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PubMedDate not supplied

[Synthesis of radiological models and radiological invariants (constants). Part 2].

The goal of this work was to synthesize a mathematical model (MM) on the basis of Klepper and Lyman MMs, which describe the probability of post-radiation complications (PRC) in tissue subjected to radiation therapy with given scheme of dose fractionating (DF), and the LQ-model, which describes equivalent DF schemes for a fixed PRC value. Construction of synthesized MMs (SMMs) becomes possible only on the basis of several assumptions requiring further clinical validation. Synthesized MMs can be used for determination of the optimal dynamic conditions of irradiation of malignant tumors. These conditions include the optimal physical plan of irradiation and the optimal time scheme of its implementation. Synthesis of MMs leads to determination of radiological invariants (constants), which can become a basis for a new branch of medical science, quantitative radiology.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Synthesis of radiological models and radiological invariants (constants). (Part 3: synthesis of population-phenomenological models and Klepper model)].

The goal of this work was to synthesize Klepper mathematical models (MM), which describes the probability of post-radiation complications (PRC) in tissue subjected to radiation therapy with given scheme of dose fractionating (DF), and population-phenomenological (PP) MMs PP3 and PP4, which describe equivalent DF schemes for a fixed PRC value. Construction of synthesized MMs (SMMs) becomes possible only on the basis of several assumptions requiring further clinical validation. Synthesized MMs can be used for determination of the optimal dynamic conditions of irradiation of malignant tumors. These conditions include the optimal physical plan of irradiation and the optimal time scheme of its implementation. Synthesis of MMs leads to determination of radiological invariants (constants), which can become a basis for a new branch of medical science, quantitative radiology.

Mathematics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Synthesis of radiological models and radiological constants. Part 4: Synthesis of population-phenomenological models and Lyman model].

The goal of this work was to synthesize Lyman mathematical models (MM), which describe the probability of post-radiation complications (PRC) in tissue subjected to radiation therapy with given scheme of dose fractionating (DF), and population-phenomenological (PP) MMs PP3 and PP4, which describe equivalent DF schemes for a fixed PRC value. Construction of synthesized MMs (SMMs) becomes possible only on the basis of several assumptions requiring further clinical validation. Synthesized MMs can be used for determination of the optimal dynamic conditions of irradiation of malignant tumors. These conditions include the optimal physical plan of irradiation and the optimal time scheme of its implementation. Synthesis of MMs leads to determination of radiological invariants (constants), which can become a basis for a new branch of medical science, quantitative radiology.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed1988

Tying it all together: The Integrated Academic Information Management System being implemented at Maryland.

With the National Library of Medicine serving as the catalyst, the University of Maryland at Baltimore, Campus for the Professions, entered into a major initiative to integrate information management systems in support of the campus missions of education, research, and clinical care. Strategic planning initiated the integration process and continues in an iterative mode. In support of integration, changes were made in the campus organizational structure and in its technological infrastructure. Implementation involves transforming the Information Resources Management Division into an information utility on a phased and incremental basis. Collaboration with the Health Sciences Library is key to this transformation, as are numerous outreach activities.

Computers↗
PubMed1986

Cellular logic implementation on a generalized image processor applied to biomedical image processing.

The implementation on a generalized image processor of a cellular logic package that performs non-recursive cellular-logic operations (CLOs) in real time is described. This system takes advantage of up to 20 512 X 512 X 8-bit memory planes within the image processor and can manipulate cells with up to 256 symbolic states. The flexibility of the image processor allows the use of an expanded cellular transition set, beyond bit-on or bit-off, as well as application-specific neighborhood configurations. The use of concurrent data-dependent global calculations, including CLO iteration termination control, is described. The array processor implementation specifics are discussed. This general cellular logic package is applied to biomedical images in the Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles. Geometric information is acquired from the images using real-time operators on the image array processor. This information includes image segmentation, area calculation, object counting, centroid determination and shape analysis. Initial clinical results are presented, and possible future medical applications are discussed.

Computers↗
PubMed2003

Some unintended consequences of information technology in health care: the nature of patient care information system-related errors.

Medical error reduction is an international issue, as is the implementation of patient care information systems (PCISs) as a potential means to achieving it. As researchers conducting separate studies in the United States, The Netherlands, and Australia, using similar qualitative methods to investigate implementing PCISs, the authors have encountered many instances in which PCIS applications seem to foster errors rather than reduce their likelihood. The authors describe the kinds of silent errors they have witnessed and, from their different social science perspectives (information science, sociology, and cognitive science), they interpret the nature of these errors. The errors fall into two main categories: those in the process of entering and retrieving information, and those in the communication and coordination process that the PCIS is supposed to support. The authors believe that with a heightened awareness of these issues, informaticians can educate, design systems, implement, and conduct research in such a way that they might be able to avoid the unintended consequences of these subtle silent errors.

