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PubMed1991

[Virological surveillance of acute respiratory tract illnesses of children in Morioka, Japan. II. Rhinovirus infection].

Rhinoviruses (HRVs) were isolated from 307 children (7.1%) in the virological surveillance of 4334 children with acute respiratory tract illnesses in Morioka, Japan (September 1973-December 1983). Although HRVs were isolated throughout the year, frequency of HRV infection was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) during the April-November (233/2853; 8.2%) than during the December-March (47/1481; 5.0%). There were two peaks of incidence in May (9.5%) and September (9.1%). During the May-September, the rate of HRV infection was higher in patients under the age of 11 months than the next higher group of 1-2 years old (p less than 0.001). The incidence decreased with increasing age. The illnesses of HRV infection were analysed in 294 patients, except one patient who had symptoms of measles, from whom HRV was isolated singly. Although HRV-associated illnesses were generally mild (57.5%). Upper respiratory tract illnesses (URTIs) with fever were found in 22.1% and lower respiratory tract illnesses (LRTIs) in 20.4% of these. The rate of LRTI was higher during the epidemic period (April-September) than other periods (p less than 0.02). Major symptoms of HRV-associated illnesses observed were sore throat (87.4%), cough (84.0%), and nasal obstruction and/or discharge (72.8%). Wheezing was observed in 21.8% of these. From 19 (21.8%) of 47 patients clinically diagnosed as asthmatic bronchitis in this survey, viruses were isolated. HRV was detected most frequently in 12.8% of these patients, followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 6.4%) and adenovirus (2.1%). HRV- and RSV-associated asthmatic bronchitis were observed during April-September and November-February, respectively. Viral dual infections were detected in total 20 cases included 12 HRV-associated cases. In no case was the illness of greater severity than might have been caused by either agent acting singly.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1971

Studies of respiratory viruses in personnel at an Antarctic base.

Thirteen men wintering on an Antarctic base were isolated from other human contact for 10 months. During this period Coxsackievirus A21 and later influenza A2 virus were administered to some of the men. Serum samples were collected from each of the men at monthly intervals.Coxsackievirus A21 produced symptoms and apparently spread to uninoculated men. It also appears that repeated re-infections occurred and that the virus persisted in this small community for most of the period of isolation. HI antibody responses in the absence of neutralizing antibody responses seem to be transient.The vaccine strain of influenza virus induced antibody responses but did not cause symptoms. There was no evidence of spread to uninoculated men.Antibody titres against influenza C, parainfluenzaviruses 1 and 2 and coronavirus OC43 did not fall significantly during isolation.An outbreak of respiratory illness occurred at the end of isolation and its origin was traced. No causative agent was detected.

Antarctic Regions↗

PubMed1998

[Rhinovirus infections in hospitalized children: a 3-year study].

BACKGROUND: Rhinoviruses (RH) are responsible for acute respiratory illnesses, mainly in the upper respiratory tract. POPULATION AND METHODS: 3,152 children aged under 16 years, admitted to the Paediatrics department of the University Hospital Centre of Poitiers from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995 with ear, nose and throat (ENT) and/or respiratory symptoms were systematically investigated. One hundred and forty-five RH strains were isolated from nasopharyngeal secretions of 87 boys and 58 girls (mean age: 20.3 months). Among these, 92 (63.4%) were less than 1 year of age. Bacteriological investigations were done for 29 patients when a concomitant bacterial infection was suspected. RESULTS: RH infection rate was maximum before 1 year of age (median age: 6.5 months) and decreased with age. RH were isolated throughout the 3 years, with a first peak from February to April, and a second one in autumn. The main symptoms were sibilants (27.6%) and cough (24.1%). Sibilants were more frequently associated in children under 12 months of age (P = 0.01). Sometimes, ophthalmologic or digestive symptoms were present. Three children with respiratory distress were transferred to the reanimation ward. In addition, a RH strain was isolated from a child who died of sudden infant death. Thirty-four children (23.4%) were co-infected by one or several viruses; the most frequently detected were the respiratory syncytial virus (41.2%) and the adenoviruses (35.3%). Twenty-nine children were infected by two viruses and five by three. Associated bacterial infections were diagnosed in 23 children, especially conjunctivitis due to Haemophilus influenzae (21.7%). Among these children, eight had a multiple viral infection. CONCLUSION: RH have a limited pathogenicity but can be associated with serious illnesses among infants and children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Rhinovirus inhalation causes long-lasting excessive airway narrowing in response to methacholine in asthmatic subjects in vivo.

