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PubMed1998

Electrical sources of P300 event-related brain potentials revealed by low resolution electromagnetic tomography. 2. Effects of nootropic therapy in age-associated memory impairment.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study the effects of Actovegin on frontal and parietal electrical P300 sources revealed by low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) were studied in age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) patients. Actovegin is a protein-free metabolically active hemoderivative improving oxygen and glucose utilization. Each patient had, in randomized order, a treatment of 2 weeks with 250 ml 20% Actovegin and 250 ml placebo daily. Auditory ERPs were recorded before and 5 h after drug administration on day 1 (acute effect) and on day 15 (subacute and superimposed effect). Compared to age- and sex-matched normal controls, AAMI patients showed a trend towards P300 latency prolongation and a significantly reduced P300 global field power (GFP). Maximal LORETA source strength did not differ from controls. After Actovegin parietal P300 scalp amplitudes increased, while frontal and temporal amplitudes decreased as compared to placebo. This increase in hilliness, measured by the GFP, was significant. Moreover, the parietal P300 source strength increased after acute, subacute and superimposed infusion of Actovegin as compared to placebo. This may reflect improved availability of cognitive processing resources in the parietal cortex, an area that on the one hand plays an important role in fundamental aspects of attention and on the other hand has been found to be functionally impaired in dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Alexithymia in obsessive-compulsive disorder - results from a family study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested an association between alexithymia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is unclear to which extent alexithymic traits in OCD patients reflect familial deficits in cognitively processing and communicating feelings that are also present in their first-degree relatives. This study investigates the hypotheses of an elevated level of alexithymia in subjects with OCD and their first-degree relatives compared to controls and their first-degree relatives. METHODS: 82 cases with OCD and 169 first-degree relatives were compared to 76 controls and 144 first-degree relatives from a German family study on OCD (GENOS). All subjects completed the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Direct or family informant interviews were carried out with the German version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - lifetime version for anxiety disorders (DSM-IV). RESULTS: OCD was associated with significantly higher scores of alexithymia. However, first-degree relatives of OCD cases and of controls did not differ in TAS-20 scores. In linear regression analyses, the TAS-20 total score showed significant intrafamilial associations within the families of control subjects but not within families of OCD cases. CONCLUSION: OCD is a severe mental disorder that is associated independently from other current comorbid axis I disorders with deficits in identifying and expressing feelings. However, alexithymia does not represent a familial risk factor for OCD.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The construct validity and clinical utility of the Frank Jones story as a brief screening measure of cognitive dysfunction.

The use of quick and easily administered screening measures of cognitive functioning has become increasingly important in clinical settings. A number of brief screening instruments are available, but few have been thoroughly examined for their validity and clinical utility. The Frank Jones Story is a 2-minute screening procedure proposed to measure problem solving by asking patients to explain an absurd proposition. The authors used this screen to help them classify 155 patients as cognitively impaired or unimpaired based on a full neuropsychological evaluation. Overall, the total score on the Frank Jones Story was a good predictor of intact functioning for patients that were unimpaired but was poor at predicting cognitive dysfunction. However, various subscores of the test reflected differing patterns of sensitivity and specificity for cognitive impairment. These data suggest that the Frank Jones Story might have some utility for initial screening for cognitive dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Self-guide framing and persuasion: responsibly increasing message processing to ideal levels.

The current research examines the effect that framing persuasive messages in terms of self-guides (ideal vs. ought) has on the attitudes and cognitive responses of individuals with chronic ideal versus ought self-guides. The strength of participants' ideal and ought self-guides and the magnitude of participants' ideal and ought self-discrepancies were measured using a computerized reaction time program. One week later, participants read a persuasive message about a fictional breakfast product, framed in terms of either ideals or oughts. Matching framing to stronger self-guide led to enhanced message processing activity, especially among individuals who were low in need for cognition. Individuals who read messages framed to match their stronger self-guides paid more attention to argument quality, as reflected in their attitudes and cognitive responses. Messages with self-guide framing that matched individuals' stronger self-discrepancies did not have this effect on processing.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Recent developments in alexithymia theory and research.