Communication↗
PubMed2000

Bridging the gap between the science and service of HIV prevention: transferring effective research-based HIV prevention interventions to community AIDS service providers.

OBJECTIVES: AIDS service organizations (ASOs) rarely have access to the information needed to implement research-based HIV prevention interventions for their clients. We compared the effectiveness of 3 dissemination strategies for transferring HIV prevention models from the research arena to community providers of HIV prevention services. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with the directors of 74 ASOs to assess current HIV prevention services. ASOs were randomized to programs that provided (1) technical assistance manuals describing how to implement research-based HIV prevention interventions, (2) manuals plus a staff training workshop on how to conduct the implementation, or (3) manuals, the training workshop, and follow-up telephone consultation calls. Follow-up interviews determined whether the intervention model had been adopted. RESULTS: The dissemination package that provided ASOs with implementation manuals, staff training workshops, and follow-up consultation resulted in more frequent adoption and use of the research-based HIV prevention intervention for gay men, women, and other client populations. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies are needed to quickly transfer research-based HIV prevention methods to community providers of HIV prevention services. Active collaboration between researchers and service agencies results in more successful program adoption than distribution of implementation packages alone.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMed1993

Technology transfer to developing countries. Lessons from Colombia.

Medical technology will contribute to improving the health status of people in developing countries only when it is carefully implemented after proper planning. Providers, users, health ministry employees, and industry all share responsibility for proper planning and careful implementation.

Capital Financing↗
PubMed1999

Nutritional guidance in general practice--a conceptual framework.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The general practitioner is the personal doctor for patients and families in the community. This paper explores the inclusion of nutrition guidance in the overall methods of general practice care. DESIGN: Three dominant factors of nutrition guidance have been identified: the disease or risk factor, the individual and the socio-cultural context. These factors were considered against the main features of general practice-the defined epidemiology, the focus on individual needs, family orientation and continuity of care. RESULTS: General practice is particularly effective in individual counselling and addressing individual beliefs and values as many patients are consulting more than once each year. Approximately 16% of all presented episodes of illness relate directly to nutritional guidance and provide 'critical' individual incidents. For the large majority of situations nutrition guidance is promoting healthy food, on which individual needs require emphasis of specific aspects (salt, fat, fibre, starch). CONCLUSIONS: It is proposed to focus nutrition guidance in general practice primarily on individual needs, and use identified health problems as critical incidents to enhance nutritional changes. Coordination with public campaigns can reinforce the effectiveness of this individual approach. Concepts like the Stages of Change provide a model for nutrition guidance that are based on continuity of care. From this a framework for individual nutrition guidance is presented, based on individual needs in the context of social values. Presented health problems over time are used as critical incidents to motivate nutritional change, implement it and preserve new nutritional behaviour.

Diet↗
PubMed1995

Eat smart for your heart: an educational program.

"Eat Smart for Your Heart" is a school-based educational program which has been designed for parents of elementary school-aged children. The program offers nutritional information in an effort to promote cardiovascular health for families. This article describes the process involved in the design, implementation, and evaluation of the program.

Child↗
PubMed1977

Development of criteria and procedures for appointment, promotion, and tenure of library faculty in an academic health sciences library.

A subcommittee of the Appointment, Promotion and Tenure Committee was appointed to develop a document establishing procedures and criteria for the appointment, promotion, and tenure of library faculty at the Library of the Health Sciences, University of Illinois. The subcommittee analyzed the library's objectives within the academic setting and developed guidelines to enhance individual and organizational contributions. Early and regular evaluation of library faculty was emphasized. Skills required to implement library participation and support of education, research, and public service programs were categorized. A mechanism for review and amendment of the document has been established.

Faculty↗
PubMed2003

Statewide strategy to improve quality of care in nursing facilities.

PURPOSE: We describe the development of a statewide strategy to improve resident outcomes in nursing facilities, and we present some evaluative data from this strategy. DESIGN AND METHODS: Key components of the strategy include (a) a partnership between the state agency responsible for the nursing home survey and certification and the school of nursing in an academic health sciences center; and (b) on-site clinical expert technical assistance and support to facilities throughout the state. RESULTS: The partnership has resulted in state agency staff having information from analyses about resident needs and outcomes in the state and facilities having access to the quarterly electronic "Show-Me Quality Indicator Report." On-site clinical expert technical assistance is now used widely across the state, with 569 site visits conducted in 286 different facilities to help them interpret their quality indicator (QI) reports and implement quality improvement programs; statewide improvements in QI scores have been measured in several key QIs. IMPLICATIONS: Other states should consider building partnerships with schools of nursing in an academic health sciences center. Programs using on-site clinical consultation can facilitate improving quality of care in nursing facilities.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Measuring information technology investment among Canadian academic health sciences centres.

