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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

The quality of antimalarials available in Yemen.

BACKGROUND: Malaria has always been a major public health problem in Yemen. Several studies in developing countries have demonstrated ineffective and poor quality drugs including antimalarials. Therefore, quality assessment of antimalarial drugs is of crucial importance. This study aimed to assess the quality of antimalarials (chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine) available in Yemen and to determine whether the quality of these products was related to the level of the distribution chain at which the samples were collected or related to the manufacturers. METHODS: Four samples from each antimalarial product were collected from each of the various levels of the distribution chain. One sample was kept with the research team. Two were tested at Sana'a and Aden Drug Quality Control Laboratories. The fourth was sent to the Centre for Quality Assurance of Medicines in Potchefstroom, South Africa, for analysis. Quality indicators measured were the content of the active ingredient and dissolution rate (for tablets only) in comparison to standard specifications for these products in the relevant pharmacopoeia. RESULTS: The results identified several problems of sub-standard products within the drug distribution chain. They included high and low failures in ingredient content for chloroquine tablets and chloroquine syrup. There was some dissolution failure for chloroquine tablets, and high sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine tablets dissolution failures. Failures with the dissolution of the pyrimethamine were found at most of the collection points. No clear relationship neither between the quality products and the level of the distribution chain, nor between locally manufactured and imported products was observed. CONCLUSION: There are sub-standard antimalarial products circulating within the drug distribution chains in the country, which will have serious implications on the reduced therapeutic effectiveness and on the development of drug resistance. This appears to be due to non-compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice guidelines by manufacturers in the production of the antimalarials.

Antimalarials↗

PubMed2000

Management strategy of mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the typical clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis (MCL). Medical records of 87 patients who were treated for MCL were retrospectively reviewed. Definitive diagnosis of MCL was made when a neck mass persisted for several weeks or months and one or more of the following was obtained: (1) positive mycobacterial cultures from biopsy material; (2) Positive mycobacterial staining of biopsy material; (3) Granulomatous inflammation and caseating necrosis on histopathological examination of biopsy material. Clinical findings were reviewed prior to treatment. The treatment included standard antituberculous medications followed by surgery in which either total excision or selective nodal dissection of the cervical lump was made. Follow-up results are presented. The chief complaint was a cervical mass that was localized mostly to the posterior cervical or submandibular regions. A fistula formation was encountered in 11.5 per cent. All patients recovered from MCL by combined antituberculous drug and surgical treatments. Clinical presentation of the disease and histopathological assessment are important in the diagnosis of MCL as well as in the differential diagnosis of tuberculous and nontuberculous MCL. Utilizing the combined medical and surgical treatment options, both tuberculous and non-tuberculous cervical adenitis can be treated successfully.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Papovaviral sialoadenitis in athymic nude rats.

A wasting disease was found in 32 athymic nude rats. The rats had parotid sialoadenitis with intranuclear inclusion bodies in ductal and acinar epithelial cells. Other common lesions included bronchitis, bronchiolitis and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Less commonly, rhinitis and Harderian adenitis were seen. Intranuclear inclusions were also seen in bronchial epithelium of 1 rat, Harderian gland acini of 1 rat and laryngeal glands of 2 rats. Viral particles, averaging 45 nm in diameter, sometimes in crystalline arrays, were found in the nucleus of parotid epithelial cells. By the use of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) immunoperoxidase technique, antibodies to disrupted SV40 virus (the group specific antigen of the polyomavirus (miopapovavirus) genus of the papovavirus family) reacted with intranuclear inclusions and cytoplasm of parotid epithelium and inclusions in lung and Harderian gland. The viral antigen did not cross react with antibodies to mouse polyoma, mouse K or disrupted bovine papilloma viruses.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Immunohistochemical detection of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase and hormones of the islets of Langerhans in spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in cattle.

