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PubMed2005

Genetic diversity and bottleneck studies in the Marwari horse breed.

Genetic diversity within the Marwari breed of horses was evaluated using 26 different microsatellite pairs with 48 DNA samples from unrelated horses. This molecular characterisation was undertaken to evaluate the problem of genetic bottlenecks also, if any, in this breed. The estimated mean (-/+ s.e.) allelic diversity was 5.9 (-/+ 2.24), with a total of 133 alleles. A high level of genetic variability within this breed was observed in terms of high values of mean (-/+ s.e.) effective number of alleles (3.3 -/+ 1.27), observed heterozygosity (0.5306 -/+ 0.22), expected Levene's heterozygosity (0.6612 -/+ 0.15), expected Nei's heterozygosity (0.6535 -/+ 0.14), and polymorphism information content (0.6120 -/+ 0.03). Low values of Wright's fixation index, F(IS) (0.2433 -/+ 0.05) indicated low levels of inbreeding. This basic study indicated the existence of substantial genetic diversity in the Marwari horse population. No significant genotypic linkage disequilibrium was detected across the population, suggesting no evidence of linkage between loci. A normal 'L' shaped distribution of mode-shift test, non-significant heterozygote excess on the basis of different models, as revealed from Sign, Standardized differences and Wilcoxon sign rank tests as well as non-significant M ratio value suggested that there was no recent bottleneck in the existing Marwari breed population, which is important information for equine breeders. This study also revealed that the Marwari breed can be differentiated from some other exotic breeds of horses on the basis of three microsatellite primers.

Alleles↗

PubMed2006

Geographical partitioning of goat diversity in Europe and the Middle East.

Thirty microsatellite markers were analysed in 1426 goats from 45 traditional or rare breeds in 15 European and Middle Eastern countries. In all populations inbreeding was indicated by heterozygosity deficiency (mean FIS = 0.10). Genetic differentiation between breeds was moderate with a mean FST value of 0.07, but for most (c. 71%) northern and central European breeds, individuals could be assigned to their breeds with a success rate of more than 80%. Bayesian-based clustering analysis of allele frequencies and multivariate analysis revealed at least four discrete clusters: eastern Mediterranean (Middle East), central Mediterranean, western Mediterranean and central/northern Europe. About 41% of the genetic variability among the breeds could be explained by their geographical origin. A decrease in genetic diversity from the south-east to the north-west was accompanied by an increase in the level of differentiation at the breed level. These observations support the hypothesis that domestic livestock migrated from the Middle East towards western and northern Europe and indicate that breed formation was more systematic in north-central Europe than in the Middle East. We propose that breed differentiation and molecular diversity are independent criteria for conservation.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Evaluation of the efficacy of perorally administered glutamic acid-chelated iron and iron-dextran injected subcutaneously in Duroc and Norwegian Landrace piglets.

The goals of this study were to evaluate the effect of orally administered amino acid-chelated iron (Fe) compared to injected Fe-dextran on haematology and weight gain in two different breeds raised under commercial conditions. Altogether 92 Duroc (D) pigs and 84 Norwegian Landrace (L) pigs from two different herds were included in the study. The day after birth the litters were divided in two groups (split litters). Group (Gr.) 1 was given 4 ml of a 50% solution of Super Fe-MAX (52 mg glutamic acid-chelated Fe in a water solution) orally, while Gr. 2 was subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with Idofer (180 mg Fe as ferridextran). Until weaning at 5 weeks, all the piglets had free access to a 3% solution of Super Fe-MAX (0.78 mg Fe/ml), access to pelleted food being given from 1 week of age. The piglets were weighed and bled before treatment the day after birth (day 1) and on days 4, 7, 14, 21 and 35. All piglets were weighed on days 28 and 49, while 72 of the L pigs were also weighed on days 77, 98 and 119. At weaning D pigs in Gr. 1 and Gr. 2 had a mean body weight of 8.64 kg and 8.30 kg, respectively, the corresponding figures for the L pigs being 10.82 kg and 10.34 kg. As regards the 72 L pigs followed to day 119, the mean weight in Gr. 1 and Gr. 2 was 80.6 kg and 80.2 kg, respectively. A significantly lower weight gain in the piglets with a birth weight below 1.2 kg in Gr. 2 compared with Gr. 1 indicated that excess administration of Fe to small piglets may have a detrimental effect on weight gain. From day 7 (D pigs) and on days 14 and 21 (L pigs), Gr. 2 had a significantly higher haemoglobin concentration (Hb) than Gr. 1. Nevertheless, Hb levels were also adequate in Gr. 1 in both breeds. There was a negative correlation between changes in Hb during the first weeks and the initial value. Though haematological values seemed to show inter-breed differences, with higher average erythrocyte counts (RBC) and Hb and lower mean cell volume (MCV) in the D pigs, the ability to avoid Fe deficiency nevertheless appeared to be the same in both breeds.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1996

