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PubMed1994

[Restriction-deletion polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA region V in some populations of aboriginal residents of Siberia and the Far East].

The distribution of a deletion and of an Ava II site in region V of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was studied in five populations of native inhabitants of the Asian part of Russia, including Chukchi, Asian Eskimos, Evenks, Buryats, and Northern Sel'kups. A deletion with a frequency of 6.3% was found only in Buryats, In Chukchi and Eskimos the AvaII site was not found. A maximal frequency of 11.3% was observed in the Evenks. A comparison with published data was conducted; it revealed a gradient of decreasing frequency of the deletion from Southeast Asia to the North, with its complete absence in the circumpolar regions. In the territory of northeast Asia, all three mitotypes are found, formed by a combination of two polymorphic markers of mtDNA region V, which were found earlier in humans in the New World. The data obtained necessitates a more detailed analysis of the population polymorphism of mtDNA in this region of Asia.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1994

[Restriction polymorphism of the main noncoding region of mitochondrial DNA in native and migrant inhabitants of Northeast Asia].

Data on the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 16,081-16,545 bp segment of the major non-coding region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Slavs from Magadan (n = 20), Asian Eskimos (n = 20), and coastal Chuckchi (n = 10) are presented. In Slavs, nine restriction pattern variants were found for the enzymes AvaII, BamHI, HaeIII, EcoRV, KpnI, and RsaI; in Eskimos and Chuckchi, only KpnI polymorphism was found. The gene diversity in the identified polymorphic restriction sites was calculated, and the results obtained were compared with published data.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1994

[Restriction types of main noncoding segments of mitochondrial DNA in aboriginal and migrant inhabitants of Northeast Asia].

An analysis of data on the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 16,081-16,545-bp locus of the major noncoding region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in samples of Asian Eskimos and coastal Chukchi of Chukotka and Slavs from Magadan is presented. By means of analysis of combinations of restriction pattern variants, the mitotypical structure of the studied population groups of the northeastern region of Russia was studied. A notable difference in mitotypical diversity was found: twelve types of the non-coding region were observed in Slvas (h = 0.916) and only two identical types each were found in Eskimos (h = 0.1) and Chukchi (h = 0.356). The results are compared with literature data on mtDNA polymorphism in various world populations. Possible reasons for the observed differences in mitotypical diversity in population groups of Northeast Asia differing in ethnic origin are discussed.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗

PubMed1993

mtDNA sequences suggest a recent evolutionary divergence for Beringian and northern North American populations.

Conventional descriptions of the pattern and process of human entry into the New World from Asia are incomplete and controversial. In order to gain an evolutionary insight into this process, we have sequenced the control region of mtDNA in samples of contemporary tribal populations of eastern Siberia, Alaska, and Greenland and have compared them with those of Amerind speakers of the Pacific Northwest and with those of the Altai of central Siberia. Specifically, we have analyzed sequence diversity in 33 mitochondrial lineages identified in 90 individuals belonging to five Circumpolar populations of Beringia, North America, and Greenland: Chukchi from Siberia, Inupiaq Eskimos and Athapaskans from Alaska, Eskimos from West Greenland, and Haida from Canada. Hereafter, we refer to these five populations as "Circumarctic peoples." These data were then compared with the sequence diversity in 47 mitochondrial lineages identified in a sample of 145 individuals from three Amerind-speaking tribes (Bella Coola, Nuu-Chah-Nulth, and Yakima) of the Pacific Northwest, plus 16 mitochondrial lineages identified in a sample of 17 Altai from central Siberia. Sequence diversity within and among Circumarctic populations is considerably less than the sequence diversity observed within and among the three Amerind tribes. The similarity of sequences found among the geographically dispersed Circumarctic groups, plus the small values of mean pairwise sequence differences within Circumarctic populations, suggest a recent and rapid evolutionary radiation of these populations. In addition, Circumarctic populations lack the 9-bp deletion which has been used to trace various migrations out of Asia, while populations of southeastern Siberia possess this deletion. On the basis of these observations, while the evolutionary affinities of Native Americans extend west to the Circumarctic populations of eastern Siberia, they do not include the Altai of central Siberia.

Alaska↗

PubMed1977

Epiblepharon in Labrador.

