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PubMed1998

Terminology and diagnostic classification of temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome in China.

OBJECTIVE: To advance a modified TMD classification suitable to dental practice in China. METHODS: A modified classification scheme was proposed based on reviews of the previous classification of TMD suggested by the authors and the classification schemes recommended by the International Headache Society (IHS), the American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP), and other researchers. RESULTS: The following modified classification of TMD was suggested: I. Masticatory muscular disorders, including myofascial pain, myositis, myospasm, unclassified local muscular pain, and fibrostic contracture; II. Structural derangement disorders (or internal derangement disorders), including anterior disc displacement with or without reduction as well as other forms of disc displacement such as medial, lateral, and rotatory disc displacement; III. Inflammatory disorders, including acute and chronic synovitis and capsulitis; IV. Osteoarthrosis, including primary and secondary osteoarthrosis. CONCLUSIONS: The modified classification of TMD should simplify and improve the diagnosis and treatment of TMD in China. However, more is required to improve the general level of dental care in China and to overcome the shortcomings of the modified classification with regard to understanding the psychological effects of TMD and the use of advanced diagnostic techniques.

China↗

PubMed1999

ProtoMap: automatic classification of protein sequences, a hierarchy of protein families, and local maps of the protein space.

We investigate the space of all protein sequences in search of clusters of related proteins. Our aim is to automatically detect these sets, and thus obtain a classification of all protein sequences. Our analysis, which uses standard measures of sequence similarity as applied to an all-vs.-all comparison of SWISSPROT, gives a very conservative initial classification based on the highest scoring pairs. The many classes in this classification correspond to protein subfamilies. Subsequently we merge the subclasses using the weaker pairs in a two-phase clustering algorithm. The algorithm makes use of transitivity to identify homologous proteins; however, transitivity is applied restrictively in an attempt to prevent unrelated proteins from clustering together. This process is repeated at varying levels of statistical significance. Consequently, a hierarchical organization of all proteins is obtained. The resulting classification splits the protein space into well-defined groups of proteins, which are closely correlated with natural biological families and superfamilies. Different indices of validity were applied to assess the quality of our classification and compare it with the protein families in the PROSITE and Pfam databases. Our classification agrees with these domain-based classifications for between 64.8% and 88.5% of the proteins. It also finds many new clusters of protein sequences which were not classified by these databases. The hierarchical organization suggested by our analysis reveals finer subfamilies in families of known proteins as well as many novel relations between protein families.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1995

Some Remarks on the Classification of Subjective Idiopathic Tinnitus (SIT) - An Essay toward Establishing a Cross-matched Grading System.

To better quantify levels of individual impairment caused by SIT, two different sets of classification were cross matched. This combination factored in the inaccuracy caused by terminologic inexactitude. Although the system which developed historically had a subjective bias, the newer tests created to analyze tinnitus specifically were far more objective. By combining the findings of both tests using a numeric score, rating tinnitus should become more exact. Classification of tinnitus began long ago in ancient Babylon. In the library of the court of King Assurbanipal (668 to 626 B.C.), clay slates were found which gave the first written classification of tinnitus. Later Pliny, Paracelsus, Itard, and Politzer developed separate systems of tinnitus classification.(2) All these systems can be broken down into the branches of epidemiology, etiology, and legal requirements. Epidemiology gives information on tinnitus in "terms of time, place, and persons." Etiology provides a means to summarize the relationships between the subjective findings of tinnitus and relationships in terms of pathoetiology. It is the large numbers of single complaints about tinnitus and possible associated relationships of pathologic relationships that cause the different clinical classification of tinnitus. In terms of legal disability, a more accurate classification will permit graduated comprehensions of the irritation experienced by the patient and related personal, social and occupational interferences. Measuring these grades of impairment will allow comparison of different types of tinnitus. Unlike other audiologic failures such as generalized hearing loss and disturbances of equilibrium resulting from vestibular affections, assessment of the intensity of tinnitus and its involvement in personal life is restricted by limitations, because each classification system contains inaccuracies per se.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Progress in the classification of hematological neoplasms. From REAL to WHO concept