Genetic components for milk production of tarentaise, hereford, and tarentaise x hereford cows.

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic components for milk production of Hereford (HH), Tarentaise (TT), and Hereford x Tarentaise or Tarentaise x Hereford (HT) cows under range conditions at the Northern Agricultural Research Center, Havre, MT. Milk production of 494 cow-calf pairs was estimated by the weigh-suckle-weigh procedure from 1989 to 1994. Milk production and cow and calf weights were measured at 40 d (early) and 120 d (late) of lactation. The mating scheme was a 3 x 3 design in which HH, HT, and TT cows were mated with HH, HT, and TT sires, producing calves that were varying percentages of Hereford and Tarentaise. Data were analyzed by least squares procedures according to a model that included year, age of cow, sex of calf, linear regression on calf age, and linear regressions on coefficients that coded for various genetic components. These genetic components were breed individual, breed maternal, breed grand maternal, individual heterosis (calf heterosis), and maternal heterosis (cow heterosis). Coefficients for genetic components were such that breed effects estimated TT-HH and regressions on heterosis values estimated the full effect of heterosis. The breed individual genetic component was significant only for calf early and late weights; Tarentaise calves were lighter. Breed maternal was significant for most traits, and these effects were positive for milk production (2.16 and 3.77 kg/d for early and late, respectively) and calf weights but negative for cow weights. Individual heterosis was not significant for early milk production but was significant for late milk production (1.05 kg/d) and calf weights (2.3 and 8.1 kg for early and late, respectively). Maternal heterosis was significant for most traits and increased early milk production (1.25 kg/d), calf weights (4.5 and 5.8 kg for early and late, respectively), and cow weights (18.1 and 6.0 kg for early and late, respectively).

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1988

Field trials of an inactivated, oil-emulsion porcine parvovirus vaccine in British pig herds.

Inactivated porcine parvovirus vaccines have been available commercially in Britain since 1984 and are now widely used in breeding herds. To investigate their value in cost benefit terms an oil-emulsion vaccine developed at Weybridge was used in trials on 1243 gilts in 12 herds during the period 1984 to 1986. In each herd approximately half the gilts were given the vaccine before breeding and the remainder were left unvaccinated. Blood samples were taken at vaccination and two to four weeks later to measure the serological responses, and the reproductive performances of the two groups were compared. When the data from all the gilts in the 12 herds were combined and analysed together there was surprisingly little difference between the reproductive performance of the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Only when the results from individual herds were analysed and interpreted against a background knowledge of wild parvovirus activity (as derived from a study of the serological results) did an understanding and evaluation of the benefits of vaccination become possible. As herds vary with respect to the absence or presence of porcine parvovirus and the epidemiology of the infection it is recommended that vaccination be used with discrimination; it should then prove highly cost effective.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Economic evaluation for conservation of farm animal genetic resources.

The decline in biodiversity of farm animal genetic resources (AnGR) has come to the forefront of concern in the discussion of animal conservation and breeding programmes. To improve decision-making regarding conservation and breeding programmes, a number of evaluation techniques of farm AnGR are available. This paper presents an overview of the different values associated to AnGR and of the techniques for their measurement being employed in the economic literature. Those include linear programming and farm simulation models, dynamic models estimating the value of research and development and econometric models estimating the demand for breed characteristics. While farm programming and simulation models are fairly well developed, they do have large data requirements. Alternatively, contingent valuation methods are available, in particular when the goal is to capture non-market values embedded in breeds.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1991

[Pteridine pattern in the urine of swine of different breeds and halothane genotypes in relation to nutrition and stress].

