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PubMedDate not supplied

How conceptual frameworks influence clinical practice: Evidence from the writings of John Thelwall, a 19th-century speech therapist.

BACKGROUND: The impact of speech therapists' conceptual frameworks on their clinical methods tends to be ignored or taken for granted by today's practitioners. One way to show the importance of such frameworks is to study how they were used previously. John Thelwall, a 19th-century elocutionist, offers a rich source for studying the influence of conceptual frameworks in the past and provides needed distance for clinicians to discover how they frame their own practices. AIMS: To discover how conceptual frameworks have influenced past and current speech-therapy practices. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Content analyses of the writings of Thelwall were performed to discover his conceptual frameworks and how and when they were used. The results were then compared with frameworks in use today. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Four frameworks were found in Thelwall's writings: medical, linguistic, educational and political. All are still used, but each differs from Thelwall's in scope and detail. These comparisons have the potential for revealing the significance of conceptual frameworks in today's clinical practices. CONCLUSIONS: The ways Thelwall wrote about his work early in the 19th century bear striking resemblances to today's construals of speech therapy practices. It is the scope and application of the frameworks that have changed with time. Both the similarities and differences between current practices and those of Thelwall offer instructive insights into about how frameworks can influence clinical choices and practices.

History, 19th Century↗

PubMed1981

Phonological agraphia and the lexical route in writing.

A new agraphia syndrome is described in which the patient can write certain classes of words virtually perfectly but is very poor at writing non-words. It is shown that this difficulty cannot be explained by perceptual or memory problems. A number of aspects of the syndrome are shown to correspond to those of phonological alexia within the acquired dyslexias. It thus appears that agraphia syndromes can be analysed by methods analogous to those recently developed for the study of the acquired dyslexias.

Agraphia↗

PubMed2000

Enhancing Science Literacy for All Students With Embedded Reading Instruction and Writing-to-Learn Activities.

Reading and writing in science have been frequently maligned but infrequently studied since the 1960s move toward hands-on science. Current interest in the printed-based language arts in science is supported by contemporary educational reforms and the realization that simply doing more hands-on activities may not improve meaningful learning. Students need opportunities to consolidate their science experiences and to contrast their understandings with the interpretations of the science establishment. Science literacy means that students learn about the "big" ideas of science and how to inform and persuade others about these ideas. This article attempts to sketch a substantive framework for using science reading and science writing with deaf students based on research and informed practice with hearing students.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

A critical appraisal of the draw and write technique.

The draw and write technique is increasingly popular in health education research with children. It is generally employed in the setting of the school classroom and is promoted as a 'bottom-up' approach which enhances participation by children. In this paper we critically appraise the use of this method. Against the background of a consideration of carrying out qualitative health promotion research with children we examine the origins and use of children's drawings in a number of disciplines and practice environments. We argue that, although the draw and write technique has made an important contribution to health education research, it fails to reflect the processes involved in the construction and collection of such data. A range of methodological, analytical and ethical issues are raised. We conclude that health education research with children must involve taking children seriously as social actors and query the assumption that drawing enables children to communicate their thought any more than does conversational language. We suggest that the development of research should be premised upon an appreciation of the social context and the world of the child.

Child↗

PubMed1984

The writings of Sir Bernard Spilsbury: Part I.

This is a two-part historical feature, highlighting the rare writings of Sir Bernard Spilsbury, the recognized leader of British forensic medicine in the first half of the 20th century. Parts I and II were compiled from the publications of the Medicolegal Society of Great Britain, where Sir Bernard Spilsbury served as President in 1933. Although his profile was presented previously in this Journal (vol. 2, no. 2, 179-182, 1981), it is felt that much of Sir Bernard Spilsbury's personality comes out in his writings and recordings of his speeches in the Medicolegal Society publications. Part I includes his lecture on "The Medico-Legal Significance of Bruises," presented before the Medicolegal Society in 1938; and a short case report read before the Medicolegal Society in 1924. The subject of the case report was sudden death from inhibition. Part II will contain two papers from the Medicolegal Society publications.

Contusions↗

PubMed1993

Leonardo Da Vinci's right-to-left "mirrored" writing revisited.

Leonardo Da Vinci's anatomical drawings continue to attract the attention of the medical community. One of the intriguing aspects of these drawings is Da Vinci's use of right-to-left mirrored writing. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain his mirrored writing. This article presents a new explanation that takes into consideration the drawing material used and Da Vinci's known innovative ability. A collection of his anatomical drawings is currently on display in Boston at the Museum of Fine Arts.