Exacerbations of asthma are often associated with respiratory infections, and particularly those caused by rhinovirus. The causative role of rhinovirus in these acute episodes is still unclear, since it has not been determined whether or not infection with the virus promotes excessive airway narrowing in asthma. We tested the hypothesis that experimental infection with inhaled wild-type rhinovirus 16 (RV16) increases the maximal degree of airway narrowing in response to bronchoconstrictor stimuli in patients with mild to moderate asthma. Fourteen nonsmoking subjects with atopic asthma and normal FEV1 values participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study. A total dose of 3 x 10(4) of the 50% tissue-culture-infective dose (TCID50) of RV16 or a placebo was administered by pipette, atomizer, and nebulizer in equal doses into both nostrils on two consecutive days. Dose-response curves for inhaled methacholine were recorded 1 d before and 2, 7, and 15 d after RV16 infection or placebo. The response to methacholine was measured by the percent decrease in FEV1, and the maximal degree of airway narrowing was expressed by the average response on the plateau of the dose-response curve. In the seven subjects receiving the virus, RV16 infection was confirmed in nasal washings and/or by an increase in antibody titer, whereas these tests were negative in the placebo group. There was no significant change in baseline FEV1 during the study in either group (p = 0.06).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Transmission of experimental rhinovirus infection by contaminated surfaces.

Transfer of experimental rhinovirus infection by an intermediary environmental surface was examined in healthy young adults, in four studies done in 1980--1981, by having recipients handle surfaces previously contaminated by infected donors. Recipients touched their nasal and conjunctival mucosa after touching the surfaces. Five (50%) of 10 recipients developed infection after exposure to virus-contaminated coffee cup handles and nine (56%) of 16 became infected after exposure to contaminated plastic tiles. Spraying of contaminated tiles with a commercially available phenol/alcohol disinfectant reduced (p = 0.003) the rate of recovery of virus from the tiles from 42% (20/47) to 8% (2/26). Similarly, the rate of detection of virus on fingers touching the tiles was reduced (p = 0.001) from 61% (28/46) with unsprayed tiles to 21% (11/53) with sprayed tiles. Fifty-six per cent (9/16) of the recipients exposed on three consecutive days to untreated tiles became infected while 35% (7/20) touching only sprayed tiles became infected with rhinovirus (p = 0.3). These studies indicate that experimental rhinovirus colds can be spread by way of contaminated environmental surfaces and suggest that disinfectant treatment of such surfaces may reduce risk of viral transmission by this route.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Characterization of the capsid protein gene from a nodavirus strain affecting the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and design of an optimal reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection assay.

A 1349 nucleotide fragment of the RNA2 from a nodavirus affecting Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus was characterised and the nuclotide sequence (accession no. AJ245641) was employed to develop an optimal reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection assay. The sequenced part of the RNA2 of Atlantic halibut nodavirus (strain AH95NorA) was highly similar in organisation to that of the RNA2 of striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), and comprised features common to all nodaviruses. These characteristics confirmed that the virus that causes viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in Atlantic halibut is a nodavirus. The nucleotide sequence of the 1349 nucleotide fragment of Atlantic halibut nodavirus RNA2 was 80% identical to the RNA2 of SJNNV. The T2 region (830 nucleotides) of the RNA2 of Atlantic halibut nodavirus shared 98% of the nucleotide sequence when compared with the homologous region of barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV), while the nucleotide sequence identity to SJNNV in this region was 76%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of the T4 region (421 nucleotides) of Atlantic halibut nodavirus and of other fish nodaviruses revealed a close relationship to the nodaviruses of the barfin flounder clad that have been found in other cold-water species (Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus and barfin founder Verasper moseri). The nucleotide sequence of the RNA2 of Atlantic halibut nodavirus included some features that differ from that of SJNNV. The ORF of the RNA2 of Atlantic halibut nodavirus lacked 6 nucleotides through a single deletion and a 5-nucleotide deletion, separated by 4 nucleotides. The 3'-non-encoding region contained a 21 nucleotide insert and a 3 nucleotide deletion when compared with SJNNV. In comparison with the RNA2 of SJNNV, the 3'-non-encoding region showed a nucleotide sequence identity of 84.5%. A primer set based on the Atlantic halibut nodavirus nucleotide sequence was employed in order to design an optimal RT-PCR. The detection limit of the PCR was 10 to 100 copies of plasmid, while the detection limit of the RT-PCR assay was 100 to 1000 copies of in vitro transcribed viral RNA.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Viral infections in renal allograft recipients treated with long-term immunosuppression.

