SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “GANGLIA, SPINAL”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources

PubMed1976

Mitochondrial variations in the spinal ganglion cells of the slow loris: an electron microscopic study.

The fine structure os spinal ganglia from seven slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang coucang) was studied following perfusion fixation using different concentrations of glutaraldehyde and post-fixation in 1% osmic acid. Two cell types, one light (63%), and the other dark (37%) were reported out of the total number of 425 neurons counted. Almost all the light cells contained filamentous mitochondria, whereas only 35% of the dark cells contained filamentous mitochondria, the other 65% having vacuolated mitochondria. The significance of this mitochondrial variation in the spinal ganglion cells of the slow loris is undecided.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Asymmetries and symmetries in the number of thoracic dorsal root ganglion cells.

The right/left ratio for the number of neurons in individual pairs as well as series of pairs of normal rat and guinea pig thoracic dorsal root ganglia have been investigated. After perfusion of the animals with aldehyde fixatives, the 13 pairs of thoracic ganglia were embedded in resin, serially sectioned, and stained with azure methylene blue. Counts of neuronal nucleoli (with correction for possible split nucleoli) were used as an indicator of the number of neurons in each ganglion. In individual pairs the right/left difference varied between 0 and 47% in the rat and 0 and 26% in the guinea pig. There appeared to be no particular level with a preference for large right/left differences. However, when the total number of neurons from the 13 ganglia on one side were compared with the corresponding figure from the other side, the right/left differences were reduced to less than 3% in the rat and less than 2% in the guinea pig. These results show that the organization of the thoracic spinal nerve unit is markedly asymmetrical at the segmental level, but strictly symmetrical in terms of the total number of dorsal root ganglion cells. The marked asymmetry in individual ganglion pairs necessitates caution when evaluating the effect of unilateral experimental manipulations on the number of neurons in thoracic spinal ganglia.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Morphological and functional changes in spinal ganglion neurons after epidural clopheline administration].

The aim of this chronic experimental study performed in 16 dogs was to determine the effect of epidural infusion of 0.01% clopheline solution on the morphological and histoenzymological characteristics of spinal ganglion neurons. Daily infusions of clopheline at the dose of 15 mg/kg for 14 days caused a decrease in capillary permeability in the spinal ganglia at the injection site and its increase in the intact areas. This finding suggests the changes in the activity of the microcirculatory bed with a disturbed interaction in capillary-neuron system. Analysis of morphometric parameters has demonstrated the presence of some functional and reversible dystrophic changes in spinal ganglion neurons, which were associated with epidural infusion of both clopheline and isotonic solution of sodium chloride. Determination of the activity of oxidation-reduction enzymes, which reflect the course of aerobic and anaerobic processes in spinal ganglion neurons, has shown no significant differences between the groups of animals infused with or isotonic solution of sodium chloride. In conditions of chronic experiment no significant variations were found in RNA content in ganglionic cells at and outside the sites of infusion of clopheline and of isotonic solution of sodium chloride.

Analgesics↗

PubMed2000

Commercial recombinant human beta-nerve growth factor and adult rat dorsal root ganglia contain an identical molecular species of nerve growth factor prohormone.

Examination of commercial recombinant human beta-nerve growth factor (rh-beta-NGF) preparations with polyclonal antibodies specific to 13-kDa NGF and pro-NGF-specific domains revealed the presence of high-molecular-mass immunoreactive proteins, including a 60-kDa NGF prohormone. On incubation with a mixture of N- and O-specific glycosidases, the 60-kDa NGF pro-hormone generated a 32-kDa protein corresponding to the molecular size of NGF precursor predicted by the cloned human NGF cDNA. Highly sensitive chemiluminescence immunoblot analysis of adult rat dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, and colon tissues with NGF- and pro-NGF domain-specific antibodies also revealed the presence of high-molecular-mass proteins, including the 60-kDa NGF prohormone. Based on the presence of the 60-kDa NGF prohormone in dorsal root ganglia and its efferent tissues, we suggest that proteolytically unprocessed, glycosylated NGF prohormone may mediate interactions between neurons and the tissues they innervate.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[14C-leucine incorporation by the nerve and glial cells of a cultured spinal ganglion].