Urinary pteridine patterns and creatinine concentrations were determined in pigs of the breeds Piétrain, Deutsche Landrasse and their crossbreds. Also the influence of the halothane genotypes, of different feeding and of treadmill exercise was examined. We conclude that creatinine concentration in pig urine is not a reliable reference parameter for the pteridine excretion. Creatinine values were significantly influenced by breed and feeding. The pteridine pattern of pigs' urine depends on the breed and correlates with other metabolic parameters. Stress is reflected by altered pteridine concentrations.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1991

Value of standardised exercise tests and blood biochemistry in the selection and training of breeding stallions.

Stallions selected by the Royal Dutch Warmblood Society were submitted to a standardised lungeing test at the beginning and at the end of a 100-day test of performance and ability. The heart rate, haematology and biochemistry values obtained in the first lungeing test showed no significant differences between the 15 stallions which were rejected by the Royal Dutch Warmblood Society during the first month of the 100-day test, the 15 stallions rejected during the last month and the 11 stallions which were approved for registration in the studbook. The 26 stallions submitted to the second lungeing test had significantly lower heart rates and blood lactate concentrations than in the first test. The standardised lungeing test had no value in predicting the rejection or approval of the stallions, and the fitness of a stallion at the beginning of the 100-day test did not influence its chance of being approved as a breeding stallion. The differences between the results of the first and the second tests suggest that the fitness of the stallions improved during the 100-day test.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The curing potential of light-activated composite resin luting agents.

This study determined the effect of different light exposure times on the polymerization of three composite resins used as cements (Heliosit, Visio-Fil, and Dual) through various thicknesses and shades of two preprocessed composite resins (Isosit and Visio-Gem). The Knoop hardness of the surface of the luting resin was measured after polymerization and selected samples were remeasured at 24 hours to evaluate continued cure. Results indicated that polymerization of light-activated composite resin luting agents cannot predictably be accomplished through a restoration exceeding 2 mm in thickness using a light exposure of 90 seconds or less. The combined chemical and light-activated cure of Dual cement recorded the highest percentage of acceptable hardness values.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1999

[Preliminary evaluation of xenotransplantation and utilization of native pig breeds in China].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the general situation of the native pig breeds and the relative present study conditions for better development of xenotransplantation in China. METHODS: By comparing the profits between the pigs and the non-human primates as the potential donors for xenotransplantation and emphasizing the source of the pigs as the organ donors from the transplantation studies, we analyzed the possible values of the native pig breeds as the donors. RESULTS: As one of the richest resources in the world, the species variation and relative genetic stability of Chinese native pig breeds could be the very valuable resources for xenotransplantation study and utilization. As a reverse, the xenotransplantation could provide opportunity for more economically and environmentally utilization of the pigs besides as the meat supply. CONCLUSION: As a very valuable and potential resource of organ donor, the native pig breeds of China might be noticed by the xenotransplantation colleagues in the world. It is necessary, to keep the balance among the risk vs. benefit and the protection vs. utilization of this valuable resource.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Effect of gamma irradiation on nutritional value of dry field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) for chicks.

The effect of gamma irradiation (60Co) of different varieties and breeding lines of dry field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on chick growth was determined using a chick growth assay in which the diet contained approximately 50% beans. Total protein (N X 6.25) in beans was not changed appreciably by irradiation (21 Mrad) but protein solubility in water was decreased. Irradiation increased in vitro enzymatic digestibility of bean protein by pepsin and by a mixture of trypsin, chymotrypsin and peptidase. In the bioassay the diet was formulated to derive half of the total protein (22.6%) from beans. Autoclaved Pinto and Pink beans gave significantly better growth than Red Mexican and White Pea beans. The differences between Red Mexican and White Pea beans were not significant except for Red Mexican breeding line number RS-59. The nutritional value of all varieties of beans, based on chick growth, was significantly improved by gamma irradiation. The irradiation treatment of beans tended to increase nitrogen retention by chicks and decrease uric acid nitrogen excretion in relation to nitrogen intake.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1985

Seasonal variations in plasma luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels in the European badger Meles meles L.

