness was significantly decreased after two weeks treatment and in the same period a significant increase of vastus medialis muscle was registered. No such variations have been shown after placebo treatment. The possible mechanisms of such effects have been assessed in a peripheral control action of inflammation, with decrease of nociceptive message and consequent limitation of dystrophic reflex phenomena.

Aged↗

PubMed1976

Abnormalities in the adrenergic control and the rate of lipolysis in isolated human subcutaneous adipose tissue in diabetes mellitus.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from 9 patients with untreated diabetes mellitus and from 13 obese nondiabetics. After incubation with isoprenaline or noradrenaline, glycerol release and tissue cyclic AMP (cAMP) were determined. Basal glycerol release was twice as rapid from the diabetic adipose tissue. With isoprenaline, the cAMP concentration and the glycerol production was significantly higher in the diabetic adipose tissue. Noradrenaline did not increase glycerol production or cAMP concentration in the diabetic adipose tissue. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was also removed from the diabetics after antidiabetic treatment. Basal lipolysis was significantly reduced and noradrenaline significantly increased both glycerol release and cAMP production. With isoprenaline, cAMP production and glycerol release were significantly less after antidiabetic treatment than in the untreated state. The data provide evidence for increased alpha- as well as beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in human subcutaneous adipose tissue of untreated diabetic patients.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

Distribution of pacinian corpuscles in the hand of the monkey, Macaca fuscata.

The size and distribution of pacinian corpuscles were investigated in the palmar aspect of both hands of the monkey, Macaca fuscata. Most pacinian corpuscles were located in the dermis (dermal type) and subcutaneous tissue (subcutaneous type) throughout the hand. On light microscopy there were no differences in the structure of these 2 types, although almost all the subcutaneous type had a greater longitudinal dimension than the dermal type. Corpuscles were oval or elliptical and their longitudinal and transverse dimensions varied from 156 to 2025 microns and 88 to 1240 microns, respectively. Many pacinian corpuscles were in close relation to the small blood vessels, and their diameters were as large as those of capillaries. There were 458 corpuscles (dermal type: subcutaneous type = 140:318) in the right hand and 416 (186:230) in the left hand. About 40% of the corpuscles in each hand were found in the digital region; the remainder were located in the palm. The mean number of corpuscles in each finger was 33 and they were concentrated in the distal and middle phalanges. In the palmar region, most corpuscles were localised in the 2nd and 3rd interdigital eminences and the thenar and hypothenar eminences.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Increased tetraploidy: cell-specific for the Gardner gene in the cultured cell.

Human hereditary tumors in vivo are known to show tissue specificity. Increased endoreduplication with tetraploidy has been shown to occur in cultures established only from tissue containing epithelium (skin and colonic polyps) from patients with the Gardner syndrome. Cultures established from blood (short-term lymphocyte and lymphoid suspension) and connective tissue (subcutaneous tissue, lipoma, mesentery, and sebaceous cyst) from the same patients did not show increased tetraploidy. These observations demonstrated that tetraploidy as an expression of the gene for the Gardner syndrome was cell-specific in vitro and added further evidence that increased tetraploidy could be used for detection of the Gardner gene in families at risk.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2005

A phase I study of recombinant human C1 inhibitor in asymptomatic patients with hereditary angioedema.

BACKGROUND: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a congenital disorder with recurrent attacks of localized swelling of submucosal tissue, subcutaneous tissue, or both caused by a deficiency of the plasma protein C1 inhibitor (C1 esterase inhibitor [C1INH]). OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the effects of recombinant human C1INH (rhC1INH) isolated from the milk of transgenic rabbits in 12 asymptomatic patients with HAE. METHODS: rhC1INH was intravenously administered at doses of 6.25 to 100 U/kg on 2 occasions. RESULTS: rhC1INH appeared safe and was well tolerated. The course of functional C1INH in plasma showed a full initial recovery (dose-normalized maximum concentration of about 0.02 U/mL/U/kg) and a dose-dependent clearance of rhC1INH. After infusion of rhC1INH at 100 U/kg, a clearance of approximately 13 mL/min, a half-life of approximately 3 hours, and a volume of distribution of approximately 3 L were observed. Infusion at this dose led to functional C1INH levels in plasma of at least twice the normal level for about 2 hours and greater than 0.4 U/mL for about 9 hours. rhC1INH displayed dose-dependent biologic activity by increasing the C4 level, which was about 2-fold at 12 hours after rhC1INH at 100 U/kg, and decreasing levels of cleaved C4. CONCLUSION: The observed safety profile and biologic activity of rhC1INH warrants further clinical studies to assess its efficacy in treating HAE attacks.