Thirty-nine renal allograft recipients who had received continuous immunosuppression for six to 13 years were examined clinically and virologically for evidence of past or present viral infection. Twenty-five had common warts, usually on the hands. In most the warts had appeared about one year after transplantation; once present, they never disappeared. Six patients had had a zoster rash from two months to four years after transplantation. None had had jaundice, and there was no change in the frequency of colds or non-specific fibrile illness. Four patients had no cytomegalovirus complement-fixing antibodies throughout the observation period; in the other 35 the antibody titre had risen appreciably during the first three to four months after transplantation. Antibody titres were high (mean 64) at follow-up, being only slightly lower than the highest titres achieved during the immediate postoperative period. None of the patients had had symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection, and in only two was the virus isolated from the urine at follow-up; the titres were extremely low. No changes occurred in the frequency of herpes simplex eruptions. Although all patients had herpes simplex humoral antibody, none excreted the virus. Although cytomegalovirus antibody titres were high, virus excretion was rare, indicating that chronic cytomegalovirus infection in these patients is immunologically well controlled.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The upper respiratory tract: mucous membrane irritation.

Despite the widespread recognition that mucosal irritation is a cardinal feature of "sick-building syndrome," few data exist on the cause, natural history, or pathophysiology of upper respiratory mucous membrane irritation. The baseline prevalence of nasal symptoms among building occupants is often 20%, but in some studies it is as high as 50 to 60%. New techniques of nasal challenge and analysis of cells and mediators in nasal lavage fluid have proved useful in the assessment of rhinitis caused by antigens, cold air, and viruses, and these techniques are now being applied to the study the response to irritants. Human inhalation challenge studies have recently demonstrated a spectrum of sensitivity to environmental tobacco smoke, but the basis for this difference requires additional investigation. Animal and in vitro studies indicate that the chemosensitive neurons and airway epithelium may be critical targets for irritants that participate in the induction of inflammation. New research methods are needed, particularly to evaluate complaints of nasal congestion, drying, and irritation. Techniques should be developed that may be useful for field studies, where the health effects of a complex mixture are being assessed in a specific indoor environment. There exists a group of individuals who report a variety of symptoms on exposure to low levels of common volatile organic mixtures such as perfume, cigarette smoke, and cleaning agents. Some of these individuals report having occupied "sick buildings" during the time their symptoms began. Research is needed to understand the basis of their complaints, their etiology, and treatment.

Acrolein↗

PubMed1993

Improved detection of rhinoviruses in nasal and throat swabs by seminested RT-PCR.

A seminested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR) was used to detect picornavirus (PV) RNA in cell cultures inoculated with rhinoviruses (HRVs) and enteroviruses (EVs). PCR tests in which a primary "touchdown" PCR was followed by secondary reactions using PV or HRV specific primers were able to differentiate HRVs of 48 serotypes from EVs. PVnRT-PCR and HRVnRT-PCR were then used to test nasal and throat swabs from adult subjects with naturally acquired respiratory virus infections. The swabs were also analysed for respiratory viruses by cell culture techniques and the rates of PV identification by the two methods were compared. PVnRT-PCR was found to be at least five times more sensitive than cell culture for the detection of PVs in these clinical specimens. Paired acute and convalescent serum samples were tested for complement fixing antibodies to adenovirus, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3, Myco plasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect rises in antibody level to coronavirus types 229E and OC43. The overall rate of pathogen identification in 159 swabs from adult asthmatics increased from 28% when only cell culture and serology were used to 57% when these methods were supplemented by PVnRT-PCR.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Prevention from naturally acquired viral respiratory infection by interferon nasal spray.

Human leukocyte interferon (IFN-alpha), 50,000 IU per day, was sprayed into the nasal cavity of 73 volunteers twice a day from January 9 till March 4, 1984. The rise in complement fixation antibody titers against influenza A virus was not significantly different between the interferon group and the placebo group. However, the number of subjects without elevated antibody titers and without symptoms in the interferon group was significantly higher than that in the placebo group (p less than 0.05). Prophylactic nasal spray of IFN-alpha seems to protect against upper respiratory viral infection.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1999

Association of rhinovirus infections with asthma.

Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of the common cold, but they can cause more severe illnesses in people with underlying lung disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. Epidemiologic studies with sensitive detection methods such as PCR have identified rhinovirus infection as a major source of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults, especially during the spring and fall. Since rhinoviruses cause little tissue destruction, it is presumed that the immune response to the infection may play an important role in the pathogenesis of rhinovirus-induced exacerbations of asthma. This review examines the epidemiologic association between rhinovirus infections and exacerbations of asthma and outlines current information on immune responses to rhinovirus infection and potential connections between antiviral responses and preexisting allergic inflammation. Finally, current and future strategies for treating rhinovirus infections and virus-induced exacerbations of asthma are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

How viral infections cause exacerbation of airway diseases.

Exacerbations of asthma and COPD are major causes of morbidity, mortality, and health-care costs. Over the last decade, studies using new molecular diagnostic techniques have established that respiratory viruses are a major cause of exacerbations of both asthma and COPD. The most prevalent viruses detected during exacerbations are the rhinoviruses. Despite the burden of disease associated with exacerbations, little is known about the mechanisms of virus-induced exacerbations of airway diseases. Exacerbations are associated with increased airway inflammation in patients with both asthma and COPD, but many questions remain unanswered regarding the key inflammatory cells and mediators involved. Identifying the key inflammatory mediators involved in exacerbations holds the promise of developing diagnostic and prognostic markers of exacerbation. In addition, such studies can identify new therapeutic targets for the development of novel drugs for the prevention and treatment of exacerbations.

Asthma↗

PubMed2003

Current perspective on exercise immunology.

By far, the most important finding that has emerged from exercise immunology studies is that positive immune changes take place during each bout of moderate physical activity. Over time, this translates to fewer days of sickness with the common cold and other upper respiratory tract infections. This is consistent with public health guidelines urging individuals to engage in near-daily physical activity of 30 minutes or more. Risk of upper respiratory tract infections can increase when athletes push beyond normal limits. The infection risk is amplified when other factors related to immune function are present, including exposure to novel pathogens during travel, lack of sleep, severe mental stress, malnutrition, or weight loss. Many components of the immune system exhibit adverse change after prolonged, heavy exertion lasting longer than 90 minutes. These immune changes occur in several compartments of the immune system and body (eg, the skin, upper respiratory tract mucosal tissue, lung, blood, and muscle). During this "open window" of impaired immunity (between 3 and 72 hours, depending on the immune measure), viruses and bacteria may gain a foothold, increasing the risk of subclinical and clinical infection. In general, if symptoms are from the neck up, moderate exercise is probably acceptable (and some researchers would argue even beneficial) when an athlete is sick, whereas bed rest and a gradual progression to normal training are recommended when the illness is systemic.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Community-acquired respiratory infections].

BACKGROUND: Respiratory infections are the most frequent reason for primary health care consultation. Although generally not severe, they are responsible for a large number of days of laboral and scholar absenteeism and an excessive use of antibiotics. METHODS: The clinical and epidemiologic data of extrahospitalary infections in primary health care centers throughout Spain were collected according to the one day cut off system repeated trimestrally over one year. RESULTS: Data of 3,732 days of consultation were collected in which a total of 144,608 patients were attended. Of these, 20,614 had respiratory infections and 11,684 extrarespiratory infections. The most frequent processes were pharyngitis (33.7%), common cold (31.7%) followed by bronchitis (18.7%), otitis (11%), influenza (4.6%), laryngitis (4%), sinusitis (3.6%) and pneumonia (1.8%). Antibiotic treatment was prescribed in 13,488 patients (65%). The type of antibiotic was analyzed in the 11,977 patients treated for only one infection. Penicillins were the antibiotics most used followed by cephalosporins. The antibiotic prescribed was considered adequate in 70% of the 8,484 patients treated for potentially bacterial infection. A total of 3,493 patients had infection considered to be of viral etiology. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-two percent of the patients attending a primary health care center presented infection and of these two out of three cases had respiratory infection. Pharyngitis and common cold were the most frequent processes observed. Two thirds of the patients consulting for respiratory infection received antibiotic treatment, with 29.2% being diagnosed with infections considered to be of viral etiology. The empiric treatment chosen for the two thirds of the potentially bacterial infections was considered as adequate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Therapeutic activity of enviroxime against rhinovirus infection in volunteers.