Although active spermatogenesis occurs throughout the year in the male European badger Meles meles L., seasonal fluctuations of testicular activity were observed. The present study compared the pattern of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) secretions throughout the annual cycle. LH secretion was investigated by means of a heterologous radioimmunoassay using anti-ovine LH beta antiserum and canine reference standard. Seasonal and nycthemeral changes in LH and T secretions were observed. During the year a period of maximal values for both hormones is well correlated with the breeding. Moreover, episodic LH releases occurs during the period of minimal testosterone values, indicating resumption of hypothalamo-pituitary activity well before the breeding period.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative F statistics analysis of the genetic structure of ten Spanish dog breeds.

The genetic structure and relationships among 10 Spanish dog breeds have been studied by using F statistics. Data came from 21 structural genic loci that codify for blood-soluble proteins and enzymes detected by electrophoresis. Of the 21 loci, 11 were found to be polymorphic. The study was done at three levels of hierarchical differentiation: ancestral trunks, breeds, and subpopulations. The deficit of heterozygotes was estimated at the subpopulation, breed, and ancestral trunk levels, with values of 4.0%, 6.5%, and 11.2%, respectively. In the whole population, the deficit of heterozygotes was about 17%. The proportion of genetic variability attributable to differences between subpopulations, breeds, and ancestral trunks was estimated to be 14.2%, 9.9%, and 6.9%, respectively. The dendrogram, obtained by using values of genic differentiation (FST) as a measure of the genetic distance among populations, is topologically identical to the one obtained using Nei's index of distance, which indicates a high correlation (r = .99) between both distances. These racial groupings, however, differ from the grouping obtained from historical, archeological, and morphological data.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Comparison of renal ornithine transcarbamylase activities within different chicken breeds.

Comparisons were made of the renal ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activities within different groups of chickens including Japanese native breeds. OTC activities varied markedly within these groups. The Cochin Bantam breed and White Leghorn B line had an especially high activity, about 400 units/g of kidney, in contrast to two Japanese native breeds, Japanese Game (white variety) and Banshuu Gashiwa, and the California Gray breed, which showed a very low activity, the values being almost undetectable. In crossing experiments using the California Gray breed as a tester strain, Cochin Bantam OTC represents a simple autosomal incompletely dominant trait similar to the White Leghorn B line OTC. Kinetic studies using partially purified OTC preparations from the White Leghorn B line and Cochin Bantam breed revealed that both enzymes were identical for a variety of enzymic characteristics. In light of these results, the physiological significance of chick kidney OTC is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Dangerous dogs in Berlin in comparison to the dog population--ways to reduce the dangerousness of dogs].

The law for handling and control of dogs in Berlin of September 29, 2004 was enacted to prevent the risks for humans and animals when ever they have contact with dogs. "Dangerous dogs" are defined by this law. There are 10 breeds of dogs supposed to be dangerous due to specific characteristics of their breed ("listed breeds"). The dangerousness of a dog's breed is not identical with the dangerousness of an individual dog. The subject of this study is to examine the potential dangerousness of dog breeds and not the individual dangerousness of a dog. This study refers to statistics of incidents between dogs and humans in Berlin for the years 1998 to 2004. The population density of a breed is based on the dogs assessed for tax purposes in Berlin of January 1, 2005 and on the dog registrations maintained at veterinary hospitals. The fourfold-table-test was used to compare the quantity of the recorded incidents of two statistically independent dog breeds. Of the total population of 107,804 tax assessed dogs in Berlin in 2004, 0.9% was documented as dogs involved in incidents with humans. The incidents per year decreased in the "listed breeds"about 68% and in the "unlisted breeds" about 41% during the last 7 years in Berlin. Therefore, the probability (the odds ratio) of a breed to be conspicuous was analysed. The values for the calculation of this probability were the number of dogs of a breed having been involved in incidents compared to the population of this breed based on tax records. The comparison of the probability of a breed with another to be conspicuous was used to compile a cluster of breeds which had the same probability to be conspicuous in 2004. A cluster was assessed for dogs of the following breeds: Sheep dogs, Rottweiler, Doberman, Pitbull Terrier and American Staffordshire Terrier. A listing of breeds is not the right way to reduce the potential dangerousness of a dog, especially in the private domain of their owners. Most incidents with dogs occur in the private domain which normally is not recorded in the statistics of incidents. Therefore, it is more effective to support activities which include the training of abilities of the dog owners. Training by experts can enable dog owners to avoid conflict situations with their dog, or in case of conflict, to take appropriate actions.