We describe the characteristic configuration of normal Inuit (Eskimo) eyelids. Exaggeration of some normal features of the lower lid can result in epiblepharon inferior. We have seen in Labrador seven patients with epiblepharon of a degree sufficient to require surgical intervention. All were Inuit or had distant Eskimo ancestry. We outline their clinical features and the technique of operation which has been evolved. The results were good. We stress the importance of making the distinction between entropion and epiblepharn because the operative treatments of the two conditions are different. The recommended surgical methods include, for some cases, excision of bulky orbicularis muscle as well as skin.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Spondyloarthropathies in circumpolar populations: I. Design and methods of United States and Russian studies.

Parallel epidemiologic studies of spondyloarthropathy in aboriginal circumpolar populations were carried out by U.S. and Russian investigators. These complementary studies used the same data collection instrument and disease criteria to facilitate comparisons. During three expeditions to Siberia, Russian investigators collected cross-sectional data from four settlements of Eskimos and Chukchi Indians on the Chukotka peninsula for a study of disease prevalence. U.S. researchers collected cross-sectional data from Eskimos in four Alaskan regions for studies of prevalence and longitudinal data for studies of clinical manifestations, natural history, disease impact, and health care utilization. The aims of these studies were to describe the spectrum of spondyloarthropathy in these populations, and to lay the groundwork for investigations of the role of specific genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis and expression of disease. These studies were carried out with a minimum disruption to the native people.

Alaska↗

PubMed1996

Spondyloarthropathies in circumpolar populations: II. Characterization of the populations.

For epidemiologic studies of spondyloarthropathy in circumpolar peoples of Chukotka, Russia and Alaska, we gathered demographic, physical and laboratory data to provide a background for evaluating and comparing factors that may influence susceptibility and clinical expression of disease. The study groups included the Chukchi and Siberian Eskimo of Russia and the Inupiat and Yupik Eskimo of Alaska. The 4 groups were remarkably similar in population structure, educational attainment, mean hemoglobin concentrations and frequency of the Class I histocompatibility antigen HLAB27. The Alaskan and Chukotkan groups were similar in mean height, but the Alaskans had higher body weights and significantly greater body mass indexes, probably a reflection of a shift away from traditional lifestyle and diet. Differences in the frequencies of ABO and MN blood group antigens were also apparent, with higher frequencies of blood group M in the Alaskan populations, particularly the Inupiat.

Alaska↗

PubMed1976

Chronic ear disease along the coasts of Labrador and Northern Newfoundland.

The high incidence of chronic ear disease among the three ethnic groups, Eskimo, Algonkian Indians, and Caucasians living under the same environmental conditions is studied. The role of socio-economic factors in the incidence and sequelae of ear disease in this population was similar to other studies among the native peoples of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. The variation in the disease pattern in the different ethnic groups was shown to be related to the aeration of the middle ear cleft. The air cell system of the mastoid is determined by x-rays and/or surgical exploration, but the patency of the Eustachian tube and its size is determined by impedance audiometry and use of ureteric catheters. The clinical and surgical findings of the behavior of chronic ear disease in the different ethnic groups is correlated to tissue culture experiments. The role of lowered oxygen tension in the formation and behavior of cholesteatoma is illustrated well among the Caucasians with poor aeration of the middle ear cleft who show a high incidence of cholesteatoma, unlike the Eskimos with good aeration who show a complete absnece of cholesteatoma.

Cholesteatoma↗

PubMed1997

[Cardiovascular disease and omega-3 fatty acids].

Fish oil is rich in the long chain omega-3 (omega-3) polyinsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), Pioneering studies of Dyerberg and Bang primarily originate interests in this way. The low incidence of acute myocardial infarction they verified within the Greenland Eskimos suggested that a high dietary omega-3 PUFA intake due to marine food might protect against coronary heart disease. They showed that the Eskimos had a beneficial lipid pattern and that their balance between pro-aggregatory thromboxanes and anti-aggregatory prostacyclins was shifted towards an anti-thrombotic state. The two major omega-3 fatty acids are decosapentaenoic acid (EPA C 20:5, omega 3), with five double bonds, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA C 22:6, omega 3), with six double bonds. These fatty acids' significant effects include reduction of plasma triglycerides and lipoprotein levels as well as of platelets thrombogenicity in the microcirculation, which is due to effects on the mediators production derived from arachidonic acid (prostaglandins and leucotrienes), meddling in inflammatory and immune cell function, retarded atherosclerosis development. Experimental studies of atherogenesis and arterial thrombogenesis support the hypothesis that dietary omega-3 PUFA intake may play a leading role in primary or secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗

PubMed1981

Population structure of Alaskan and Siberian indigenous communities.