Immunohistochemical expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme was detected in the pancreatic islets of 12 cattle with spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The most characteristic changes were atrophy and decreased number of pancreatic islets, enlarged islets with vacuolated beta cells, and lymphocytic islet adenitis. Atrophied islets were composed of small islet cells without cytoplasmic insulin-positive granules. Immunohistochemically, GAD was not found in the cytoplasm of atrophied islet cells. Furthermore, enlarged islets consisting of islet cells with vacuolated cytoplasm were frequently observed. The cytoplasm of vacuolated cells contained very few GAD- and insulin-positive granules, indicating beta cell destruction. Enlarged islets with mild lymphocytic infiltrates were frequently observed. These findings suggest that islet cells in cattle with IDDM lose their insulin synthesis function and their ability to regulate hormonal secretion of alpha and delta cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Investigation of concentrically and eccentrically layered droplets by light scattering.

Two pairs of immiscible liquid compounds are chosen to prepare levitated layered droplets with and without density difference between core and layer phases. The droplets are examined by light scattering along two orthogonal directions. A layered droplet without phase density difference is unambiguously identified as a concentric sphere by matching the observed scattering spectra with those calculated from the Aden-Kerker extension of Mie theory. For layered droplets with phase density difference, only the scattering spectrum from one of the scattering directions can be matched theoretically. These observations suggest that a static layered droplet is predominantly eccentric even though the embedded core is large by volume, as predicted from fluid mechanics. The consistency of the light-scattering characterization with the diffusion theory governing the evaporation of concentrically and eccentrically layered droplets is also established.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Education and experience improve the performance of transbronchial needle aspiration: a learning curve at a cancer center.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is an indispensable part of the pulmonologist's armamentarium, although it continues to be woefully underutilized despite its demonstrated safety and usefulness. We herein review our experience with the procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All TBNAs were conducted according to standard techniques using 21-gauge cytology needles or 19-gauge histology needles connected to a flexible bronchovideoscope. All procedures were conducted at a 180-bed cancer center, and results were analyzed retrospectively. The mediastinum and hilar lymph node mapping system proposed by Wang was followed exclusively. RESULTS: From September 1999 to March 2003, inclusively, 90 of 549 patients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy were selected for TBNA: 66 patients for hilar-mediastinal lymphoadenopathies, and 24 patients for submucosal and/or peribronchial lesions. A total of 87 hilar-mediastinal lymph node stations were sampled, with a mean of 2.2 needle passes for each. Seventy-eight patients revealed a malignant diagnosis. TBNA provided positive results for malignancy for 59 patients. Sarcoidosis, mediastinal bronchogenic cyst, and mediastinal tuberculous adenitis were identified for another three patients, respectively. The diagnostic yield was 68.2% (45 of 66 patients) for hilar-mediastinal lesions, and 70.8% (17 of 24 patients) for submucosal and peribronchial lesions. The sensitivity was 75% (45 of 60 patients) for hilar-mediastinal lesions, and 80.9% (17 of 21 patients) for submucosal and peribronchial lesions. The overall accuracy of the procedure for returning a correct diagnosis was 75.9% (66 of 87 patients). Higher yields for patients featuring small-cell lung cancer were noted. Fifteen patients presenting mediastinal lesions attained to a specific pathologic diagnosis using TBNA despite normal-appearing airways. TBNA was the exclusive means of diagnostic sampling for 27 patients. Twenty-two patients had previously undergone a nondiagnostic bronchoscopy at other hospitals. Diagnosis and mediastinal staging was accomplished in one procedure for 19 patients exhibiting non-small cell lung cancer. The number of TBNA procedures performed per unit time rose steadily during the test period. The TBNA yield and sensitivity for the detection of hilar-mediastinal lymphoadenopathies increased significantly (p = 0.03) during the study period. The presence of the cytotechnologist during the TBNA procedure provided direct, immediate feedback pertaining to the quality of specimens acquired. With such rapid on-site examination of TBNA-derived specimens, there was a trend with borderline significance (p = 0.06) toward a decreasing frequency of inadequately acquired tissue specimens when using this technique. CONCLUSIONS: TBNA performance was able to be improved over time. Increased specimen yield and sampling sensitivity over a 43-month period suggested the impact of enhanced training interventions and experience. Rapid on-site examination was also indispensable for the promotion of diagnostic accuracy. The progressive acquisition of skills as regards the use of cytology needles for TBNA purposes should precede the use of a histology needle for such biopsy purposes. For selected cases, the use of the 19-gauge histology needle increased the diagnostic yield of TBNA. It is to be hoped that increased experience with the TBNA technique and focused education regarding its performance will enhance its utilization by bronchoscopists and the spread of its acceptance.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Long-term remission for disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex associated with antibody deficiency.