Aggression↗

PubMed1997

Analysis of genetic relationships between 10 cattle breeds with 17 microsatellites.

To guide genetic conservation programmes with objective criteria, general genetic variability has to be taken into account. This study was conducted to determine the genetic variation between 10 cattle breeds by using 17 microsatellite loci and 13 biochemical markers (11 blood groups, the transferrin and beta-casein loci). Microsatellite loci were amplified in 31-50 unrelated individuals from 10 cattle breeds: Charolais, Limousin, Breton Black Pied, Parthenais, Montbéliard, Vosgien, Maine-Anjou, Normande, Jersey and Holstein. Neighbor-joining trees were calculated from genetic distance estimates. The robustness of tree topology was obtained by bootstrap resampling of loci. A total of 210 alleles of the 17 microsatellites were detected in this study and average heterozygosities ranged from 0.53 in the Jersey breed to 0.66 in the Parthenais breed. In general, low bootstrap values were obtained: with the 17 microsatellites, the highest bootstrap values concerned the Holstein/Maine-Anjou grouping with an occurrence of 74%; with the biochemical markers, this node had an occurrence of 79% and the Charolais/Limousin grouping appeared with an occurrence of 74%; when microsatellites and biochemical polymorphism were analysed together, the occurrence of the Holstein/Maine-Anjou grouping was 90% and that of the Charolais/Limousin grouping was 42%. These results suggest that 30 microsatellites, a number currently considered as sufficient to distinguish closely related breeds is, in fact, probably insufficient.

Alleles↗

PubMed1997

Hematologic and serum biochemical and electrolyte values in clinically normal domestically bred rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) according to age, sex, and gravidity.

Age, sex, and gravidity significantly affect blood values in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The objective of the study reported here was to provide clinicians and researchers with complete blood values for clinically normal, domestically reared rhesus monkeys of Indian origin and of different age, sex, and gravidity. Values were obtained from 527 healthy, domestically bred and reared rhesus monkeys at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson's Department of Veterinary Sciences, Bastrop, Texas. Because standardized reference values are vital when dealing with the healthcare of a breeding population of rhesus monkeys, it is imperative to have a comprehensive set of reference serum biochemical and hematologic values based on sex, age, and gravidity to determine the overall health status of an individual monkey or a colony used for breeding or research. Establishing reference values allows accurate interpretation of biochemical and hematologic values for normal, subclinical, or clinically ill animals.

Aging↗

PubMed1994

Life cycle evaluation of five biological types of beef cattle in a cow-calf range production system: I. Model development.

Data collected during a 10-yr study at the Northern Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Havre, MT were used in construction of a simulation model to evaluate production systems using different breed groups. Five dam breed groups, straightbred Hereford (HH), 50% Angus-50% Hereford (AH), 25% Simmental-75% Hereford (1S3H), 50% Simmental-50% Hereford (1S1H), and 75% Simmental-25% Hereford (3S1H), were studied. The simulated system was a northern range cow-calf production system with spring calving and fall weaning. Replacement heifers were purchased and all calves were marketed at weaning. All nonpregnant females were sold in the fall. Statistical analyses of the data yielded input values (least squares means for breed group x age x sex subclasses) for cow and calf weights, pregnancy rate, dystocia, and calf survival. Pregnancy, dystocia, calf survival, calf weights, and cow weights were simulated stochastically. Energy requirements for maintenance, growth, gestation, and lactation were predicted from equations adapted from the literature based on body weight, frame size, sex, and breed group. Economic inputs and outputs were computed by accounting for variable input expenses and output revenues associated with animal performance and fixed costs associated with range management. Simulated measures of system performance included measures of energy conversion, break-even prices, and profit.

Animal Feed↗