Angioedema↗

PubMed1982

Regulation of subcutaneous blood flow during head-up tilt (45 degrees) in normals.

Local and remote regulation of subcutaneous blood flow in the forearm and leg was studied during head-up tilt (45 degrees) in 6 young healthy male subjects. Relative blood flow was estimated by the local 133Xe washout technique. Lowering of a leg to a 51% decrease in its subcutaneous blood flow due to a veno-arteriolar reflex elicited by the increase in venous transmural pressure. During head-up tilt subcutaneous blood flow in the arm remaining at heart level decreased by 27%, in the leg blood flow decreased by 50%. Following proximal nervous blockade, head-up tilt did not induce vasoconstriction in forearm at heart level, but blood flow in distal leg decreased by 45%. Thus there was no difference in the vasoconstrictor response in the leg to head-up tilt or lowering of the labelled area by 40 cm. Since head-up tilt caused neurogenically mediated vasoconstriction in subcutaneous tissue, subcutaneous blood flow in the extremities seems to be regulated by remote (baroreceptor) as well as local sympathetic reflex mechanisms (veno-arteriolar reflex).

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[Facial hemiatrophy--Romberg's disease].

Author present a care of acquired facial hemiatrophy--Romberg's disease, a sporadic disease of unclear etiology characterized by shrinking and deformation of one side of face, including superficial facial tissues, subcutaneous tissues, fatty tissue, musculature, cartilage and bones. The principle etiopahogenetic hypothesis suggests that Romberg's disease is the consequence of central and peripheral alterations in the sympathetic nervous system. The disease was first described by Romberg in 1846, and in 1963 Roger gave a detailed description and analysis of 1035 cases. In this study authors presented the latest information form literature (magnetic resonance image, biochemical investigations, experimental model of a sympathectomy at animals). A case of a patient treated with great number of available methods: computerized tomography, X-ray, Doppler spectral analyze, termovision, electromyography, electroencephalography, evoked visual potentials, brainstem's evoked potential is shown.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Direct determination of the tissue-to-blood partition coefficient for Xenon in human subcutaneous adipose tissue.

The tissue-to-blood partition coefficient for Xenon (lambda Xe) in the subcutaneous tissue in the forefoot was determined by physical and chemical analysis. The difference between patients with normal circulation (n = 10) and serve ischaemia (n = 13) was insignificant; pooled mean: 7.42 +/- 1.57 ml x g-1. The lambda Xe in the forefoot was significantly lower than lambda Xe of the abdominal wall (lambda Xe - abd: 8.67 +/- 1.27 ml x g-1; P = 0.03). The influence of oedema on the local blood flow [in ml x (100 g x min)-1] and on the post-reconstructive hyperaemia (in ml x min-1) is discussed. It is concluded that local blood flow determinations, based on 133Xenon wash-out rates, in individual cases, are not possible. In subcutaneous tissue with low lipid contents, the ratio between the post- and preoperative wash-out rates tend to underestimate the post reconstructive hyperaemia. This is due to the volume increase of the subcutaneous tissue being larger than the decrease of the tissue-to-blood partition coefficient due to the oedema.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2003

Using a phantom to compare MR techniques for determining the ratio of intraabdominal to subcutaneous adipose tissue.

OBJECTIVE: Patients who have a greater distribution of intraabdominal adipose tissue as compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue and an increased ratio of intraabdominal adipose tissue to subcutaneous adipose tissue are at greater risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In previous MR investigations, researchers have used conventional T1-weighted spin-echo images to determine the ratio of intraabdominal adipose tissue to subcutaneous adipose tissue. However, no investigation, to our knowledge, has been performed to determine the accuracy of using different MR sequences to estimate adipose distribution. The purpose of our investigation was to compare MR imaging and segmentation techniques in calculating the ratio of intraabdominal to subcutaneous adipose tissue using an adiposity phantom. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A phantom was created to simulate the distribution of subcutaneous and intraabdominal fat (with known volumes). Axial MR images were obtained twice through the phantom using a 5-mm slice thickness and zero gap for the following T1-weighted sequences: spin-echo, fast Dixon, and three-dimensional (3D) spoiled gradient-echo. An in-house computer software program was then used to segment the volumes of fat and calculate the volume of intraabdominal adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue and the ratio of intraabdominal to subcutaneous adipose tissue. Each imaging data set was segmented three times, so six sets of data were yielded for each imaging technique. The percentage predicted of the true volume was calculated for each MR imaging technique for each fat variable. The mean percentages for each variable were then compared using one-factor analysis of variance to determine whether differences exist among the three MR techniques. RESULTS: The three MR imaging techniques had statistically significant different means for the predicted true volume of two variables: volume of subcutaneous adipose tissue (p < 0.001) and volume of intraabdominal adipose tissue (p = 0.0426). Estimates based on fast Dixon images were closest to the true volumes for all the variables. All MR imaging techniques performed similarly in estimating the ratio of intraabdominal adipose tissue to subcutaneous adipose tissue (p = 0.9117). The acquisition time for the 3D spoiled gradient-echo images was 10-22 times faster than for the other sequences. CONCLUSION: Conventional T1-weighted spin-echo MR imaging, the current sequence used in practice for measuring visceral adiposity, may not be the optimal MR sequence for this purpose. We found that the T1-weighted fast Dixon sequence was the most accurate at estimating all fat volumes. The T1-weighted 3D spoiled gradient-echo sequence generated similar ratios of intraabdominal to subcutaneous adipose tissue in a fraction of the acquisition time.