OBJECTIVE: To review recent developments in alexithymia theory and research that are relevant to the field of psychosomatic medicine. METHOD: Articles were selected from the alexithymia literature published over the past decade that describe advances in the theoretical understanding of alexithymia or report empirical investigations of the relationships of the construct with emotion regulation and with somatic illness and disease. Empirical investigations of the neural correlates of alexithymia were reviewed also, as were studies that explore therapeutic attempts to modify alexithymic characteristics. RESULTS: The salient features of the alexithymia construct are now thought to reflect deficits in the cognitive processing and regulation of emotions. This is supported by studies showing that alexithymia is associated with maladaptive styles of emotion regulation, low emotional intelligence, a bidirectional interhemispheric transfer deficit, and reduced rapid eye movement (REM) density (number of eye movements divided by number of REM periods). Although empirical evidence demonstrates that alexithymia is associated with several somatic disorders, more prospective studies are required to establish the direction of causality. Preliminary data suggest that psychotherapies involving specific techniques to enhance emotional awareness and integrate symbolic and subsymbolic elements of emotion schemas may be effective in reducing alexithymic characteristics. CONCLUSION: Alexithymia is proving to be a heuristically useful construct for exploring the role of personality and emotions in the pathogenesis of certain somatic illnesses and diseases.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1987

Communicability and thought disorder in schizophrenics and other diagnostic groups. A follow-up study.

To evaluate qualitative differences in the nature of thought disorder, the 'cloze' procedure and the Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language and Communication were used to compare speech samples from schizophrenic, depressive, manic, schizo-affective and normal subjects at two different times. At the acute phase, thought-disordered subjects (schizophrenics, manics and schizo-affectives) were less communicable than non-thought-disordered subjects (depressives and normals). Communicability increased with remission of the more flagrant features of disturbance. Comparison of the thought-disordered diagnostic groups in the rate and pattern of remission of specific features of thought disorder indicated that factors reflecting goal-disrupted cognition distinguished the groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The agraphia of Alzheimer's disease.

Hypothesizing that agraphia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) reflects disturbances in multiple cognitive domains, we evaluated writing samples from 33 patients meeting strict criteria for probable AD. We found agraphia to be common on a standard narrative writing task. When compared with 41 education- and age-matched normal control subjects, AD patients had significantly lower writing scores, wrote significantly fewer words, mentioned significantly fewer categories of information, and were significantly more likely to make writing errors. On stepwise regression procedures, neuropsychological measures of visuoperceptual impairment and disease severity were the strongest predictors of agraphia, but other analyses indicated that measures of language, praxis, and attention could also contribute significantly to agraphia. On two writing tasks, we failed to confirm the previous contention that agraphia is a marker for familial AD. However, there was a highly significant interaction between family history, oral naming, and writing: patients with nonfamilial AD, but not those with a family history of dementia, showed a strong correlation between naming and writing performance. We conclude that agraphia in AD can be variously determined and that agraphia is not a reliable marker for familial disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Sickle cell disease: Pain, coping and quality of life in a study of adults in the UK.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between pain, coping, and quality of life in adult patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the UK, and to assess the influence of these factors on the utilization of health services. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study involved 96 adult patients with SCD attending hospitals in London. METHOD: Interview and questionnaire study involving standard measures of pain, health service utilization, coping responses (measured with the Coping Strategies Questionnaire - revised for SCD), and quality of life (measured by the SF36). Data concerning clinical history, complications and haemoglobin levels were also collected. RESULTS: The number and duration of painful sickle cell episodes in the past 12 months varied widely between patients. We found that 49.5% of accident and emergency visits and 45% of hospitalizations were of 10.4% (10) patients. Pain experience accounted for 12.3% of hospital and general practice service use, independently of age, sex, number of SCD complications and haemoglobin levels. Three higher order factors emerged from analysis of the coping strategies questionnaire, reflecting active behavioural and cognitive coping, affecting coping, and passive adherence (e.g. resting, taking fluids). Active coping was positively associated with the number of pain episodes, while passive adherence coping was related to pain intensity. Psychological coping was unrelated to health service utilization. Marked impairment on many dimensions of quality of life was apparent in the analyses of the SF36. Affective coping was associated with impaired quality of life independently of demographic and clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS: It is evident that sickle cell disease involves not only severe recurrent pain, but also other impairments in health-related quality of life. Psychological coping patterns are relevant both to the experience of pain, and to broader adjustment. Patients may benefit from interventions that enhance the use of appropriate pain coping techniques and other strategies to improve quality of life.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Preference for numerical information and academic achievement of African-American students.