Recent advances in immunology, molecular biology and cytogenetics as well as the development of new diagnostic techniques set out the necessity for the redefinition and reclassification of hematological malignancies. Therefore, WHO in 1995 assigned the Society of Hematopathology and European Association for Hematopathology to create a new classification of these neoplasms. The result of collaborative efforts of leading hematopathologists from both organizations is the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of hematological neoplasms. WHO classification adopted basic concepts, defined criteria introduced by REAL classification of lymphoid neoplasms and extended them to myeloid, histiocytic and mastocytic neoplasms. WHO classification of hematological neoplasms is represented by a list of disease entities and its variants, opened for inclusion of new entities, updating of diagnostic criteria and changes of nomenclature. The clinical relevance of the proposed entities has been evaluated by the clinicians, members of Clinical Advisory Committee. The proposed classification is a challenge to the clinicians to create new treatment strategy, directed towards particular disease entities. The presentation of WHO classification in our review is limited to myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a new classification to determine extent of spinal arthrodesis.

BACKGROUND: The lack of a reliable, universally acceptable system for classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has made comparisons between various types of operative treatment an impossible task. Furthermore, long-term outcomes cannot be determined because of the great variations in the description of study groups. METHODS: We developed a new classification system with three components: curve type (1 through 6), a lumbar spine modifier (A, B, or C), and a sagittal thoracic modifier (-, N, or +). The six curve types have specific characteristics, on coronal and sagittal radiographs, that differentiate structural and nonstructural curves in the proximal thoracic, main thoracic, and thoracolumbar/lumbar regions. The lumbar spine modifier is based on the relationship of the center sacral vertical line to the apex of the lumbar curve, and the sagittal thoracic modifier is based on the sagittal curve measurement from the fifth to the twelfth thoracic level. A minus sign represents a curve of less than +10 degrees, N represents a curve of 10 degrees to 40 degrees, and a plus sign represents a curve of more than +40 degrees. Five surgeons, members of the Scoliosis Research Society who had developed the new system and who had previously tested the reliability of the King classification on radiographs of twenty-seven patients, measured the same radiographs (standing coronal and lateral as well as supine side-bending views) to test the reliability of the new classification. A randomly chosen independent group of seven surgeons, also members of the Scoliosis Research Society, tested the reliability and validity of the classification as well. RESULTS: The interobserver and intraobserver kappa values for the curve type were, respectively, 0.92 and 0.83 for the five developers of the system and 0.740 and 0.893 for the independent group of seven scoliosis surgeons. In the independent group, the mean interobserver and intraobserver kappa values were 0.800 and 0.840 for the lumbar modifier and 0.938 and 0.970 for the sagittal thoracic modifier. These kappa values were all in the good-to-excellent range (>0.75), except for the interobserver reliability of the independent group for the curve type (kappa = 0.74), which fell just below this level. CONCLUSIONS: This new two-dimensional classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, as tested by two groups of surgeons, was shown to be much more reliable than the King system. Additional studies are necessary to determine the versatility, reliability, and accuracy of the classification for defining the vertebrae to be included in an arthrodesis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Relationship between Noguchi's classification for small adenocarcinomas of the lung and tumor markers in serum].

We evaluated the relationship between Noguchi's classification for small adenocarcinomas of the lung and tumor markers in serum (CEA, Cyfra, SLX, CA 19-9, CA 125). Fifty surgically resected small peripheral adenocarcinomas measuring 2 cm or less in greatest diameter were examined. The tumors were divided into three groups on the basis of Noguchi's classification: group AB of tumors belonging to Noguchi's classification A or B, group C of tumors belonging to Noguchi's classification C, and group DEF of tumors belonging to Noguchi's classification D, E, or F. The level of serum CEA was higher in group DEF (5.9 +/- 7.6 ng/ml) than in group AB (2.3 +/- 2.4 ng/ml) and group C (2.0 +/- 1.3 ng/ml). There were no differences in the levels of the other serum tumor markers among the three groups. The incidences of anormality in serum CEA and Cyfra were higher in group DEF (6/18 and 6/18, respectively) than in group AB (1/7 and 0/7) and group C (1/25 and 1/25). Although a high level of serum CEA or Cyfra is a strong indication that the tumor is Noguchi's classification D, E, or F of pulmonary adenocarcinoma, it is difficult to classify small adenocarcinomas by Noguchi's classification using a serum tumor marker level.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2000