Spinal ganglia of adult rabbits were cultured in the routine and protein synthesis precursors-enriched media. On days I and 4 of cultivation, the intensity of 14C-leucine incorporation in protein and in acid soluble fraction of nerve and glial cells was determined. The tissue of the spinal ganglion keeps incorporating 14C-amino acid, into neurons and glia, for all the tested periods of cultivation with both the media employed. The curves of incorporation into the above fractions of nerve and glial cells cultured in the routine medium display similar patterns of changes, whereas those obtained from the enriched medium observations appear to be anti-fasic. The enrichment of the medium results also in less pronounced fluctuations in the intensity of the labeled amino acid in protein and 14C-leucine pool, on the tested periods of cultivation, which may provide more stable conditions of the explant's survival.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

In vitro studies of limb regeneration in adult Diemictylus viridescens: neural dependence of blastema cells for growth and differentiation.

Explants of 99 adult newt forelimb blastemata (21- to 24-day regenerates) were cultured, with and without implanted dorsal root ganglia, in modified Parker's medium (CMRL-1415) for periods of 72-144 h. Growth and differentiation of the cultured blastemata were compared with ganglionated and non-ganglionated controls fixed at the start of the culture period. The results of these experiments establish that implanted spinal ganglia are able to sustain growth and differentiation of forelimb blastemata in vitro: active proliferation amongst the blastema cells was found to be correlated with the presence of an implanted ganglion. In addition, the blastema cells exhibited a differential growth response which was most pronounced when the ganglion was eccentrically implanted 2-3 days before explantation of the limb regenerate. These results suggest that a causal relationship exists between the position of the implanted ganglion and the localization of growth within the blastema. The nerve influence, believed to be mediated by a chemical factor(s), was localized in the region of the implanted neurons, indicating that a close association between the nerves and the responding blastema cells is essential for normal growth. The importance of the physical presence of nerves for the cultivation of blastemata in vitro is emphasized.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Uptake of 63Ni2+ in the central and peripheral nervous system of mice after oral administration: effects of treatments with halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines.

Oral administration of 63Ni2+ to mice resulted in higher levels of the metal in the sciatic nerves, the trigeminal ganglia, spinal nerve roots and the spinal cord than in the cerebellum and the frontal cortex. In the sciatic nerves, the trigeminal ganglia and the spinal nerve roots a high vascular permeability may explain the preferential uptake of the 63Ni2+. The higher accumulation of the 63Ni2+ in the spinal cord than in the examined structures of the brain may be related to a diffusion from the cerebrospinal fluid. Administrations of halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines [5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (diI-HQ), 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline (diBr-HQ), 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline (diCl-HQ) or 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (Cl-I-HQ)] together with the 63Ni2+ resulted in increased levels of the metal both in neural and extraneural tissues in comparison with mice given the 63Ni2+ alone. In most instances the tissue-levels of 63Ni2+ were 2-4 times higher in the animals treated with the halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines than in the controls. Determinations of chloroform/water partition coefficients showed that lipophilic chelates are formed between each of these compounds and the nickel. Our results are probably explained by a facilitated passage of the complexed metal over the walls of the stomach and the intestine. The halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines are linked with the SMON-syndrome, a disease which occurred primarily in Japan. The possibility that this syndrome may be causally connected with a concomitant intake of these drugs and metals is discussed.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1991

Ribosomes in myelinated axons of the rabbit spinal ganglion neurons.

To clarify whether, in the mature pseudounipolar neurons of mammalian spinal ganglia, a small number of ribosomes are dispersed in many or possibly all axons beyond their initial segments or if a large number of ribosomes is confined to a few axons only, three series of consecutive sections (of 449, 702 and 865 sections respectively) were cut from the sensory portion of rabbit spinal nerves very close to the ganglion. In these series of sections, portions (from 4.5 to 69.2 microns long) of 198 myelinated axons were examined. Clusters of ribosomes were detected only in three of the 198 axons examined, where they were present in 73-99% of the sections. In the nerves we studied ribosomes are not sparsely dispersed in many or possibly all axons, but are confined to a few axons only, where they are present in a high percentage of sections. Both size and density of axonal ribosomes were identical to those of adjacent Schwann cell ribosomes and clearly different from those of glycogen particles. The great majority of axonal ribosomes were localized within the subaxolemmal band of axoplasm whereas their frequency was lowest within the axonal core. The possible origin of the ribosomes found within the three axons is briefly discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Cell body volume of spinal ganglion neurons: estimation by three different methods.