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) is a ubiquitous organism with limited virulence in the immunocompetent host. Disseminated disease is associated with a high mortality rate. Except for localized cervical adenitis, MAI disease is rare in immunocompetent children. We report a child with antibody deficiency (dysgammaglobulinemia) and disseminated MAI infection, in whom complete, long-term remission was attained with multiple antimycobacterial therapy. The patient presented with progressive cervical lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly at 7 years of age. A lymph node biopsy showed acid-fast bacilli and granulomas. Despite a transient response to conventional antituberculous therapy, including isoniazid and rifampin, his symptoms progressed. Cultures from blood, bone marrow, spleen, and cervical lymph node tissues revealed an MAI organism. Subsequent treatment using a combination of clarithromycin, amikacin, and ethambutol for 16 months resolved clinical symptoms, and subsequent blood culture results became negative. By the time of this report, the patient has been disease-free for 4 years. Multiple-drug therapy is promising for the treatment of MAI in children with antibody deficiency; however, the selection of antiinfective drugs should include a member of the newer macrolide family. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, clarithromycin, dysgammaglobulinemia, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, treatment.

Antitubercular Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Parinaud syndrome caused by Bartonella henselae: case report.

The authors report a case of Parinaud syndrome (conjunctivitis with pre-auricular satellite adenitis) caused by Bartonella henselae, the etiologic agent of Cat Scratch Disease. The etiologic assessment of this case was performed by serum indirect immunofluorescence reaction and allowed for a better therapeutics and follow up, avoiding ineffective antibiotics and surgical interventions.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Restoration by VIP of the carbachol-stimulated Cl- secretion in TTX-treated guinea pig distal colon.

To determine if vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) restores neural activity from tetrodotoxin (TTX) blockade, we studied the effects of VIP and related agents on carbachol (Cch)-induced Cl(-) secretion in control-isolated guinea pig distal colon and in that treated with TTX. The short circuit current (I(sc)) increased dose-dependently after serosal applications of Cch (10(-6) - 2 x 10(-5) M) and VIP (5 x 10(-9) - 10(-7) M). But no additive or synergistic increase in I(sc) was observed. Cch- and VIP-induced I(sc) was completely abolished by a serosal application of TTX (10(-6) M). However, a serosal application, not mucosal, of VIP (10(-7) M) and 8-bromo-cAMP (10(-3) M) restored the Cch-stimulated, TTX-inhibited I(sc) by 113% and 75.8%, respectively. Furthermore, mucosal and serosal applications of forskolin (aden late cyclase activator) restored the I(sc) by 43.9% and 65.3%, respectively. The restored I(sc) was completely abolished by atropine (muscarinic receptor antagonist). These results suggest that VIP may restore the cholinergic activity by increasing the level of intracellular cAMP, and that cholinergic neuron is very likely to be responsible for the regulation of Cl(-) secretion at neuroepithelial junctions. The exact mechanism of VIP's effect on the TTX-inhibited epithelial Cl(-) secretion, and its possible usefulness in the treatment of TTX-induced pathophysiological conditions, remain to be determined.

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate↗

PubMed2004

New highly potent and selective adenosine A(3) receptor antagonists.