[Relationship between new TNM classification and the prognosis and biological behavior of gastric cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical value of 1997 TNM classification of gastric cancer. METHODS: 334 cases of gastric cancer with regional lymph node metastasis were used to determine the relationship between new TNM classification and the prognosis and biological behavior compared with old classification (1987). RESULTS: The 5-year survival rates of the old pN(1), pN(2) were 49.6% and 33.5% respectively; those of the new pN(1), pN(2), pN(3) were 48.5%, 24.1% and 5.6% respectively. There was a highly significant difference in survival in different new pN groups (P < 0.01). The new pN classification was correlated with the depth of cancer invasion, as well as the macroscopic type, growth pattern and serosal type (P < 0.01). Multivariate COX model analysis showed that the new pN classification was the most significant independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: The new TNM classification is not only an objective, simple and reproducible system, but also a significant prognostic index for gastric cancer superior to the old classification.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[The new WHO classification of liver tumors--what is really new?].

The new WHO (2000) Classification comprises all gastrointestinal tumours including tumours of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. The differences between the old edition from 1994 and the new classification will be outlined. A comparison was made with regard to new entities, definitions and tumor subtypes. The eight tumour subgroups of the 1994 classification have been reduced to seven in the 2000 WHO edition, omitting the "unclassified tumors" and changing the group's terms. The 2000 classification shows some minor changes in the ICD-O numbers and in terminology. An important change and hopefully beneficial progress has been achieved by introducing more detailed definitions of epithelial abnormalities, namely liver cell dysplasia and its different subtypes (large cell type dysplasia, small cell type dysplasia, dysplastic nodules low-grade and high-grade). The miscellaneous lesions (former called tumour-like lesions) have been reduced in number. In contrast to the 1994 classification which only contained definitions and short descriptions of macroscopic and microscopic findings as well as only sparse clinical information, the 2000 classification offers much more text with new information on epidemiology, aetiology, clinical features, spread, macroscopy, microscopy, genetic susceptibility, and genetics. Some minor differences between the old and new WHO classification can be recognized. Major changes comprise the extended terminology in precancerous epithelial changes, e.g., liver cell dysplasia and reduction of the amount of text.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Generation of classification criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome using an artificial neural network and traditional criteria set.

OBJECTIVE: The definition of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is still disputed and no validated classification criteria have been published. Artificial neural networks (ANN) are computer-based models that can help to evaluate complex correlations. We examined the utility of ANN and other conventional methods in generating classification criteria for CFS compared to other diseases with prominent fatigue, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-nine case patients with CFS, 41 patients with SLE and 58 with FMA were recruited from a generalist outpatient population. Clinical symptoms were documented with help of a predefined questionnaire. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group (n = 158) served to derive classification criteria sets by two-fold cross-validation, using a) unweighted application of criteria, b) regression coefficients, c) regression tree analysis, and d) artificial neural networks in parallel. These criteria were validated with the second group (n = 40). RESULTS: Classification criteria developed by ANN were found to have a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 85%. ANN achieved a higher accuracy than any of the other methods. CONCLUSION: We present validated criteria for the classification of CFS versus SLE and FMA, comparing different classification approaches. The most accurate criteria were derived with the help of ANN. We therefore recommend the use of ANN for the classification of syndromes with complex interrelated symptoms like CFS.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Reflections on classification of epileptic seizures].

INTRODUCTION: The use of a universal classification, generally agreed and accepted, is an essential step in medicine for the understanding, correct diagnosis and satisfactory treatment of diseases. OBJECTIVE: We review and comment on the various proposed classifications of epileptic seizures, from that of Gastaut in 1970, which related the clinical findings to the electroencephalogram (EEG) of epileptic seizures, to the current classification described by the executive committee of the ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy) in 1997. CONCLUSIONS: The first classification was described by Gastaut and improved in the first international classification agreed on by the ILAE in 1981. Subsequently, the international classification of the ILAE in 1989 paid special attention to the differentiation of the different types of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes as such, with less emphasis on the correlation of seizures with the EEG. The current classification proposed by the ILAE considers epileptic seizures as just a list of types of seizures, although in greater detail. Concerning definition of the seizures, it does not establish their correlation with clinical investigations that permit greater objectivity (EEG, neuro imaging.).