Many recent studies have attempted to accurately measure the expenditure by hospitals in the area of new information technology (IT), for example see Leonard 1998 and Pink et al. 2001. This is usually done as an exercise to compare the healthcare sector with other industries that have had much more success in implementing and leveraging their IT investment (Willcocks 1992; Chan 2000). It is normally hoped that such investigation would help explain some of the differences among the various industries and provide insight into where (and how much) future IT spending should occur in healthcare (Leonard 2004). Herein, we present the results from a study of eight Canadian academic health sciences centres that contributed data in order to analyze the amount of information technology spending in their organizations. Specifically, we focus on one specific indicator: the IT spend ratio. This ratio is defined as the percentage of total IT net costs to total hospital net operating costs, and aims to provide a "relative (or percentage) measure of spending" so as to make the comparisons meaningful. One such comparison shows that hospitals spend only 55% of the amount the financial services sector spends.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2000

[Is there a place for humanistic dimension in medical education?].

Inspired by the concept of "two cultures", coined by C.P. Snow, this paper discusses the role of the humanities in relation to the natural sciences in a recently (since 1993) revised medical curriculum at the Faculty of Medicine in Trondheim, Norway. A concept of a "third culture" is identified as well: community medicine in a broad sense, disciplines dealing with health, illness and disease in the context of society and the environment. The implementation of the new curriculum was affected by intended and unintended social forces. The result was a hybrid model rather than the planned "pure" problem-based model. The humanities and "third culture" disciplines tended to yield to the pressure from the basic sciences when numbers of formal lectures were strictly limited, while the basic sciences themselves felt cut short by clinical disciplines. Problem-based learning in groups did seem efficient in basic sciences and clinical subjects, but not for the humanities or third culture disciplines. This apparent limitation in the problem-based approach was probably due to contextual factors, rather than inherent in the method itself.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed2003

[Progress in development and application of experimental facilities for life sciences on onboard the International Space Station].

The construction of the International Space Station (ISS) will be completed soon, and life sciences studies are important tasks to be carried out onboard. Therefore, various related facilities for life science flight experiments are being developed aimed at diverse objectives, and some of them were completed and passed ground-based simulation experiment or airplane parabolic flight tests, and to be arranged for implementation of spaceflight experiments. This article reviews comprehensively the recent progress in the development of various types of related experimental facilities and the onboard experiments, in the hope that it will provide reference for related fields of research.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Self-correction mechanism for path integration in a modular navigation system on the basis of an egocentric spatial map.

Classical Computer Science approaches to navigation by autonomous robots continue to make good progress. However, we have only a limited understanding of how navigation is implemented in the neural networks of animals, which still perform very much better in navigational tasks than robots. In this paper we explore the implementation of neural network based navigation in a simple robot. We use a modular navigation system that contains separate representations of visual input and the path integration process. These representations are combined to influence the behavior of a robot. Both representations are encoded within recurrent neuronal networks. The outputs of the representations are vectors of polar values that encode the location of the nearest object, or of a specific place in the environment. The robot manoeuvres in relation to these attended locations, in the context of its egocentric spatial map. During ego-motion towards a goal, the network representation of the goal moves in a counter-movement due to applied motor feedback. The robot's position is continuously compared against its visual input, and mismatches between the visually perceived goal position and its spatial representation are corrected.

Ego↗
PubMed2002

Muscular control of the patella.

Patellofemoral patients are among the most common yet most challenging individuals presenting for orthopedic care. The key word in the previous sentence is individual. A single protocol of care is not sufficient for these special "individuals." Many concepts have been evaluated through review of the peer-reviewed literature with the following highlights: (1) the concept of VMO isolation through specific exercise should no longer be part of our lexicon; (2) patellofemoral patients improve when they are able to enhance quadriceps functional patterns by way of pain-free exercise; (3) patellofemoral patients do not fit into a single "box" but rather require an evaluation-based classification and specific interventional pattern. Many of the special techniques used by clinicians in treating these patients have not been well defined through research and also are lacking in evidence of clinical efficacy. We also must recognize, however, that good clinical observations can be the first step in defining what questions should be asked and how they can be answered. It is vital that we answer the questions without allowing "bad science" through dogma and anecdote to prevail. Likewise, we need to be diligent in determining our successes and failures through well designed and implemented clinical and research studies.

Exercise↗