A class of potent, selective adenosine A(3) receptor antagonists was obtained via optimisation of the screening hit N-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-acetamide. Structural modifications of this hit revealed very quickly that a 5-(pyridin-4-yl) substituent on the 2-aminothiazole ring was optimal for high potency at the adenosine A(3) receptor. Structure activity relationship studies led to both potent and selective A(3) receptor antagonists, including N-[5-pyridin-4-yl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-acetamide, a highly potent aden-osine A(3) receptor antagonist with greater than 100- fold selectivity against the related adenosine receptors. As well as demonstrating selective in vitro binding on the human A(3) adenosine receptor, this compound was also shown to selectively block the rat A(3) receptor in vivo. This important new compound can be readily synthesised in four steps from commercially available starting materials.

Acetamides↗

PubMed2006

A clinical scoring system as useful as FNAC in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in HIV positive patients.

Among HIV positive patients, Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or biopsy for diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenopathy is often avoided due to an unspoken stigma. Earlier, we had developed a clinical scoring scale for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN), which had 88% sensitivity and detected no false positives. In the present study, we attempted to develop similar scale that could assist in diagnosing TBLN in AIDS. All 42 HIV positive patients of adenitis attending Ramdeo Hospital and Research Centre, Jodhpur between August 2001 and December 2004 were studied. History of past tuberculosis, age, history of rapid weight loss, site, size, consistency, and the presence of matting and sinus formation of enlarged lymph nodes, result of tuberculin test, sputum smear and findings in chest radiograph were compared between patients diagnosed as TBLN and those showing non-tuberculous lymphadenitis (Non-TBLN) on cytopathological examination of material obtained by fine needle aspiration. Based on the results, clinical scores from zero to two were assigned to different clinical features. The total clinical score was then calculated for each patient. A total clinical score of five or more included all TBLN cases and only 10.5% false positives. This scoring system can be used in remote peripheral areas, which do not have the facility for biopsy or FNAC.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Irradiation-induced tumours of the head and neck.

Though irradiation-induced tumours are uncommon they represent a well defined entity. At this Hospital, 14 "irradiation-induced" head and neck tumours were encountered in 11 patients over a 10-year period. The irradiation had been given for tuberculous lymph-adenitis in 6 of the patients, for lupus vulgaris in one, and thyrotoxicosis in another; the other 3 patients had received radiotherapy for malignant tumours. The interval between the treatment and the diagnosis of the tumour disease ranged from 9 to 48 years (mean 32). The induced tumours included 10 squamous cell carcinomas of the hypopharynx (4 tumours), the buccal mucosa (3), the skin (2), and the larynx (1), one poorly differented carcinoma of the parotid gland, 2 thyroid carcinomas and 1 fibrosarcoma of the stenocleidomastoid muscle. Three of the patients had multiple tumours. In view of the risk of cancer--albeit a small one--associated with radiological diagnosis and radiotherapy, these should be performed only on strict indications, especially in young patients.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Complicated course of local mycobacterial infection in an immunocompetent girl.

A complicated course of cervical Mycobacterium avium adenitis in a healthy 3-year-old girl is described. A retropharyngeal and a parotic abscess developed resulting in a salivary fistula. Surgery was not judged possible but chemotherapy was given for 6 months during which the infection healed. It is not clear whether the regression was spontaneous or caused by the therapy.

Abscess↗

PubMed1997

Clinical manifestations and epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis in Stockholm 1976-95.

81 cases of tuberculosis infection (17) and disease (64), seen between 1977 and 1995 at St Göran's Children's hospital, Stockholm, Sweden are reviewed. The incidence of tuberculosis disease increased from 1 to 6/10(5) children/y. The increase was due to immigration from high-prevalence countries, with an incidence of 20/10(5) in a partly segregated suburb. Most of the children were foreign-born. Of the 31 0-4-y-old cases, 19 were born in Sweden, and 7 had received BCG vaccination. For Swedish-born children with Swedish-born parents, the incidence of tuberculosis disease remained stable at < 0.5. 50 patients were symptomatic when first seen (60% pulmonary tuberculosis, 8% military tuberculosis, 25%, cervical adenitis, 15% other extrapulmonary tuberculosis). There was 1 death, and in 2 children complicated tuberculosis courses. Side effects of drug therapy were seen in 5% of the children. In conclusion, tuberculosis remains an important differential diagnosis in children of immigrants from high-prevalence countries for at least 5 y after settlement in Sweden. The practice of delaying BCG vaccination of them until 6 months of age can be disputed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Xerostomia due to Sjögren's syndrome. Diagnostic criteria, treatment and outlines for a continuous dental care programme and an open trial with Sulfarlem.

