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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus by monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus types O1 Campos Br1/58, A24 Cruzeiro Br1/55, and C3 Indaial Br1/71, which are the strains used for production of FMD vaccines in the majority of South American countries. Within the library of MAbs produced, a group was selected on the basis of their neutralizing titer in cell culture, protective titer in suckling mice, sensitivity to trypsin, and specificity for virus structural proteins. The MAbs were utilized in an ELISA test format to compare European and South American representative field isolates with vaccine production strains in their r1 relationship as obtained by 50% complement fixation (CF50) with polyclonal antibodies (PAb) and their virus neutralization (VN) relationship obtained with sera from one-time-vaccinated and from revaccinated cattle, respectively. The MAbs selected varied in their reactivity against the different strains and, therefore, enabled us to compare field FMDV strains to those against which the MAbs were produced, with definite advantages over the r1 and VN ratios. Thus, panels of MAb produced with the vaccine strains and appropriately selected are significantly useful for the FMD-control programs because they serve to provide guidance on the immunological coverage provided by the vaccines against FMDV strains circulating in the field. The MAbs are also useful for the differentiation of FMD virus strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Immune response in guinea pigs vaccinated with DNA vaccine of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/China99.

In order to obtain the gene P12X3C of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV O/China99) that includes full length P1, 2A, 3C and part of 2B and 3B, the site mutation strategy was used. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/P12X3C was transfected into BHK-21 cells. The capsid proteins of FMDV expressed in BHK-21 cells were confirmed by sandwich-ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence test. Then the plasmid pcDNA3.1/P12X3C was administered to guinea pigs intramuscularly, and purified FMDV O/China993D protein expressed in yeast cells was injected together with pcDNA3.1/P12X3C. Anti-FMDV antibodies were detected by indirect ELISA, the T-lymphocyte proliferation response was tested by MTT assay, and neutralizating antibodies titers were analyzed by micro-neutralization assay. The result showed that the plasmid pcDNA3.1/P12X3C was able to express immunocompetent proteins of FMDV in BHK-21 cells. Furthermore, anti-FMDV antibodies were elicited and increased by plasmid pcDNA3.1/P12X3C in the second week after vaccination. Neutralizating antibodies were induced and the T-lymphocyte proliferation response was enhanced after vaccination. In the challenge test, all of guinea pigs vaccinated with pcDNA3.1/P12X3C were fully protected from FMDV challenge. However, the result obtained from animals that were injected with protein 3D together with plasmid pcDNA3.1/P12X3C was not satisfied. In conclusion, the results encouraged further work towards the development of a DNA vaccine against FMDV and provided the basis of research for DNA vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Geographical and age-stratified distributions of foot-and-mouth disease virus-seropositive and probang-positive cattle herds in the Adamawa province of Cameroon.

Six of the seven known serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus occur in Africa. This paper describes the results of a population-based cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence of FMD and the persistence of the virus in cattle herds and associated sheep flocks in the Adamawa province of Cameroon. Antibody titres measured by the virus neutralising test indicated that serotypes O, A and SAT2 viruses had been circulating in the province. The estimates of apparent seroprevalence in cattle herds, based on five juvenile animals (eight to 24 months old) per herd, were 74.8 per cent for serotype SAT2, 30.8 per cent for serotype A and 11.2 per cent for serotype O, indicating recent exposure; the estimates based on animals more than 24 months of age were 91.1 per cent for SAT2, 83.6 per cent for A and 34.2 per cent for serotype O. Epithelial and oropharyngeal samples were collected from cattle and small ruminants, cultured and typed by ELISA; serotypes A and SAT2 were isolated from both types of sample. The herd-level estimate of apparent prevalence of probang-positive herds was 19.5 per cent and the animal-level estimate of apparent prevalence was 3.4 per cent. The geographical distribution of the seropositive herds based on juveniles suggested that recent SAT2 exposure was widespread and particularly high in the more northern and western parts of the province, whereas recent exposure to serotype A was patchy and more concentrated in the south and east. This distribution corresponded very closely with the distribution of herds from which virus was recovered by probang, indicating recent exposure or infection. No serotype O viruses were recovered from cattle, and the distribution of seropositive herds suggested very localised recent exposure. The apparent prevalence of probang-positive animals declined with the age of the animal and the period since the last recorded outbreak in the herd.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2004

Vaccination as a control measure during the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in 2000 in Korea.