We estimated the mean volumes of two series of nerve cell bodies, one from rabbit and one from rat spinal ganglia by three different methods: a procedure we devised 25 years ago (the circle-fitting method), one of the new stereological methods (the nucleator method) and the method of serial sectioning--the most direct and accurate procedure presently available for estimating cell size. In the case of the rabbit, in which most spinal ganglion neurons have a single nucleolus, the mean volumes estimated by the first two methods are closely similar and deviate by less than 2% from the mean obtained by serial sectioning. In the case of the rat, in which approximately half of the spinal ganglion neurons have more than one nucleolus, the mean volumes estimated by the first two methods are again closely similar, but deviate by about 12% from the mean obtained by serial sectioning. These findings show that: a) both the nucleator method and the circle-fitting procedure are more accurate when applied to neurons with a single nucleolus; b) if certain conditions are respected, not all the methods previously used to estimate cell size give biased results. However, the new stereological procedures are easier and quicker to use than the earlier methods. These findings also show that our previous results obtained by the circle-fitting method are to be considered valid.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Evidence for glycoconjugate in nociceptive primary sensory neurons and its origin from the Golgi complex.

Glycoconjugates with terminal galactose residues were localized in rat spinal cord and spinal ganglia using lectin-HRP conjugates of Griffonia simplicifolia and Glycine max agglutinins. Alternate staining of serial sections with HRP-labelled lectins and an antibody for substance P (SP) showed staining in identical primary sensory neurons with both methods. Similarly, lectin-reactive as well as SP-positive fibers were found in Rexed laminae I and II, Lissauer's tract, the spinal nucleus and tract of the trigeminal nerve, the nucleus commissuralis and a small bundle of fibers just ventral to the central canal. Administration of capsaicin to neonatal rats produced a significant decrease in lectin-reactive fibers of the substantia gelatinosa, and in the number of lectin-reactive sensory neurons. The coexistence of SP with galactose-containing glycoconjugates in spinal ganglion neurons, as well as sensitivity of these cells to capsaicin, provided a basis for classifying the reactive neurons as nociceptive in type. Ligation of dorsal roots resulted in disappearance of lectin reactivity in the spinal cord and caused accumulation of lectin-positive material proximal to the ligature, indicating somatofugal transport of galactose-containing glycoconjugates. Colchicine injection caused an increase in SP reactivity in dorsal ganglion neurons but no change in lectin staining of galactoconjugate. At the ultrastructural level affinity for the lectin conjugates was confined to the Golgi cisternae and the plasmalemma of B-type sensory neurons in the dorsal ganglion. The axolemma of unmyelinated processes stained selectively in dorsal roots and the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. These findings provide evidence for the presence in certain sensory cells of a characteristic galactosylconjugate which may prove to be of significance in nerve function.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Mechanoreceptor pathways from the distal colon to the autonomic nervous system in the guinea-pig.

Electrophysiological and histological techniques were used to trace sensory pathways for stretch mechanoreceptor fibres from the distal colon to dorsal root ganglia. Extracellular and intracellular recording techniques revealed sensory pathways for mechanoreceptors to the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia but no further centrally. Histological studies involving the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase revealed sensory pathways from the distal colon to the spinal cord, mainly to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. Few (less than 2000) fibres were involved; their perikarya were small (ca. 25 micron). Sensory perikarya in spinal ganglia in the guinea-pig could be categorized into two populations, F and H cells, after a previously defined nomenclature for murine spinal ganglion cells. F and H cells were distinguished initially by their times to decay by 50% of the action potential. H cells took three times as long to repolarize. F and H cells were distinguished further by their electrical properties including membrane potential, input resistance and amplitude and duration of the after-potential following the action potential. Both F and H cells showed unusual time-dependent rectification following either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current pulses. Threshold currents to show rectification were different for F and H cells. When taken in conjunction with conduction velocities, the electrophysiological evidence may assist in identifying sensory neurones. For example, H cells appeared to have slow conducting (C fibre) axons. From the lack of electrophysiological evidence and limited histological support for major central sensory pathways, it is concluded that stretch mechanoreceptor information from the colon of the guinea-pig is referred mainly to the prevertebral ganglia with minimal involvement of the spinal cord.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2004

[Local neurotoxicity of isobaric 2% solution of lidocaine at epidural administration].