The initial evaluation of 25 patients suspected of suffering from Sjögren's syndrome (SS) disclosed that sialopenia and glandular atrophy without focal sialo-adenitis was the second most common cause, after SS itself, of patient complaints. This emphasizes the importance of conclusive diagnostic criteria to prevent overdiagnosis and to form a sound basis for management of xerostomia patients. We found that at the time of diagnostic evaluation, the dental status of our SS patients did not differ from that of the normal Finnish population. This suggests that SS patients can greatly benefit from adequate dental care, assuming that attention is paid to early diagnosis and management. Accordingly, the diagnostic and therapeutic approach needs to be multidisciplinary. We present our current programme for oral and dental care of xerostomia patients and the results of an open trial with Sulfarlem (trithioparamethoxyphenylpropene) which was found not to be the drug of choice in the treatment of dry mouth associated with SS.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intestinal spirochetosis in children: report of two cases.

Two cases of intestinal spirochetosis in two children are reported. The first patient, a 7 1/2-year-old boy, presented with diarrhea and rectal bleeding. After the diagnosis was made by a rectal biopsy, he was given metronidazole and neomycin. Symptoms persisted despite a further rectal biopsy that showed clearance of the organisms. Appendiceal spirochetosis was an incidental finding in our second patient, an 8-year-old girl who presented with acute abdominal pain and in whom mesenteric adenitis was diagnosed clinically at laparotomy. The possible pathogenic mechanisms causing clinical symptoms are discussed.

Abdominal Pain↗

PubMed2005

Establishment and characterization of an opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma cell line (KKU-100).

AIM: To establish and characterize a new cholangiocarcinoma cell line from a patient living in the Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) endemic area of Northeast Thailand. METHODS: Fresh liver biopsy and bile specimens were obtained from a 65-year-old Thai woman with cholangiocarcinoma of the porta hepatis. After digestion, the cells were cultured in Ham's F12 media. The established cell line was then characterized for growth kinetics, cell morphology, imm-unocytochemistry and cytogenetics. Tumorigenicity of the cell line was determined by heterotransplanting in nude mice. RESULTS: The primary tumor was a poorly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. Examination of the bile revealed malignant cells with O. viverrini eggs. The cholangioc-arcinoma cell line KKU-100 was established 4 mo after the primary culture-population doubling time was 72 h. KKU-100 possesses compact and polygonal-shaped epithelial cells. Immunocytochemically, this cell line exhibited cytokeratin, EMA, CEA, and CA125, but not alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), CA19-9, desmin, c-met, or p53. Such protein expressions parallel those of the primary tumor. Cytogenetic analysis identified aneuploidy karyotypes with a modal chromosome number of 78 and marked chromosomal structural changes. Inoculation of KKU-100 cells into nude mice produced a transplantable, poorly differentiated aden-ocarcinoma, similar to the original tumor. CONCLUSION: KKU-100 is the first egg-proven, Opisthorchis-associated cholangiocarcinoma cell line, which should prove useful for further investigations of the tumor biology of this cancer.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Role of iron in lymphoma-induction by ATP.

Iron complexed by ATP induces lymphomas in mouse organs other than the specific targets of the lympho-adenitis provoked by sodium ATP: lymph nodes, spleen and liver. The reduction of life spans and the production of substantial volumes of ascites, that are lacking in the case of sodium ATP, are an index of the degree of malignancy of the induced lymphomas. On the basis of the known characteristics of iron-ATP complex of cellular calcium homeostasis alteration, the mechanism of these phenomena is discussed.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