Abdominal Cavity↗

PubMed1985

Fatty acid-binding protein activities in bovine muscle, liver and adipose tissue.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue, sternomandibularis muscle and liver were obtained from steers immediately postmortem. Muscle strips and adipose tissue snips were incubated with 0.75 mM [1-14C]palmitate and 5 mM glucose. Muscle strips esterified palmitate at the rate of 2.5 nmol/min per gram tissue, which was 30% of the rate observed for adipose tissue. Fatty acid-binding protein activity was measured in 104,000 x g supernatant fractions of liver, muscle and adipose tissue homogenates. Muscle and adipose tissue fractions bound 840 and 140 pmol [1-14C]palmitoyl-CoA per gram tissue, respectively. Fatty acid-binding protein activity was greater in adipose tissue than in muscle when data were expressed per milligram protein (35 vs. 13 pmol palmitoyl-CoA bound per milligram of soluble protein, respectively). Fatty acid binding-protein activity was correlated with the rate of palmitate esterification within each tissue. Liver contained the highest fatty acid-binding protein activity (13,000 pmol palmitoyl-CoA bound per gram tissue and 215 pmol palmitoyl-CoA bound per milligrams soluble protein).

Acyl Coenzyme A↗

PubMed2001

Increased expression of eNOS protein in omental versus subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese human subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of eNOS and iNOS mRNA and protein in adipose tissue from subcutaneous (s.c.) and omental adipose tissue of obese subjects. DESIGN: Subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue was obtained from subjects undergoing weight reduction surgery. Messenger RNA and protein levels were measured in tissue extracts and related to basal lipolysis, which was measured in isolated adipocytes from the same subjects. SUBJECTS: Eight overweight but otherwise healthy male subjects (age 43.4+/-10.3 y, BMI 39+/-3.5 kg/m(2), mean+/-s.e.m.). MEASUREMENTS: For mRNA detection a competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method was used while protein was detected by Western blot. Glycerol release was determined in isolated adipocytes using a standard luminometric assay. RESULTS: Tissue mRNA levels for eNOS in s.c. tissue were 6098+/-1969 amol/mg RNA and in omental tissue 6987+/-2914 amol/mg RNA (mean+/-s.e.m., P=0.75). iNOS mRNA levels were substantially lower; in s.c. tissue 227+/-127 amol/mg RNA and in omental tissue 245+/-162 amol/mg RNA (P=0.8). In Western blot, eNOS protein levels in s.c. and omental tissue were 1.88+/-2.0 and 7.47+/-4.11 (OD/mm(2) 100 microg total protein, P=0.0063), respectively. iNOS protein was expressed at significantly lower levels and barely detectable in both s.c. and omental tissue. Basal rate of lipolysis was two times higher in s.c. compared to omental fat cells (P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS: eNOS protein is markedly increased in omental compared to s.c. adipose tissue in human obese subjects, probably due to post-transcriptional mechanisms. Since basal lipolysis is much lower in omental vs s.c. adipose tissue it is possible that regionally increased NO production, primarily by eNOS, may be involved in the site difference of basal lipolysis in obese subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1960

[Histochemical study of postnatal development of subcutaneous connective tissue].

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Connective Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Lipolysis in adipocytes isolated from deep and superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue.

