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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Using guiding-idea theories of the person to develop educational campaigns against drug abuse and other health-threatening behavior.

Educational campaigns against health-threatening behaviors such as drug abuse may lose effectiveness because they tend to be narrow, atheoretical and to stress negative effects. As a corrective, it is proposed that health campaigns take into account the broad range of human needs and consider how the health-threatening behavior may be gratifying to each need. This allows taking into consideration not just the bad effects (which tend to be obvious) of such behaviors as drug abuse, but also the gratifications they provide to a variety of human needs, by their associated lifestyles as well as by their pharmaceutical effects. In this way anti-drug campaigns can be made to cope more relevantly with the attractions of such health-threatening behaviors. We sketch 16 theorized human needs, widely contrasting in their assumption of what instigates human action and what terminates it, each of which theories has proven provocative in guiding basic research. From each of the 16 theories some implications are drawn regarding the attractions of drug abuse and regarding the design of educational campaigns against such health-threatening behaviors.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed2003

Deletion of the fyn-kinase gene alters behavioral sensitivity to ethanol.

BACKGROUND: An earlier study showed that deletion of the fyn-kinase gene enhanced sensitivity to ethanol's sedative hypnotic effects and suggested that this was associated with diminished fyn-kinase phosphorylation of NMDA receptors. The authors of that study speculated that this resulted in an inability of the null mutants to develop acute tolerance to ethanol, leading to the longer ethanol-induced sleep times. However, in vivo acute tolerance to ethanol was not examined directly. METHODS: To address the role of fyn-kinase in mediating acute tolerance, as well as sensitivity to several other behavioral effects of ethanol, we studied an independently generated population of fyn null mutant and wild-type mice. RESULTS: Homozygous mutants exhibited longer ethanol sleep times that could not be attributed to differences in initial sensitivity, and impaired acute tolerance to the motor incoordinating effects of ethanol as measured by using the stationary dowel, but not the rotarod. Fyn-kinase null mutants were more sensitive to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol when tested using the elevated plus maze, and males displayed a lower preference for ethanol in a two-bottle choice paradigm. Finally, mutant and wild-type mice did not differ in sensitivity to the hypothermic effects of ethanol. The genotypes also did not differ in blood-ethanol clearance, eliminating a metabolic explanation for these behavioral differences. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that fyn-kinase modulates acute tolerance to ethanol and suggest a role for fyn in mediating ethanol's anxiolytic and reinforcing properties.

Animals↗
PubMed1953

Antabuse addiction.

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Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed1999

Health psychology: mapping biobehavioral contributions to health and illness.

Our evolving understanding of how psychosocial and behavioral factors affect health and disease processes has been marked by investigation of specific relationships and mechanisms underlying them. Stress and other emotional responses are components of complex interactions of genetic, physiological, behavioral, and environmental factors that affect the body's ability to remain or become healthy or to resist or overcome disease. Regulated by nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, and exerting powerful influence on other bodily systems and key health-relevant behaviors, stress and emotion appear to have important implications for the initiation or progression of cancer, HIV, cardiovascular disease, and other illnesses. Health-enhancing and health-impairing behaviors, including diet, exercise, tobacco use, and protection from the sun, can compromise or benefit health and are directed by a number of influences as well. Finally, health behaviors related to being ill or trying to avoid disease or its severest consequences are important. Seeking care and adhering to medical regimens and recommendations for disease surveillance allow for earlier identification of health threats and more effective treatment. Evidence that biobehavioral factors are linked to health in integrated, complex ways continues to mount, and knowledge of these influences has implications for medical outcomes and health care practice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Characteristics of 36 subjects reporting compulsive sexual behavior.

OBJECTIVE: The authors describe the sociodemographic features, phenomenology, and psychiatric comorbidity of 36 subjects reporting compulsive sexual behavior. METHOD: Twenty-eight men and eight women who responded to advertisements for "persons ... who have a problem with compulsive sexual behavior" completed structured and semistructured assessments, including the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III-R disorders (axis I) and the Structured Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders, Revised (axis II). RESULTS: The typical subject was a 27-year-old man who reported experiencing compulsive sexual behavior for nearly 9 years. Sexual behavior was described as excessive and poorly controlled and was associated with either subjective distress or impairment in interpersonal or occupational functioning or as overly time-consuming. Fourteen subjects (39%) reported a history of major depression or dysthymia, 15 (42%) a history of phobic disorder, and 23 (64%) a history of substance use disorder. Personality disorders were quite frequent, particularly the paranoid, histrionic, obsessive-compulsive, and passive-aggressive subtypes. The compulsive sexual behavior was quite varied and included both paraphilic (e.g., cross-dressing) and nonparaphilic (e.g., compulsive masturbation) types. CONCLUSIONS: Compulsive sexual behavior may be a clinically useful concept, but it describes a heterogeneous group of individuals with substantial psychiatric comorbidity and diverse behavioral problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Addiction and the Americans with Disabilities Act.

On July 26, 1990, the U.S. Congress enacted the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which was intended as a broad, national, civil rights-oriented mandate "for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities," both physical and mental. ADA protection is extended, in limited form, to those with addiction disorders. However, many addicted individuals are denied ADA protection because of exclusionary criteria in the ADA itself and because of increasingly restrictive interpretations of the ADA in recent cases. The benefit to the addicted persons, and to the larger society, is lost when unfair discriminatory practices preclude employment of otherwise qualified, though stigmatized, individuals. The ADA currently falls short, in many respects, of preventing such discrimination against those with addictions.

Behavior, Addictive↗