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Studies have been made on the microscopic identification of red jinseng, dog bone, indian bread, yanhusuo and datura flower in Zhuanggu Shenjin Capsules, as well as on the identification of ginsengside and tetrahydropalmatine by TLC and the determination of icariin by dual wavelength TLC-scanning. The content of the latter compound should be no less than 0.380mg/g and the average rate of recovery 97.62% (n = 5).
Twelve specimens of resin-embedded human trabecular meshwork were probed with a panel of 21 biotinylated lectins, using an avidin-biotin peroxidase revealing system, in order to determine the normal pattern of saccharide expression in this tissue. High-mannose, intermediate and hybrid N-linked glycans, and complex N-linked bisected and non-bisected bi/tri-antennate glycans, as shown by the binding of Canavalia ensiformis (ConA), Pisum sativum (PSA), Lens culinaris (LCA) agglutinins and Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (ePHA), were strongly expressed by the canal of Schlemm endothelium and juxtacanalicular tissue, but less so by the corneoscleal meshwork. Highly branced complex glycans were not found, as there was no binding by Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin (IPHA). Sialyl residues, especially those alpha 2,6-linked as demonstrated by strong Sambucus nigra (SNA) lectin staining, were also abundant in this area. N-acetyllactosamine sequences and some O-linked glycans were present in the trabecular meshwork, as shown by Solanum tuberosum (STA), Datura stramonium (DSA), and Jacalin (Jac) lectin binding, while fucose residues were not detected by Tetragonolobus purpureas (LTA) or Ulex europaeus-1 (UEA-1) agglutinins. These results indicate similarities with renal glomerular and vascular endothelium, although the lack of binding with UEA-1 agglutinin suggests differences which may relate to the specialized function of the trabecular meshwork. This study provides a baseline for comparative analysis of the glycans of human trabecular meshwork in pathological conditions such as primary open-angle glaucoma.
We have developed a new method that allows isolation of highly purified type A spermatogonia from prepubertal rats. The procedure is based on the maximal release of spermatogonia from the seminiferous epithelium obtained by the complete enzymatic digestion of the tubular basal lamina, followed by removal of contaminating somatic cells through adhesion to plastic dishes coated with the lectin Datura stramonium agglutinin and fractionation on a discontinuous Percoll gradient. The cell suspension obtained contains up to 85% type A spermatogonia. Besides morphological criteria, the identification of germ cells and somatic cells has been performed by means of immunocytochemical markers, such as c-kit receptor, which is present only in germ cells, and vimentin, which is present only in somatic cells. All type A spermatogonia isolated were c-kit positive, thus suggesting that c-kit receptor is present in both undifferentiated and differentiating type A spermatogonia. Preliminary culture experiments demonstrate that spermatogonia survival in vitro was significantly improved by the addition of 10% fetal calf serum or horse serum to the culture medium; however, optimal culture conditions remain to be established. In vitro studies on isolated spermatogonia may provide a significant contribution toward elucidation of the mechanisms regulating spermatogonial proliferation and differentiation.
Three NIH3T3 transformants, MTAg, MTPy, and MT1, which grow similarly in soft agar media, showed remarkable differences in athymic mice: MTAg grew more rapidly than MTPy, whereas MT1 and NIH3T3 did not, and only MTAg metastasized in lung. Structural analysis of N-glycans from plasma membrane glycoproteins revealed that each sample contains similar amounts of N-glycans, but the relative amounts of 2,6-branched tri- and tetra-antennary oligosaccharides prominently increase and the relative amounts of biantennary oligosaccharides prominently decrease in the order of NIH3T3, MT1, MTPy, and MTAg, whereas those of others remained constant. Western blot analysis revealed that binding of Datura stramonium agglutinin, which interacts with 2,6-branched tri- and tetra-antennary oligosaccharides, is significantly increased in several bands from MTAg compared with NIH3T3, two of which are tentatively identified as lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 and fibronectin (FN)-receptor. It was also shown that the spreading of MTAg on FN-coated plates is dramatically inhibited with the anti-FN-receptor antiserum when compared with NIH3T3. These results indicate that the increased expression of highly branched N-glycans at cell surface is correlated with the rapidness of tumor formation and altered adhesive properties of tumor cells in vivo.