Viswanathan's Preference for Numerical Information scale was used to investigate the attitudes of 236 African-American college students toward using numerical information in their thinking and problem solving. The results showed that the participants expressed a positive preference for numerical information, statistically similar in size to the preferences reported in prior research for other groups of students. Also, participants' scores correlated positively (r=.27) with their academic achievement (fraction answered correctly) on examination questions requiring the use of numerical information but were nonsignificantly related to their academic achievement on questions not requiring the use of numerical information. This pattern of correlations persisted, at reduced levels, when the effects of variations in SAT scores were partialled out. Moreover, for the men correlations between Preference for Numerical Information scores and achievement on examination questions involving numerical information significantly exceeded the correlations between the test scores and academic achievement on questions not involving numerical information. This contrasted with results obtained for women. For them, the correlations did not vary significantly by question type. Thus, for reasons yet to be uncovered, Preference for Numerical Information scores of the African-American men appear to reflect an aspect of cognitive style related to proficiency in using and manipulating numerical information.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Searching for the meaning of the Category Test and the Wisconsin Card Sort Test: a comparative analysis.

The Category Test (CT) and the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) have long been the major instruments used for the assessment of "frontal lobe" brain damage. These tests have often been used interchangeably by clinicians. However, research to date has disagreed on the extent to which these tests can be interpreted in a similar manner. The current paper examined the interrelationships between the tests in 112 mixed brain injured clients. The results showed relatively small correlations between the tests in the range of .4 to .6 which were eliminated when age, education, premorbid IQ (Vocabulary) and spatial skills (Block Design) were used as covariates. Regression analyses showed clear differences in which WAIS-R tests predicted each test, while factor analysis revealed little overlap between the tests except for a small relationship between the number of WCST categories completed and CT errors. The CT appeared to reflect spatial and spatial analysis skills while the WCST reflected verbal analysis and sequential skills. The results clearly indicate that the tests are not interchangeable and do not reflect the same underlying cognitive skills nor can they be interpreted in the same manner for neuropsychological purposes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Reduction of EEG power during expectancy periods in humans.

The contingent negative variation (CNV), and the associated event-related desynchronization (ERD) on motor areas and sensory areas, and increase of alpha in the ipsilateral to the cued stimulus side, are different brain signals that reflect motor, sensory, and cognitive activations related to the expectancy of the next stimulus. However, the possibility of an overall change in EEG oscillatory activity during expectancy periods has not been directly addressed. The present report tests whether the background oscillatory activity is modulated by a warning signal. During the expectancy period, the power spectral density (PSD) between 0 and 42.9 Hz--including delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma--decreased with respect to the baseline. These results suggest that during expectancy periods there is a generalised decrease in the oscillatory activity, and that reduction of the EEG power would facilitate the phasic and oscillatory neural activities triggered by the next target stimulus.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Validation of the French version of the Raine Schizotypal Personality Disorder Questionnaire--categorial and dimensional approach to schizotypal personality traits in a normal student population].

Most of existing self-report measures of schizotypal personality assess only few of the nine traits of Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) according to DSM III-R or DSM IV. The Raine's Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) is one of the most widely used questionnaire for SPD diagnosis. This well adapted tool for screening SPD in large samples from general population allows simple and quick evaluations by the mean of 74 items and nine sub-scales exploring DSM IV criteria of the trouble. With the original sample of American students, Raine found SPQ to have high internal reliability (0.91) and reported cutoffs for the top and the bottom ten percents of SPQ scores at respectively 41/74 and 12/74. We reported here the validation study of the French version of the SPQ in a sample of 232 students (males: n = 107; females: n = 125; mean age: 21.17 +/- 1.47; mean educational level: 13.36 +/- 1.06). The French version has high internal reliability (SPQ total: Cronbach's alpha = 0.91; SPQ nine subscales: Cronbach's alpha = 0.57 to 0.76). The ten percent high and low cutoff scores on the distribution of SPQ scores are respectively 40/74 and 7/74 for the total sample. However, gender differences are observed: 38/74 and 9/74 for females; 42/74 and 6/74 for males. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirms the high internal reliability. Moreover, PCA evidences a three-factor model of schizotypy reflecting "positive or cognitive-perceptual", "negative or social-interpersonal", and "disorganization" latent factors. These results replicate previous works on the topic with the same instrument.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Brain processing component during face cognition--N170 revealed by event-related potentials].