Genetic data consisting of 14 red cell antigen groups and 11 serum and erythrocytic protein marker systems from four Eskimo populations of the Norton Sound area of Alaska are reported. The population structure of these four groups in analyzed both separately and within the larger context by comparison to 15 other circumpolar groups. These analyses reveal a good fit between genetic structure, geographic distribution, linguistic affiliation, and the ethnohistory of the region.

Alaska↗

PubMed1986

Q-switched neodymium-YAG laser iridotomy. A field trial with a portable laser system.

The efficacy of a small, portable, battery-operated, Q-switched neodymium-YAG laser with a slit-lamp delivery system was evaluated in a short-term pilot study. Iridotomies were created in 44 Eskimo eyes (23 patients) with occludable angles in Alaska's Kotzebue region. The laser was transported as regular baggage, was used in three villages (utilizing available facilities), and was operational within five minutes. Patent iridotomies were achieved in all eyes and with one pulse in 18 eyes (44%). Complications included transient bleeding from the iridotomy site in 23 eyes (52%), focal corneal opacities in 11 eyes (25%), and a transient immediate postoperative intraocular pressure elevation in nine eyes (20%). This appears to be the first portable laser system that can be used in frontier areas and underdeveloped nations to prophylactically treat pupillary-block glaucoma.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Intraocular Echinococcus multilocularis.

Alveolar hydatid disease, caused by the organism Echinococcus multilocularis, is a potentially lethal helminthic infection. After initial hepatic infestation, the organism may spread locally and hematogenously to distant sites. Death occurs secondary to hepatic failure, local extension into vital structures, or metastasis to the brain or lungs. A 67-year-old male Alaskan Eskimo developed decreased visual acuity secondary to a choroidal mass in the right eye eight years after an initial diagnosis of alveolar hydatid disease and four years before the development of symptomatic cerebral metastasis. A pathologic examination disclosed characteristic parasitic membranes involving the posterior pole of the right eye. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ocular involvement in alveolar hydatid disease.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

Lymphoepithelial carcinoma (malignant lymphoepithelial lesion) of the salivary glands.

Lymphoepithelial carcinoma is a rare tumor of the salivary gland of exceptionally high incidence among Eskimo. Three of our patients (one Hispanic, one Filipino, and one American white) had this neoplasm in the parotid gland. Electron microscopic examination of one of these tumors confirmed the squamous epithelial origin of the lesion. These three new cases bring the total number of cases reported thus far to 29. Some clinical features and treatment are briefly reviewed.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Open-air schools and the tuberculous child in early 20th-century America.

In the dead of winter, 1908, the first open-air school in the United States commenced class in Providence, RI. Housed on the second floor of an old school building in a crowded section of the city, this new school--actually an ungraded class in which the enrollment never exceeded 25 pupils--had several novel features. Perhaps most striking was that the brick wall on the southern side of the room had been removed and replaced with a wall of windows, hinged at the top and capable of being raised against the ceiling by means of cords and pulleys. Except in driving snow or rain, these windows were kept wide open. To protect them against the cold, the children (age range, 6 to 13 years) who were chosen for this class because they were sickly, anemic, undernourished, or showing early signs of tuberculosis and because, owing to their ill health, they had failed to make adequate progress in advancing to the next grade, were outfitted in wool sweaters, mittens, caps, and felt overshoes and were encased in "Eskimo" or sitting-out bags that resembled present-day sleeping bags.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Alcoholism as a mental health problem of Native Americans. A review of the literature.