The Republic of Korea had been free from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) for 66 years until 15 cases were confirmed between 24 March and 15 April in 2000. The FMD virus isolated in Korea was an O Pan Asia type, which was also responsible for the recent outbreaks in Japan and the U.K. Control measures including the stamping-out of infected animals on neighbouring farms, movement restrictions and emergency vaccination were implemented. The decision to vaccinate was made because the cattle affected were showing severe FMD lesions, there was significant possibility that a large amount of virus had already been shed and conditions at the time seemed to favour wind-borne spread. Also, because the spread was limited to cattle, it was assumed that the use of vaccinations would be more effective than if pigs had been affected. All susceptible animals within 10 km radius of the infected farms were vaccinated with inactivated, double-oil emulsion vaccines. Totals of 860,700 and 661,770 animals were vaccinated during the first and second round of booster vaccinations, and were completed within five months of the first outbreak. The government decided to adopt a let-live policy so that the vaccinated animals were not slaughtered. However, they were placed under movement restrictions and had to be identified and registered. Although there were concerns about the vaccinated animals becoming carriers, extensive serological surveillance using NSP ELISA found no evidence of FMD in the remaining vaccinated population. The use of emergency vaccinations in 2000 is regarded as being a major factor in limiting the spread of FMD and containing the outbreak within a month.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Production, isolation, and partial characterization of three foot-and-mouth disease virus temperature-sensitive mutants.

Three high temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of foot-and-mouth disease virus were characterized by their relative abilities to grow at 33 or 38.5 C, to kill infant mice, to infect guinea pigs, and to produce foot-and-mouth disease in steers. Mutants ts-24 and ts-42 did not grow at 38.5 C; both may have produced considerable quantities of noninfectious virus particles at 33 C. A third mutant, ts-22, appeared "leaky" because it multiplied to a limited extent during prolonged incubation at the nonpermissive temperature. Mutant ts-42 was pathogenic for infant mice, whereas ts-22 and ts-24 were essentially apathogenic. Mice were protected against the lethal effects of the wild-type (wt) virus if injected 1 week earlier with ts-22, apparently as a result of specific antibody development. One-half of the guinea pigs injected with the mutant viruses showed lesion development, but only at the site of injection. Antibody development was also much less than in those animals injected with the wt virus. The onset of FMD in steers was delayed and the severity of the disease was diminished after intradermalingual injection of the mutant viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Engineering better vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease.

Although efficacious and safe, current vaccines for FMD suffer from drawbacks. Among these are that the immune response to the vaccine interferes with the ability to detect vaccinated animals that have subsequently become infected and could carry and shed the virus, creating an obstacle to re-instating disease-free status to countries/regions that vaccinate to control outbreaks. Multiple diagnostic tests are available to identify animals that have been infected with FMDV by detection of antibodies to viral non-structural proteins (NSP) that are present in low concentration in traditional vaccines and are poorly immunogenic in vaccine preparations. However, these tests are not 100% reliable. To circumvent this problem, we have developed a new generation of vaccines that express the "empty capsid" subunit of the virus, in the absence of one of the most immunogenic NSPs, 3Dpol. Here we describe delivery of the empty capsid subunits by recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5). These Ad5-vectored empty capsid vaccines can protect pigs from FMDV challenge as early as 7 days post-vaccination. A second problem with current FMD vaccines is that they do not induce protective immunity quickly, a drawback that is likely to be shared by our Ad5-vectored empty capsid vaccine. To overcome this problem, we have developed a prophylactic antiviral treatment consisting of an Ad5 encoding porcine interferon alpha (pIFNalpha). Administration of Ad5-pIFNalpha protects swine from FMD as early as one day post-administration. The combination of this antiviral treatment and the empty capsid subunit vaccine should induce rapid and complete protection from FMD, and could overcome current diagnostic problems.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed2004

Molecular epidemiology of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated from cattle in Ethiopia between 1979-2001.

Partial 1D gene characterization was used to study phylogenetic relationships between 17 serotype O foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses in Ethiopia as well as with other O-type isolates from Eritrea, Kenya, South and West Africa, the Middle East, Asia and South America. A homologous region of 495 bp corresponding to the C-terminus end of the 1D gene was used for phylogenetic analysis. This study described three lineages, viz. African/Middle East-Asia, Cathay and South American. Within lineage I, three topotypes were defined, viz. East and West Africa and the Middle East-Asia together with the South African isolate. The Ethiopian isolates clustered as part of topotype I, the East African topotype. Two clades (based on < 12 % nucleotide difference) A and B were identified within the East African isolates, with clade A being further classified into three significant branches, A1 (80% bootstrap support), A2 (89% bootstrap support) and A3 (94% bootstrap support). Clade B consisted of two Kenyan isolates. Within topotype I, the 17 Ethiopian isolates showed genetic heterogeneity between themselves with sequence differences ranging from 4.6-14 %. Lineage 2 and 3 could be equated to two significant topotypes, viz. Cathay and South America. Comparison of amino acid variability at the immunodominant sites between the vaccine strain (ETH/19/77) and other Ethiopian outbreak isolates revealed variations within these sites. These results encourage further work towards the reassessment of the type O vaccine strain currently being used in Ethiopia to provide protection against field variants of the virus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Immunogenicity of a recombinant fusion protein of tandem repeat epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus type Asia 1 for guinea pigs.

