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PubMed1992

Technical aspects of phosphorus reduction and mineral adaptation in infant formulae.

Adapted milk-based formulae are complex products which simulate the protein and mineral composition of breast milk. The desired casein-to-whey protein ratio (40:60) in these formulae could be obtained by mixing cow's milk and whey. Unfortunately, this would yield formulae with too high a mineral content and a very unfavourable Ca:P ratio. The adjustment of the mineral content and the Ca:P ratio is the most sophisticated step in manufacture of such formulae. For this purpose, whey is demineralized with ion-exchange resins, electrodialysis or a combination of both processes. The demineralized whey (DW) obtained must be standardized in minerals by the addition of well-selected salts. After the standardization, whey is pasteurized, concentrated and dried, to give finally, the demineralized and standardized whey powder (DWPS). Addition of this ingredient to whole milk or skim milk leads to the standard adapted milk-based formula. Partial replacement of milk in the standard formula by caseinate leads to a low-phosphate formula with a Ca/P ratio equivalent to that found in breast milk. Because DWPS is quantitatively the most important ingredient of adapted milk-based formulae, the second most important being cow's milk, the nutritional and processing quality of DWPS strongly affects the heat stability and the nutritional and final quality of such formulae.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infant formulas.

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Animals↗
PubMed1999

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry in evaluation of protein profiles of infant formulae.

Breast-feeding is the nutritional model in humans, and is continued after birth for variable periods. Milk represents an essential source of growth from both nutritional and functional points of view. When nursing is not possible, indicated or sufficient, artificial feeding becomes essential. Substitutes for mother's milk are usually obtained by modifying the composition of cow's milk either qualitatively or quantitatively. The changes usually involve enzymatic and/or thermal treatment, and for this reason a description of the protein profiles of milk formulae is of great interest. After examination of the results obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in the characterization of protein profiles of cow's milk after different thermal treatments, the application of this analytical technique in the above context appeared interesting. MALDI data for eleven milk formulae, directly acquired from the market, are described and discussed. Results indicate that MALDI mass spectrometry is a particularly powerful method which may be employed either during the production stages of milk formulae or to study the relationships between milk protein content and clinical formula evaluation.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of two special infant formulas designed for the treatment of protracted diarrhea.

The nutritional management of intractable diarrhea and short bowel syndrome remains a challenging problem. The advantage of continuous nasogastric infusion is undisputed, but what to feed remains in question, and no studies, to these authors' knowledge, have yet compared two widely used specially designed protein hydrolysate formulas. A randomized crossover trial of two periods of 7 days was carried out with Alfare and Pregestimil administered by a constant infusion pump in six malnourished infants aged 1-13 months. Two had intractable diarrhea, and four the short bowel syndrome. Identical quantities of calories were administered during the two periods. There was good tolerance for both formulas and satisfactory weight gain. Despite compositional differences related to osmolality, the source of the hydrolysates and their profile, and the qualitative pattern of the carbohydrates, no difference was observed with regard to stool weight, Na+ and K+ losses, and the enteral absorption of fat, carbohydrate-derived energy, and total energy. The percent absorption of nitrogen was somewhat higher (p less than 0.01) with Pregestimil (83.8 +/- 2.7) than with Alfare (77.3 +/- 3.4), but nitrogen retention was unaffected. Energy absorption was the same on both formulas, but maldigested or malabsorbed carbohydrates accounted for 63% of total energy loss during Alfare feeding and 72% during the week of Pregestimil. These data call for studies with protein hydrolysate formulas reformulated with a lower concentration of carbohydrates and a higher one of fat.

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