Alcoholism among North American Indians and Eskimos is generally considered a major public health and community mental health problem, and increasingly so. All too often alcoholism and alcoholic (and the simple avoidance of these terms) are used indiscriminantly, obscuring important avenues for serious consideration. A major consideration is the extent to which the heavy drinking so common among indian men corresponds to "alcoholism" in the dominant culture. Considerations of culture stress (deculturative and acculturative) and cultural intoxication-permitting factors are essential in any dynamic formulation of Native Americans' problem drinking. A crucial individual motive is that drunkenness can provide short-cut gratification by providing fantasy solutions to culture-bound problems.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1997

Pervasive occult gastrointestinal bleeding in an Alaska native population with prevalent iron deficiency. Role of Helicobacter pylori gastritis.

OBJECTIVE: To confirm prevalent iron deficiency among Yupik Eskimos living in Alaska and to explore the frequency of and potential lesions accounting for occult gastrointestinal bleeding. DESIGN: Descriptive survey. SETTING: Rural Arctic community. SUBJECTS: A total of 140 adult volunteers from 3 villages in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region of western Alaska. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily iron intake, hematologic and biochemical indexes of iron status, fecal hemoglobin levels, stool parasites, and endoscopic findings. RESULTS: While dietary iron intake by Yupiks was similar to that of a reference population, iron deficiency prevalence was increased 13-fold in Yupik men and 4-fold in Yupik women. Fecal hemoglobin levels were elevated in 90% of subjects contrasted with only 4% of a reference group; median levels were 5.9 and 0.5 mg of hemoglobin per gram of stool, respectively. Among 70 Yupik subjects with elevated fecal hemoglobin levels who had endoscopy performed, 68 (97%) had an abnormal gastric appearance consisting of erythema, mucosal thickening, diffuse mucosal hemorrhages, erosions, or ulcerations. Gastric biopsies revealed chronic active gastritis with associated Helicobacter pylori in 68 (99%) of 69. No other hemorrhagic gastrointestinal disease was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study sample, occult gastrointestinal bleeding appears to be pervasive in the Yupik population and likely underlies the prevalent iron deficiency. An atypical hemorrhagic gastritis associated with H pylori infection is present almost universally and may represent the bleeding source.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Botulism in Alaska, 1947 through 1974. Early detection of cases and investigation of outbreaks as a means of reducing mortality.

Since 1947, there have been 21 outbreaks of botulism in Alaska, involving 46 people with 13 deaths (28% fatality). In the last six months of 1974, there were four outbreaks. With one exception to date, type E toxin was involved in all outbreaks for which laboratory confirmation has been obtained, and in all instances, Eskimo and Indian foods were the source. Clinical signs and symptoms of nausea and vomiting, dysphagia, diplopia, dilated pupils, and dry throat occurred with great frequency, forming a diagnostic pentad. We recommend that treatment include close medical supervision, supportive care, and the use of antitoxin, cathartics, and possibly, penicillin. The source of an outbreak must be determined to prevent further cases. Only prompt recognition, therapy and epidemiologic investigation can reduce the death toll from botulism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Heterochronic quantitative microevolution: dental divergence in aboriginal Americans.

Studies of tooth crown morphology alone have proven valuable in defining human population differentiation. We test the hypothesis that quantitative comparisons of more complex whole tooth structure may prove informative in understanding human diversity. Three disparate populations in Native American genetic history were compared: Kodiak Island Western Eskimos, Peruvian Inca Amerindians, and Southeast Asians. Enamel depth (an increasing gradient extended from Southeast Asians to the Inca) and root parameters were the most discriminating variables. The observed microevolution appears to result from variation in timing of known X-linked, Y-linked, and autosomal genes that affect either ameloblast or odontoblast differentiation. The dental traits were sexually dimorphic, the effect being more pronounced in aboriginal Americans, with male teeth having robust roots and thin enamel compared to female. Southeast Asians were isometrically related. The prominence of sexual dimorphism and the importance of sex-linked genes in the determination of the dental phenotypes suggest that sexual selection was one evolutionary force acting on early Asian populations. Subsequently, the selection appears to have been relaxed in Southeast Asians. Observed divergence of tooth shape among the populations, i.e., differences in the appropriation process of tooth primordia, was mainly the consequence of genetic drift modulating heterochronic regulators of homeotic genes.

Analysis of Variance↗