In this study, the sequences of capsid protein VPI regions of YNAs1.1 and YNAs1.2 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were analyzed and a peptide containing amino acids (aa) 133-158 of VP1 and aa 20-34 of VP4 of FMDV type Asia I was assumed to contain B and T cell epitopes, because it is hypervariable and includes a cell attachment site RGD located in the G-H loop. The DNA fragments encoding aa 133-158 of VP1 and aa 20-34 of VP4 of FMDV type Asia 1 were chemically synthesized and ligated into a tandem repeat of aa 133-158-20 approximately 34-133-158. In order to enhance its immunogenicity, the tandem repeat was inserted downstream of the beta-galactosidase gene in the expression vector pWR590. This insertion yielded a recombinant expression vector pAS1 encoding the fusion protein. The latter reacted with sera from FMDV type Asia 1-infected animals in vitro and elicited high levels of neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. The T cell proliferation in immunized animals increased following stimulation with the fusion protein. It is reported for the first time that a recombinant fusion protein vaccine was produced using B and T cell epitopes of FMDV type Asia 1 and that this fusion protein was immunogenic. The fusion protein reported here can serve as a candidate of fusion epitopes for design of a vaccine against FMDV type Asia 1.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cytokine and Toll-like receptor mRNAs in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues of cattle during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.

The pharyngeal region is known to play an important role in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in relation to acute disease and viral persistence. In this study, the local mucosal immune response in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) of cattle infected with FMDV (strain O UKG 34/2001) was examined. Quantitative "real-time" RT-PCR assays were used to measure mRNA expression of cytokines (IFN-alpha, beta and gamma, IL-2, IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha) and Toll-like receptors (TLR)-3 and -4. NALTs from dorsal soft palate were collected from cattle at 7 days post-infection (dpi) and from carriers and non-carriers at 64 dpi. Expression of IFN-alpha mRNA was significantly greater in NALT during acute disease than in uninfected animals. Increased expression of IFN-gamma and IL-1alpha mRNA was also observed but was much lower than IFN-alpha expression. There was a slight increase in mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and IL-2. During persistence, TNF-alpha mRNA expression in carrier cattle was much higher than in non-carrier cattle. Expression of TLR-4 in NALT during the acute stage of infection was greater than in uninfected animals. Carrier and non-carrier cattle did not differ in respect of expression of TLR-3 and -4 mRNA in NALT.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Expression of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus VP1 protein using a replication-competent recombinant canine adenovirus type 2 elicits a humoral antibody response in a porcine model.

To develop a new type vaccine for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) prevention by using canine adenovirus as vector, the VP1 cDNA of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) type O strain China 99 was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into pEGFP-C1 by replacing the GFP gene with the VP1 cDNA, resulting in an expression plasmid pVP1-C1. The expression cassette of VP1 composed of the CMV promoter, the VP1 gene and the SV40 early mRNA polyadenylation signal was recovered by Nsi I / Mlu I digestion of pVP1-C1 and cloned into the Canine adenovirus type-2 (CAV-2) genome in which E3 region was partly deleted by removing the Ssp I- Ssp I fragment. The recombinant virus (CAV-2-VP1) was obtained by transfecting the recombinant CAV-2-VP1 genome into MDCK cells with Lipofectamine 2000. Immunization trial in pigs with the recombinant virus, CAV-2-VP1, showed that CAV-2-VP1 could stimulate a specific immune response to both FMDV and the vector virus. Immune response to the VP1 and FMDV after VP1 expression was confirmed by ELISA, western blotting analysis and neutralization test. It was indicated that CAV-2 may serve as a vector for FMD vaccine development in pigs.

Adenoviruses, Canine↗
PubMed2006

The effect of vaccination on foot and mouth disease virus transmission among dairy cows.

The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of a single vaccination of dairy cows on foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) transmission. To estimate if vaccination could significantly reduce virus transmission, we performed two replicates of a transmission experiment with one group of vaccinated and one group of non-vaccinated dairy cows (ten animals per group). Half of both groups were intranasally inoculated, with FMDV field isolate O/NET2001, and housed with the other half of the group (contact-exposed cows) from the next day onwards. Virus transmission was quantified by estimating the reproduction ratio R, which is the average number of secondary cases caused by one infectious animal. In the non-vaccinated groups all cows became infected and Rnv was significantly above 1. In the vaccinated groups infection was demonstrated in three inoculated cows, and no transmission was observed (Rv was 0, not significantly below 1). Transmission was significantly reduced in the groups of vaccinated cows when compared to the groups of unvaccinated cows. Our findings indicate that after a single vaccination cows are protected against infection of FMD and that most likely no virus transmission will occur within a vaccinated herd.

Animals↗