Anatomy↗

PubMed1996

Paradigm and ideology in psychiatric history writing: the case of psychoanalysis.

The influence that paradigms may exert on scientific research programs is well established. The effect of organizing cognitive models on the writing of disciplinary histories, however, is less familiar although equally decisive. This essay explores the effects of ideological and paradigmatic factors on the construction of historical accounts of psychological medicine. Particular attention is paid to the scholarly case study of psychoanalysis, which for half a century determined the theories, themes, and figures discussed in psychiatric historiography, as well as the interpretations of these subjects. The author observes similar examples of the paradigmatic structuring of psychiatric history writing before and after the psychoanalytic era and speculates on whether it will ever be possible for psychiatry to achieve a single, stable, and consensual historical narrative about itself.

Austria↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Writing for Health Care Publications. A partnership between service and education.

A collaborative partnership between a school of nursing and hospital provided a foundation on which to promote writing for publication skills of health care professionals from both organizations. The implementation of an interdisciplinary graduate course, Writing for Health Care Publications, resulted in publishable manuscripts and positive outcomes related to the strategic plans of both service and educational settings.

Authorship↗

PubMed2005

Computerized content analysis of writings of Mahatma Gandhi.

Three brief excerpts from the autobiographical writings of Mohandas K. Gandhi were analyzed for neuropsychobiological content using the PCAD 2000 computer program. The computer software produces scores on 13 scales such as anxiety, hostility, cognitive impairment, and depression; compares the assigned scores with norms derived from 5-minute speech samples taken from normal, medically and psychiatrically healthy adults and children; and suggests DSM-IV diagnostic categories for consideration. The results demonstrate an objective, repeatable method for achieving insight into the mental states and traits of historic figures based on their writings.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

A framework toward restoration of writing order from single-stroked handwriting image.

Restoration of writing order from a single-stroked handwriting image can be seen as the problem of finding the smoothest path in its graph representation. In this paper, a 3-phase approach to restore a writing order is proposed within the framework of the Edge Continuity Relation (ECR). In the initial, local phase, in order to obtain possible ECRs at an even-degree node, a neural network is used for the node of degree 4 and a theoretical approach is presented for the node of degree higher than 4 by introducing certain reasonable assumptions. In the second phase, we identify double-traced lines by employing maximum weighted matching. This makes it possible to transform the problem of obtaining possible ECRs at odd-degree node to that at even-degree node. In the final, global phase, we find all the candidates of single-stroked paths by depth first search and select the best one by evaluating SLALOM smoothness. Experiments on static images converted from online data in the Unipen database show that our method achieves a restoration rate of 96.0 percent.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1989

A neurophysiological study of children with reading, writing and spelling difficulties.

Recordings of early and late auditory evoked potentials and spectral analysis of scalp EEGs of 14 eight- and nine-year-old boys with difficulties in reading, writing and spelling were compared with those of 18 matched controls. The recordings of the poor readers lacked the normal asymmetry of central conduction time and wave amplitude in the early (brainstem) auditory evoked potentials, and late (cortical) evoked potential components were reduced in amplitude. Spontaneous EEG activity was significantly increased in power in all spectral bands, and this activity was less responsive to changes in sensory stimulation. These observations provide evidence for disturbed early and late auditory processing and altered cortical function. Correlations with behavioural measures considered to be indices of reading, writing and spelling ability support the view that the electrophysiological differences in the group of poor readers reflect a disturbance in the mechanisms subserving the acquisition of written language. These differences are consistent with a primary disturbance of selective attention, which may contribute to a less efficient cognitive strategy for the acquisition of reading skills.

Brain↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Teaching children about skin cancer: the draw-and-write technique as an evaluation tool.

Childhood exposure to sunlight is a risk factor for melanoma. To formulate a meaningful program to educate children about the ill effects of the sun, their extant knowledge base must be determined. We have used the "draw-and-write" technique to assess children's perceptions about the sun, suntans, and skin cancer. A total of 693 school children aged 4 to 13 years were asked to draw pictures and label them in response to a series of carefully worded questions. Awareness of the need to apply sunscreen increased from 44% in children aged 4 to 6 years to 95% in children aged 9 to 10 years. Ten percent of children aged 4 to 6 years already perceived a suntan as attractive. While almost all children were aware of the negative immediate effects of sun exposure, namely sunburn, just 30% of American children aged 11 to 13 were aware that sun exposure is a risk for skin cancer. No differences between boys and girls were seen. The "draw-and-write" technique allows assessment of the attitudes and perceptions of children regarding the sun and skin cancer. It also provides valuable information on which to base health education and evaluate its cost-effectiveness.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Spelling errors made by children with mild epilepsy: writing-to-dictation.