OBJECTIVE: Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) occurs in two depots separated by a fascial plane: deep SAT and superficial SAT. In a recent study it was demonstrated that the amount of deep SAT has a much stronger relationship to insulin resistance than does superficial SAT. Because insulin resistance may be related to fatty acid release from adipose tissue, we hypothesized that the two SAT depots may have a different lipolytic activity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: To test this hypothesis, we obtained samples of deep and superficial SAT from patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. The rate of lipolysis was determined in the collagenase-digested adipocytes obtained from the two fat depots by measuring glycerol release in the presence and absence of isoproterenol. In addition, the relative concentration of hormone-sensitive lipase was determined in both SAT depots by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Our results showed that the rate of isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis was approximately 20% higher in cells from deep SAT compared with those from superficial SAT, indicating that the deep SAT is more lipolytically active. The concentration of hormone-sensitive lipase did not differ between the two adipose tissue depots. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that the higher lipolytic activity of deep SAT may account for its stronger association with insulin resistance. The mechanism seems to be independent of differences in hormone-sensitive lipase concentration.

Adipocytes↗

PubMed1977

Changes in ATP and cyclic nucleotide levels during sympathetic nerve stimulation in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue in fed, female dogs was isolated. Biopsies of the tissue (30-150 mg) were taken and rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen before, during and after nerve stimulation (3-4 Hz). In unstimulated adipose tissue the levels of ATP1 were 74+/-7 nmol/g, of cyclic AMP 90 +/- 12 pmol/g and of cyclic PGMP 18 +/- 3 pmol/g (mean+/-S.E.). During sympathetic nerve stimulation the levels of ATP and cyclic GMP fell by 30 and 50% respectively (p less than 0.01), while the cyclic AMP content increased by 50% (p less than 0.05). After nerve stimulation there was a marked increase in glycerol release, and the levels of all three nucleotides returned to control. The fall in ATP during nerve stimulation was essentially eliminated by prior adrenergic alpha-receptor blockade. It is concluded that 1) sympathetic nerve stimulaton induces a rapid, reversible fall in tissue ATP content, which may be related to hypoxia secondary to the vasoconstriction, and 2) lipolytic responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in vivo are preceeded by small increases in the tissue cyclic AMP level, and a 3-fold increase in the cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1980

Subcutaneous adipose tissue cellularity of swine with different propensities for adipose tissue growth.

Middle subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were excised dorsal to the first rib, lat rib, and last lumbar vertebrae of lean and obese swine (Yorkshire and Ossabaw gilts) one year of age. Average backfat thickness per 100 kg body weight was approximately five fold greater for obese swine (6.8 versus 1.5 cm, respectively). Adipocyte diameter and volume distributions were determined after fixation with OsO4 with a Coulter Counter. To preclude connective tissue debris contribution to adipocyte number determinations, 8 M urea was used to solubilize connective tissue. Within a breed among tissue sites no differences in adipocyte size distributions were observed. Adipocyte diameter distributions for first rib, last rib, and last lumbar were significantly biphasic for lean and obese swine. However, the diameter distributions were markedly different between lean and obese swine. Twice as many small cells (20-30 micrometer diameter) were present in distributions from obese swine. Maximum cell diameter for lean and obese swine was 140 and 190 micrometer, respectively. The appearance of biphasic diameter distributions in lean and obese swine one year old suggests that adipocyte hyperplasia is continuing long after the time earlier work had suggested that hyperplasia had ceased.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

Presence of the brown fat-specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein and iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue of neonatal lambs.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue of neonatal lambs has been examined for the presence of markers diagnostic of thermogenic brown fat. Uncoupling protein, uncoupling protein mRNA, and iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity were each detected in subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as in the major internal fat depot (perirenal), of newborn lambs. These brown fat markers were not present, however, in adipose tissue of adult sheep. It is concluded that subcutaneous fat in newborn lambs is functionally 'brown', and similar to the internal fat; subcutaneous and internal adipose tissues follow a similar developmental path--from 'brown' to 'white'.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Quantifying the 'appleness' or 'pearness' of the human body by subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution.

To quantify subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT-Top) describing individual SAT distribution for a subject or even a group we measured subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness at 15 specified body sites of 303 healthy women aged 20-69 yrs and 20 women with proven non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) by the optical device 'LIPOMETER'. The type of upper-body- and lower-body-fat pattern, (apples or pears), was determined by factor analysis of the data. Upper body sites were highly loaded in factor 1, whereas factor 2 included highly loaded body sites from the lower extremities. For an individual, factor 1 scores > factor 2 scores, was described as an 'apple'-type, while factor 2 > factor 1 was described as a 'pear'-type. We found about 80% 'pears' and 20% 'apples' in 20-29 year olds and 20% 'pears' and 80% 'apples' in 60-69 year old women. Women with NIDDM tended to be 'super-apples'. SAT-Top provides a useful differentiation between apples and pears and we recommend this approach as a screening method.

Adipose Tissue↗