Advisory Committees↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Correlation of histological classifications of gastric carcinomas with location and prognosis].

AIM: To evaluate the prognostic impact of different histological classifications of gastric adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Between 1993-2000, 94 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were studied. Tumors were classified according to TNM staging, WHO, Lauren and Goseki classifications. Twenty five patients (27%) had a proximal tumor and 69 (73%) a distal tumor. Intestinal type according to Lauren were more often observed among the proximal carcinomas (19/25) than in distal ones (32/69) (P=0.01). According to Goseki, lymph node metastasis were less frequently found in group III (5/13) than in other groups (64/81) (P=0.033). The mean follow-up was 23 months. Survical was not influenced by WHO, Lauren, and Goseki classifications. Survival significantly varied according to the different groups of the TNM classification. The proximal location of the tumor was associated with poorer prognosis than distal location (P=0.0373). Number of metastatic lymph nodes, invasion of perineurium, and vascular invasion had significant prognostic value in proximal carcinomas. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that gastric carcinomas should be divided into proximal and distal tumors using the Goseki classification in addition to the Lauren classification because the Goseki classification recognizes tumor groups with different dissemination routes.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Subcapital hip fractures: the Garden classification should be replaced, not collapsed.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate rater agreement for a simple 2-category classification of subcapital hip fractures versus the 4-category Garden classification and to determine the effect of clinician experience on the level of agreement. SETTING: Sunnybrook and Women's Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, a level 1 trauma centre. METHOD: Eleven raters, with varying levels of clinical experience (3 fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeons, 4 clinical fellows and 4 residents), classified 34 pairs of anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of patients with subcapital hip fractures according to whether the fracture was stable (the fragments move as a unit) or unstable (the fragments move independently), and according to Garden's original 4-category classification. The exercise was repeated 1 month later. The radiographs were obtained from a fracture database to represent a wide spectrum of injury severity. OUTCOME MEASURES: The level of agreement beyond chance, quantified by use of the SAV statistic of O'Connell and Dobson. RESULTS: The most experienced raters demonstrated almost perfect inter- and intrarater agreement with respect to stable and unstable fractures (SAV > 0.80). The raters demonstrated only fair agreement for the Garden classification (mean SAV 0.64). Even junior clinicians demonstrated substantial agreement regarding fracture stability, with much lower scores for the Garden classification. Collapsing the Garden classification responses into 2 categories (stages I and II v. III and IV) was not synonymous with rater categorization of stable versus unstable. CONCLUSION: The Garden classification for subcapital hip fractures is unreliable and should be abandoned in favour of categorizing fractures as stable versus unstable.

Hip Fractures↗

PubMed1992

Classification of diabetes in patients with end-stage renal disease. Validation of clinical criteria according to fasting plasma C-peptide.

An epidemiologic study of end-stage diabetic nephropathy in France (Uremidiab) was performed, aiming to establish the prevalence of both types of diabetes in dialysis patients. Because discrimination between type I and type II diabetes remains mostly clinical, our aim was to evaluate what the most fitted clinical criteria were. We studied 494 hemodialyzed diabetic patients. A first classification (Cn) was offered by the nephrologist. Clinical data of 472 patients (22 patients of the 494 have been excluded) were then collected with a standardized questionnaire, allowing one diabetologist of us to establish the diagnosis of type of diabetes (classification Cd). Plasma C-peptide at this stage of the disease was expected to be very discriminative, measured in 88 patients and defined classification Ccp (< or = 0.6 ng/ml = "negative C-peptide" = type I, > 0.6 ng/ml = "positive C-peptide" = type II). Classification Cd observed 98 type I and 374 type II diabetes. Cn overestimated type I diabetes, 37% of type II diabetes being misclassified because insulin-treated. Classification Ccp observed 74 positive C-peptide patients, classified as type II, among whom 45 were insulin-treated. Only 3 patients were discordant for classification Cd and Ccp. Predictive value of "negative C-peptide" and "positive C-peptide" were 100% and 96% respectively. Multiple regression analysis of the Ccp classification was performed with the clinical criteria and showed very significant correlation with: age at the time of diagnosis of diabetes (AGE), maximal body mass index ever reached (BMI MAX) and delay between diagnosis and consistent insulin use (DI).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Classification of stomach adenocarcinomas].