Errors and corrections made by 64 mildly epileptic children of at least average intelligence who were attending ordinary elementary schools when writing in response to dictation (writing-to-dictation) were assigned to one of 28 descriptive error categories. Numbers and types of errors were compared with those obtained in 630 form-matched, healthy control subjects (Wilcoxon's two-sample test, less than or equal to 0.01). Epileptic children made significantly more errors than control subjects. Separate error categories had no diagnostic power. The groups could not be distinguished on the basis of skill-related errors. However, performance errors (erroneous deviations from the intended product), were found to be made more frequently by epileptic children. Epileptic children made more corrections and also left more errors uncorrected than control children. No relationship could be established with illness variables. Deficient problem-solving strategies, probably resulting from emotional concomitants of epilepsy, may explain the results.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Differentiating writing inks using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry.

Writing ink analysis is used in establishing document authenticity and the sources and relative ages of written entries. Most analytical methods require removing samples or visibly altering the document. Nondestructive, in situ analysis of writing inks on paper without visible alteration is possible using mass spectrometry with a new ion source called Direct Analysis in Real Time. Forty-three different black and blue ballpoint, black fluid, and black gel inks were examined. Both dyes and persistent but thermally labile components of the inks contribute to the mass spectra, principally as protonated molecules [M+H](+). Numerous ink components were identified from the spectra. The spectra were placed in a searchable library, which was then challenged with two spectra from each of the 43 inks. The best match for each of the challenge spectra was correct for all but one ink, which matched with a very similar ink by the same manufacturer.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

The ethics of policy writing: how should hospitals deal with moral disagreement about controversial medical practices?

Every healthcare organisation (HCO) enacts a multitude of policies, but there has been no discussion as to what procedural and substantive requirements a policy writing process should meet in order to achieve good outcomes and to possess sufficient authority for those who are asked to follow it.Using, as an example, the controversy about patient's refusal of blood transfusions, I argue that a hospital wide policy is preferable to individual decision making, because it ensures autonomy, quality, fairness, and efficiency. Policy writing for morally controversial medical practices needs additional justification compared to policies on standard medical practices and secures legitimate authority for HCO members by meeting five requirements: all parties directed by the policy are represented; the deliberative process encompasses all of the HCO's obligations; the rationales for the policy are made available; there is a mechanism for criticising, and for evaluating the policy.

Bioethical Issues↗

PubMed1979

Primary writing tremor.

We describe a patient who complained of jerking of the right forearm on writing. Active pronation of his arm produced several beats of pronation/supination tremor. A burst of tremor also could be elicited by tendon taps to the volar surface of the wrist, to the finger extensors, and to pectoralis major, and by forcible supination of the wrist delivered by a torque motor. The subject's writing difficulty and tremor were temporarily abolished by partial motor point anaesthesia of pronator teres. We conclude that the tremor was caused by an abnormal response to muscle spindle input from pronator teres.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Writing tremor: its relationship to benign essential tremor.

Nine patients with tremor on writing and one patient with tremor only on swinging a golf club were investigated. None of the patients had any other neurological symptoms or signs. The frequency of the tremor ranged from 5 to 6 Hz. Rapid passive supination or pronation of the forearm by a torque motor evoked a short burst of alternating tremor in seven patients. The tremor was improved by alcohol or propranolol in six patients. These characteristics of writing tremor (and of other isolated action tremors) suggest that it is a variant of benign essential tremor.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

The aetiology of mirror writing: a new hypothesis.

Twenty-eight cases of mirror writing were seen during a period of three and a half years. These consisted of 12 patients with essential tremor, nine with Parkinson's disease, three with spino-cerebellar degeneration and four other cases. There were no cases of hemiparesis, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia or confusion. Fragmentary reversals were excluded from this study. Since essential tremor, Parkinsonian tremor and cerebellar tremor can be abolished by a stereotaxic produce applied to the thalamus, a common neural pathway via the thalamic nuclei may exist in these disorders. The existence is therefore proposed of some neural mechanism that controls the higher cerebral function of writing via the thalamus.

Dominance, Cerebral↗