The therapeutic effect of intranasal 2-amino-1-(isopropylsulphonyl)-6-benzimidazole phenyl ketone oxime (enviroxime) against human rhinovirus type 9 was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled volunteer trial. Enviroxime given 6 times a day was well tolerated, producing a reduction in clinical evidence of infection which coincided with the start of medication (44 h after virus challenge). Although there was a statistically significant reduction in clinical score in the enviroxime group on day 5 after virus challenge, reductions in total clinical score accumulated during the trial and reductions in the quantity of nasal secretions were not significant. A separate analysis was performed on data from volunteers who did not have symptoms when medication began (and who might have been expected to benefit more from enviroxime therapy). No apparent enhancement of the effects of enviroxime could be demonstrated in this group.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[The possible association of Epstein-Barr virus and uveitis].

The possible association of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) with uveitis was investigated in 28 subjects with various types of uveitis. Serum or aqueous humor (AH) EB viral antibodies were measured in 28 uveitis patients and in 28 cataract patients as controls. Significant rises in EBV antibody levels were seen in 3 cases from the uveitis group. There was an 8-fold increase of the serum antibody titer in an infant subject, a 16-fold increase in the AH EB viral antibody titer in an adult subject, and a higher antibody quotient (10.2) compared with the serum and AH antibody titers in another adult case. No antibodies to EBV were detected in the AH in the control group. It appeared that EBV might have been involved in the pathogenesis of these 3 cases of uveitis. The clinical features of these cases were as follows. (1) A common cold-like prodrome was noted. (2) Severe acute anterior uveitis with fibrinous exudate was present at the onset. (3) A transition to chronic granulomatous anterior uveitis was seen in the 2 adult cases. (4) Little vitreous inflammation was present. (5) Marked hyperemia and swelling of the optic discs was noted. (6) At the onset there were no abnormal chorioretinal findings, except slight retinal vasculitis in the infant case. (7) Sunset-glow fundus appeared earlier in comparison with Harada disease in the adults and a retinal pigment epithelium disorder developed in the infant. (8) Bilateral involvement was seen in adults. (9) Good final visual acuity was recognized. (10) No systemic changes occurred in the course of the uveitis. This constellation of clinical features appears to comprise a new entity, i.e., EBV-associated uveitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Studies on 44 081 R.P., a new antirhinovirus compound, in cell cultures and in volunteers.

A synthetic compound, 2-[(1,5,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-thiazolo[3,4b]isoquinolin-3-ylidene) amino]-4-thiazoleacetic acid (S), 44 081 R.P., inhibits the multiplication of rhinoviruses in cell cultures. Of the 69 rhinovirus strains and serotypes that have been studied, 39% were inhibited at a concentration of 7 micrograms/ml, far below that which affects cellular metabolism (250 micrograms/ml). Preliminary data indicate that the compound inhibits some early events of virus replication but that some cellular functions are also involved in its mechanism of action. Despite its antiviral activity in vitro, the compound, when self-administered intranasally as a 0.2% solution to volunteers from the day before to 5 days after inoculation with a human rhinovirus strain, had no significant effect on rhinorrhea, clinical score, or laboratory evidence of infection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Binding of cellular proteins to the leader RNA of equine arteritis virus.

The genome of equine arteritis virus (EAV) produces a 3' coterminal-nested set of six subgenomic (sg) viral RNAs during virus replication cycle, and each set possesses a common leader sequence of 206 nucleotides (nt) in length derived from the 5' end of the viral genome. Given the presence of the leader region within both genomic and sg mRNAs, it is likely to contain cis-acting signals that may interact with cellular or viral proteins for RNA synthesis. Gel mobility shift assays indicated that proteins in Vero cell cytoplasmic extracts formed complexes with the positive (+) and negative (-) strands of the EAV leader RNA. Several cell proteins with molecular masses ranging from 74 to 31 kDa and 58 to 32 kDa were detected in UV-induced cross-linking assays with the EAV leader RNA (+) and (-) strands, respectively. In both cases, intense bands were observed at the 58-52 kDa molecular weight markers. Results from competition gel mobility shift assays using overlapping cold RNA probes spanning the leader RNA (+) strand indicated that nt 140-206 are not necessary for binding to cell proteins.

5' Untranslated Regions↗