Malignant stomach tumors include carcinomas, lymphomas, leimiosarcomas, carcinoids and other less frequent tumors. Adenocarcinoma has been classified in many different ways and by many different authors. Depending on its stage, early or advanced, on one side and according to the TNM staging system (Tumor, Nodes, Metastases) on the other. The early-stage adenocarcinoma, from the macroscopic point of view has been classified in I, IIa, IIc, IIb and III and combinations therefrom. Early-stage cancer has been denominated as O type and advanced cancer, which has been denominated by common practice, as Borrmann: I, II, III and IV, is now numbered using Arabic numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. Type 5 is included, which would correspond to the non-classifiable carcinoma. Histologic classification according to Lauren, comprises intestinal, diffuse and the mixed or undifferentiated type which produces no mucus. According to Mulligan, it is classified as: pyloric glands and intestinal type cancer on one side and gastric type cell cancer on the other side. The WHO (World Health Organization) classifies them as: Papillary, tubular (tub.1, tub.2 and tub.3) signet ring cell, undifferentiated and mucinous adenocarcinoma. Nakamura, Kato and Hirota classify them as: differentiated and undifferentiated adenocarcinomas. Ming classifies them as: expanding type and infiltrating type. There is a tendency, when dealing with early-stage cancer, to group its forms in ulcerating carcinomas, vegetating carcinomas, localized gastritis-like and advanced-like carcinomas. The gastritis-like classification would correspond to form IIb of the initial classification of early-stage cancer. Broders' classification of Adenocarcinoma grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 is mentioned here as a classification solely on basis of the cellular differentiation. As historical classification, we include that of James Ewing. The above mentioned classifications relate to each other and are not excluding from the conceptual point of view.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2004

Derivation of a typology for the classification of risks in emergency medicine.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a graded classification system for risks in emergency medicine. To test the inter-user reliability of this classification system. DESIGN: Prospective collection of data involving emergency department (ED) critical incidents. Derivation of classification system using the collected critical incidents. Comparison of results of classification of a sample of the critical incidents between different users of the system. SETTING: EDs in two teaching hospitals and two district general hospitals (DGHs) in the north west of England. INTERVENTIONS: Observational study. MAIN OUTCOMES: Classification system itself. Results of classification of same critical incidents by different users. RESULTS: 816 critical incidents were identified and used to derive a typology. This typology was found to have inter-user reliability score of 86% (95% confidence intervals 76.4% to 95.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The typology that has been derived is a reliable tool for the classification of risks in emergency medicine.

Diagnostic Errors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Highest level of division in classification of organisms. 3. Monodermata and Didermata].