The morphological and histoenzymological changes in the spinal neurons and spinal ganglia of dogs were analyzed after epidural administration of a 2% solution of lidocaine in acute and chronic experiments. In the control group the animals were given epidural infusions of 0.9% saline. The results obtained have shown the absence of pathological structural and metabolic changes in the nervous tissue after lidocaine injection. Certain signs of morpho-functional reorganization were noted in the spinal neurons of animals in both experimental and control groups. The registered changes were found to vary within the physiological fluctuation limits and are rather indicative of the functional reaction of the nervous tissue structures in question to the epidural injections of either saline or lidocaine.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Childhood progressive spinal muscular atrophy with facioscapulo-humeral predominance, sensory and autonomic involvement and optic atrophy.

A female child of healthy parents developed rotary nystagmus at the age of 15 months. Ophthalmoscopy disclosed incomplete optic atrophy. Blood tests, EEG and CT scans were normal. At 20 months progressive muscular weakness and wasting with limb-girdle distribution commenced, followed later by disturbance of gait. From muscle and nerve biopsy the diagnosis of a peripheral neuropathy with neurogenic muscular atrophy was made. No mental change occurred. At 23 months she sustained cardiac arrest and was resuscitated; thereafter, she remained in a vegetative state and expired 9 months later. Her brain was markedly atrophic and firm. Diffuse old ischemic necroses and neuronal loss with gliosis were found in the cortex, the neostriatum, the thalamus, parts of the lower brainstem, and the cerebellum. Her optic nerves and tracts showed complete atrophy. The spinal cord exhibited degeneration and loss of motor neurons with cervical accentuation. The intermediolateral nuclei, the dorsal nuclei and the spinal ganglia were also involved. There was demyelination of the posterior funiculi, the pyramidal tracts, and the sciatic, peroneal, sural, and superior frontal nerve. The voluntary muscles exhibited large group atrophy with liposclerotic change and limb-girdle predominance. The neck, tongue and ocular muscles were also involved, as were, to a less extent, the lower limbs. Although the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and at the bulbar level with the typical pattern of neurogenic muscular atrophy, as well as its distribution, resemble the facioscapulo-humoral type of heredity motor neuropathy (HMN), early onset, rapid course, sensory and autonomic involvement, and atrophy of the optic nerve do not fit this or any one type of HMN.

Atrophy↗

PubMed1986

The origins of innervation of the canine caudal pharyngeal muscles: an HRP study.

In deglutition, movements of the tongue and oropharynx direct a bolus to the laryngopharynx. The major muscles of this region, which includes the 'cricopharyngeal sphincter', must undergo sequential relaxation and contraction for correct swallowing action. The innervation of the caudal pharyngeal muscles involved in this action in the dog have not been determined previously by sensitive neuroanatomical techniques. In this study, the location of efferent and afferent neurons innervating the left cricopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus and hyopharyngeus muscles was determined by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry in 7 puppies. Labeled cells were found ipsilaterally in the supraspinal nucleus, nucleus ambiguus (including nucleus retrofacialis) and nucleus intercalatus of all animals, in the parasympathetic nucleus of X (dorsal vagal efferent nucleus) of 6 animals, and in the hypoglossal nucleus of 4 animals. Small numbers of HRP-labeled cells were found contralaterally in the supraspinal nucleus of all animals, and in the rostral nucleus ambiguus, in the nucleus intercalatus and the parasympathetic nucleus of X of fewer animals. This defines a more extensive source of efferent neurons for these muscles than had been reported for the cat. Labeled postganglionic sympathetic neurons were found bilaterally in the cranial (superior) cervical, middle cervical and cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglia. Labeled afferent neurons were seen bilaterally in the proximal vagal (jugular) and distal vagal (nodose) ganglia and in the C1-C4 spinal ganglia. The location of sympathetic and sensory nerve cell bodies of the muscles of the laryngopharynx has not been previously reported.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of itch.

The specific pathway of "pure," histaminergic itch is traced from the mechano-insensitive nerve fibers in the skin to their central cortical projections. Neuropathic itch created at different levels of this anatomical pathway is reviewed. In this review the present author discusses damage to pruritoceptors in the skin, entrapment syndromes, damage to spinal ganglia, nerve root impingement, injury of the spinal cord, and cerebral damage in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery, capsula interna, or thalamus. Itch in inflamed skin resulting from interactions between nerve transmitters and other mediators of inflammation is described.