Objective. To observe features of early component N170 during face recognition. Method. Scalp distribution, amplitude, and latency of N170 was recorded during face recognition tasks in 16 normal subjects. Result. N170 was elicited by the face stimuli in only half of the subjects and the amplitude was modulated by cognitive tasks. Conclusion. N170 reflects not only face structure encoding unit but also direct visual processing unit. Whether N170 reflects the specialty in face recognition needs further study. The latency of N170 showed left hemisphere dominance and the amplitude showed right hemisphere dominance, indicating that it is not pure right hemisphere dominance in face recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dementia in Parkinson's disease.

Dementia as a manifestation of idiopathic PD is an important feature of the disease in terms of QOL, prognosis, and clinical management. The pathophysiology of the disorder is likely a multifactorial process that encompasses derangement of multiple neuronal populations of both subcortical and cortical origin. This process results in a cognitive profile that largely reflects a dysexecutive syndrome. Currently, treatment of PDD is symptomatic. Further research is needed to elucidate the relationship of PDD to DLB and AD in hopes of developing and using appropriate therapeutic measures designed to address the underlying disease process.

Antiparkinson Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reliability and validity of brief measures of oral health-related knowledge, fatalism, and self-efficacy in mothers of African American children.

PURPOSE: Low-income African American children experience high rates of dental caries compared to the general population. Knowledgeable and efficacious caregivers can play an important role in caries prevention. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate 4 brief measures reflecting mothers' potentially modifiable cognitions associated with African American children's oral health: (1) knowledge about appropriate bottle use (KBU); (2) knowledge about children's oral hygiene (KCOH); (3) oral health-related fatalism (OHF); and (4) oral health-related self-efficacy (OHSE). METHODS: Questions were selected based on reviews of the health promotion and oral health literature, with input from low-income African American caregivers of young children. Reliability and validity were evaluated using survey and dental examination data from 719 low-income African American mothers and their 1- to 5-year-old children. RESULTS: Alpha reliabilities ranged from 0.76 to 0.91. KCOH was significantly associated with mothers' oral health perceptions and children's caries status. OHSE was significantly positively correlated with children's brushing frequency and with mothers' subjective perceptions of children's oral health, which was, in turn, significantly associated with children's caries status. CONCLUSIONS: Results support the reliability and validity of the new measures. If confirmed by further research, these measures can be used to develop tailored educational and cognitive-behavioral interventions to reduce oral health disparities.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1991

Young children's understanding of other people's feelings and beliefs: individual differences and their antecedents.

Individual differences in young children's understanding of others' feelings and in their ability to explain human action in terms of beliefs, and the earlier correlates of these differences, were studied with 50 children observed at home with mother and sibling at 33 months, then tested at 40 months on affective-labeling, perspective-taking, and false-belief tasks. Individual differences in social understanding were marked; a third of the children offered explanations of actions in terms of false belief, though few predicted actions on the basis of beliefs. These differences were associated with participation in family discourse about feelings and causality 7 months earlier, verbal fluency of mother and child, and cooperative interaction with the sibling. Differences in understanding feelings were also associated with the discourse measures, the quality of mother-sibling interaction, SES, and gender, with girls more successful than boys. The results support the view that discourse about the social world may in part mediate the key conceptual advances reflected in the social cognition tasks; interaction between child and sibling and the relationships between other family members are also implicated in the growth of social understanding.

Affect↗
PubMed1991

[Speech behavior of preschool-age children].

The development of speech is closely related to certain psychic functions. Speech behavior reflects the level of cognitive, emotional and contemplative maturity and the linguistic development of the wider environment in which the child is growing up. The sounds of the language and the configuration of words are directly percepted and reproduced with certain principals of semantics and syntax. The developmental speech standards for articulation, the phonetic analysis of words and the acquaintance with the adjective opposite in the preschool age present important information for the evaluation of child maturity.

Child↗