The deepening our knowledge and embrassing the larger array of the investigated organisms leads to replacement of typological classifications with phylogenetic ones. This process seems to be the main stream of modern systematics. But typological classifications have not lost the value, remaining the important tool of the description of phylogeny. It is especially obvious today when molecular reconstructions are using so widely. However resulted phylogenetic classifications are difficult for understandable interpretation. Therefore phylogeneticist is interested in elaboration of typological classifications that can help to explain the results. As an example the phylogenetic classifications of organisms proposed recently by Cavalier-Smith (1998, 2002) and Gupta (1998, 2000) are considered. The modified system of Gupta is the most adequate description of organism phylogeny. Basal clostridia and togobacteria have to the greatest degree kept features of a common ancestor of organisms. From this common ancestor evolution spread by two phyletic lines. One of them included Gram-negative bacteria. The main groups of them have branched of from a common ancestor in the following order: (Deinococci, Chloroflexi) --> (Cyanobacteria) --> (Chlamydia, CFB, Fibrobacteria, Chlorobia) --> (Aquificae) --> --> (Epsilonproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria) --> (Alfaproteobacteria) --> (Betaproteobacteria) --> --> (Gammaproteobacteria). In other phyletic line the main groups were separated in the following order: (Thermotogae) --> (Clostridia, Fusobacteria) --> (Bacillae) --> (Actinobacteria). Exact position of archaebacteria and eukaryotes related to this line remains unclear. Typological division of organisms into Didermata and Monodermata (Gupta, 1998) corresponds to these two branches of a cladogram. The cell of the diderm organisms is covered with two membranes, plasmatic and outer. The cell of the monoderm organisms has only one plasmatic membrane. Development of the cellular organization at the earliest stages of evolution of a life went through use of non-lamellar (non-bilayer) lipids which could give a cell with one membrane (not two membranes as in the scenario of Cavalier-Smith (2001)). Membranes appeared at the earliest stages of the evolution of life. Therefore their distinction is quite logical to take as a principle the first typological division of organisms. At the same time the typological classifications considered beyond the framework of phylogenetics, have no independent value. Typological classifications do not give monothetic division into groups. Always there are exceptions. So, among Monodermata there are Gram-negative forms (Acidaminococcaceae, Syntrophomonadaceae, some Thermoanaerobacteriaceae), which are didermic.

Bacteria↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A working classification of scleroderma spectrum disorders: a proposal and the results of testing on a sample of patients.

OBJECTIVE: To propose a working classification for scleroderma spectrum disorders (SDS), based on criteria shown in the past to be specific for the condition: sclerodermatous skin involvement, specific autoantibodies and specific microvascular abnormalities, to obtain mutually exclusive subgroups of SDS and to test this classification on a sample of patients. This is an attempt to improve the current classifications used in research studies, which are all based on the extent of skin involvement only. METHODS: Patients (n= 165) referred to the Microvascular Laboratory of the Division of Rheumatology between 1976 and 1992, who had participated in various other studies in the Division and for whom therefore systematically collected clinical and laboratory data were available. Evaluation of skin involvement, clinical, laboratory, and microvascular studies were performed independently and a subgroup assignment was made "blindly" from coded data. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that significant differences were present between our subgroups of SDS with regard to meaningful variables. Comparisons of our results with previously used classifications such as the ACR preliminary criteria study and later subsets used by more recent investigators, demonstrated that our classification permitted us to include less severe cases than those meeting ACR criteria. CONCLUSION: Our results show that by dividing SDS into groups using the cutaneous, microvascular and autoantibody characteristics, while using well-defined criteria and inclusion-exclusion rules to obtain mutually exclusive subgroups, can reveal differences that may otherwise be masked. This study has suggested new avenues of research. A replication study should be performed with a systematic follow-up. This is a working classification, i.e. it can be modified as new findings using updated technology become available. The focus should be on clearly defining criteria for classification and collected data. Then between-center comparisons will be possible.

Autoantibodies↗

PubMed2005

A semiological classification of status epilepticus.

The classification of status epilepticus (SE) has been a subject of discussion for many years, yet no satisfactory agreement has been reached. Due to their complexity, status episodes often defy classification according to the current international classification scheme. The semiological seizure classification (SSC) has been in use in several epilepsy centers for more than a decade, and has proven to be a valid approach to the classification of epileptic seizures. Based on the detailed analysis of more than 100 episodes of SE documented with video-EEG recordings, the authors now present a proposal for a semiological classification of status epilepticus (SCSE). The SCSE reflects the assumption implied by all modern definitions of SE that "there are as many types of status as there are types of seizures" and relies on the same principles as the SSC, focusing on the main clinical manifestations and the evolution of the status episode. The clinical manifestations of SE are subdivided into semiological components and classified along three axes: the type of brain function predominantly compromised by the seizure activity, the body part involved, and the evolution over time. Each axis contains several subcategories, so that many different levels of accuracy are possible. The SCSE, just like the SSC, is meant to be part of a comprehensive epilepsy classification which classifies as independent variables (epileptogenic zone, ictal semiology, etiology, related medical conditions) the main features of the patient's epilepsy, allowing for each variable maximum flexibility.

Autonomic Nervous System↗