Central Nervous System↗

PubMed1981

Use of an experimental autoimmune model to define nerve growth factor dependency of peripheral and central substance P-containing neurons in the rat.

Rats exposed to maternal antibodies against nerve growth factor (NGF) in utero and in milk have been used to investigate the developmental dependency of various substance P-containing neurons on NGF. Substance P and other peptides were measured by radioimmunoassays. The substance P content of sensory ganglia, spinal cord, and skin was depleted 40 to 60% in anti-NGF-treated rats. These results demonstrate the NGF dependence of substance P-containing neurons in sensory ganglia. Opiate binding in the spinal cord was not changed despite the large depletion in substance P: the Bmax and KD were the same in control and treated animals. The results suggest that opiate receptors may not be located presynaptically on substance P-containing primary afferents. Among the peripheral tissues which were assayed (ileum, submaxillary gland, retina, and adrenal), substance P decreased only in the adrenal, suggesting innervation by a NGF-dependent substance P-containing neuron. No changes were detected in the substance P content of nine different brain regions, in agreement with previous observations on the lack of effect of NGF on central neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The distribution of substance P in turtle nervous system: a radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical study.

The distribution of a substance P-like material in turtle brain, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion, and retina was determined using radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunohistochemistry. High levels of a substance P-like material were found in turtle neural tissue, particularly in basal telencephalon, hypothalamus, and tegmentum. In many regions, the concentration of a substance P-like material in turtle nervous tissue was found to be similar, in a region-to-region comparison, to that previously reported for birds and mammals, particularly for the more "phylogenetically conservative" parts of the nervous system (such as the basal ganglia, tegmentum, and hypothalamus). The slopes of substance P RIA dose-response curves for tissue extracts from nearly all regions of the turtle nervous system examined were parallel to a standard dose-response curve for synthetic substance P (SP). The immunohistochemical results, with anti-substance P antisera from guinea pig or rabbit, or with a monoclonal antibody, were consistent with the RIA data. Regions showing high concentration of an SP-like material by RIA were observed to contain numerous neurons and/or fibers containing an SP-like material. The immunohistochemical results provide evidence for the presence in turtle of numerous SP-containing pathways, several of which (e.g., an SP-containing strionigral pathway, an SP-containing striopallidal pathway and an SP-containing dorsal root ganglia-spinal dorsal horn pathway), have been described in birds and mammals. The present results thus suggest that the neuropeptide SP has had a largely stable evolutionary history as a transmitter or modulatory agent during amniote brain evolution.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Segmental sensory innervation of the anterior cruciate ligament and the patellar tendon of the cat's knee.

We performed a study in cats to describe and quantify the segmental sensory innervation of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. We also studied the patellar tendon to show that transport occurs from an extraarticular, dense connective tissue structure and to obtain comparable quantitative information. We injected a tracer (horseradish peroxidase HRP, coupled to wheat germ agglutinin WGA) in the anterior cruciate ligament and observed the reaction product in the articular nerves of the injected knee and in the cell bodies of ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia. In these experiments, we found an average of 26 (13-52) labeled neurons, mostly large, after injecting the anterior cruciate. More than half of the labeled neurons were found in the dorsal root ganglion of L7 (last lumbar segment in the cat). We counted an average of 204 (17-426) labeled neurons, mostly small, after injecting the patellar tendon. More than half of these labeled neurons were found in the L5 spinal ganglion. No product was observed in contralateral spinal ganglia. Surgical ablation of the medial and lateral articular nerves (MAN and LAN) before injecting HRP-WGA in the anterior cruciate ligament, showed that the remaining afferents in the posterior articular nerve (PAN) projected mainly to L7. After excision of PAN, the projection was maintained through MAN and LAN, mostly to L5. Our quantitative data show that the anterior cruciate ligament is poorly innervated, if compared to the patellar tendon. The anterior cruciate segmental sensory innervation is directed to L7 (corresponding to the main ventral root forming the sciatic nerve in the cat), but also to L5 and L6 (main femoral nerve ventral roots). These segmental data indicate that anterior cruciate innervation influences muscle tone regulation, not only of the hamstrings (neuromuscular system of the sciatic nerve), but also of the quadriceps muscle (neuromuscular system of the femoral nerve).

Animals↗