Differentiating the binding properties of applied lectins should facilitate the selection of lectins for characterization of glycoreceptors on the cell surface. Based on the binding specificities studied by inhibition assays of lectin-glycan interactions, over twenty Gal and/or GalNAc specific lectins have been divided into eight groups according to their specificity for structural units (lectin determinants), which are the disaccharide as all or part of the determinants and of GalNAc alpha 1-->Ser (Thr) of the peptide chain. A scheme of codes for lectin determinants is illustrated as follows: (1) F (GalNAc alpha 1-->3GalNAc), Forssman specific disaccharide--Dolichos biflorus (DBL), Helix pomatia (HPL) and Wistaria floribunda (WFL) lectins. (2) A (GalNAc alpha 1-->3 Gal), blood group A specific disaccharide--Codium fragile subspecies tomentosoides (CFT), Soy bean (SBL), Vicia villosa-A4 (VVL-A4), and Wistaria floribunda (WFL) lectins. (3) Tn (GalNAc alpha 1-->Ser (Thr) of the protein core)--Vicia villosa B4 (VVL-B4), Salvia sclarea (SSL), Maclura pomifera (MPL), Bauhinia purpurea alba (BPL) and Artocarpus integrifolia (Jacalin, AIL). (4) T (Gal beta 1-->3GalNAc), the mucin type sugar sequences on the human erythrocyte membrane(T alpha), T antigen or the disaccharides at the terminal nonreducing end of gangliosides (T beta)--Peanut (PNA), Bauhinia purpurea alba (BPL), Maclura pomifera (MPL), Sophora japonica (SJL), Artocarpus lakoocha (Artocarpin) lectins and Abrus precatorius agglutinin (APA).(5) I and II (Gal beta 1-->3(4)GlcNAc)--the disaccharide residue at the nonreducing end of the carbohydrate chains derived from either N- or O-glycosidic linkage--Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA1), Datura stramonium (TAL, Thorn apple), Erythrina cristagalli (ECL, Coral tree), and Geodia cydonium (GCL). (6) B (Gal alpha 1-->3Gal), human blood group B specific disaccharide--Griffonia(Banderiaea) simplicifolia B4 (GSI-B4). (7) E (Gal alpha 1-->4Gal), receptors for pathogenic E. coli agglutinin, Shiga toxin and Mistletoe toxic lectin-I (ML-I) and abrin-a.
Withafastuosin E (WE), a withanolide of Datura fastuosa, has been reported to possess anti-stress activity and augment prostaglandins. The present investigation has been undertaken to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity and its mechanism in various models of experimentally induced ulcers in rats. WE (20 mg/kg, po) reduced the incidence of ulcer and ulcer index significantly in rats. The drug also decreased volume of gastric secretion, acid and peptic output, though it did not affect mucin secretion or mucosal glycoprotein content in terms of total carbohydrate:protein ratio or gastric cell shedding (in terms of gastric juice DNA content) or cell replication (in terms of microgram DNA/mg of protein). The results suggest significant anti-ulcer activity of WE which may be due to its effect on decreasing the offensive acid-pepsin factors.
Fifteen persons developed atropine poisoning following consumption of wasp honey. Clinical signs, antidotal response and the presence of Datura plants near the wasp nests supported that the intoxications were caused by ingestion of atropine-contaminated honey. Two deaths occurred from heatstroke because of the poisoning and high environment temperatures and intensive physical activity.
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Seventy-three jimsonweed exposures reported to a regional poison center over a five-year period were reviewed. The ingestors' mean age was 17.3 years (range, 11 to 28 years). The most common route of exposure was oral, and the circumstance was drug abuse or experimentation in the majority of the cases. Although 11 callers remained at home, 59 required medical care in an emergency department or were admitted to the hospital. Treatment consisted of gastrointestinal decontamination, supportive care, and physostigmine salicylate administration. Almost 40% of the medically treated patients received physostigmine for severe hallucinations. One of the 59 medically treated patients had seizures develop. Calls to the poison center regarding jimsonweed differed from other calls in several respects. Jimsonweed abuse is a potentially serious form of substance abuse in adolescents and young adults.