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PubMed1990

Patient complaint strategies in a general hospital.

This study aimed to understand specific complaint behaviors of inpatients regarding perceived problems in the receipt of hospital services and to study the effect of provider responses to the different complaint strategies on patients' overall satisfaction with hospital services. The analysis was performed on 155 patients who had reported a problem in the receipt of services and had acted to elicit a change. Three complaint strategies were studied--formal, informal, and a combination of both. The use of these strategies was studied in relation to type of hospital service and the type of ward where the problem emerged. Two questions were investigated--what strategy leads to the best outcome for the patients? and how does each outcome affect overall satisfaction with hospital services?

Behavior↗
PubMed1991

The role of marketing research in securing a certificate of need for a new renal transplant facility.

The authors describe how a negative Certificate of Need decision on the establishment of a new renal transplantation center was reversed by the reintroduction of arguments based on primary data. Specifically, a research project was undertaken to survey attitudes of past and potential patients toward using the new facility. In addition to overturning the negative decision, the data gathered were of significant value to hospital and transplantation facility administrators.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1986

Incidence, utilization, and costs associated with acute respiratory conditions, United States, 1980.

Acute respiratory conditions are common causes of health disturbance in the general population. They are generally self-limiting, although occasionally recurrent, and seldom result in large health care costs for each episode of illness. The National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey (NMCUES), conducted during 1980, provided an opportunity to assess the effect of acute respiratory conditions on utilization of medical services and on functional capability as well as the cost of related medical care. Acute respiratory conditions were reported by survey respondents and separated into five subgroups: colds, influenza, nasopharyngitis, otitis media, and lower respiratory infections. Allergic conditions and chronic respiratory disorders (tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pneumoconioses) were excluded. The subgroupings of acute respiratory conditions appear to separate the disorders in a manner consistent with the epidemiologic characteristics of each condition. About one-half (50.4 percent) of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population had one or more acute respiratory conditions during 1980. The highest rates for upper respiratory conditions (colds, influenza, nasopharyngitis, and otitis media) were reported for those under 18 years of age, and rates were lower in successively older groups. Lower respiratory infection rates were higher in the youngest and oldest groups. Despite a high incidence in the general population, most symptomatic episodes of colds, influenza, and nasopharyngitis did not result in ambulatory care visits or hospital admissions. Otitis media and lower respiratory infections were more often associated with medical visits. Acute respiratory conditions were associated with lower disability levels than the average for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population during 1980 (5.9 restricted-activity days for acute respiratory conditions, compared with an overall average of 13.8 restricted-activity days). Persons with upper respiratory conditions (colds, influenza, otitis media, and nasopharyngitis) averaged 2.3 to 5.4 restricted-activity days, but persons with lower respiratory infections experienced an average of 8.2 restricted-activity days. Indirect costs attributed to acute respiratory conditions in 1980 were $7.7 billion for employed persons and $698 million for homemakers, for a total of $8.4 billion, about the same as total direct costs ($8.3 billion). These indirect costs were several times larger than the annual indirect costs estimated for either cardiovascular diseases or musculoskeletal diseases, two common chronic or recurrent condition groups. The high indirect costs reflect the high frequency of episodes in the general population during 1980 and the greater likelihood of associated bed-disability and work-loss days than for other conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Public disclosure of serostatus -- the impact on HIV-positive people.

AIDS is steeped in moral judgments about who becomes infected with HIV. Consequently, an AIDS diagnosis inevitably brings with it feelings of shame, guilt, loss, depression, fear of disclosure and some form of self-imposed isolation. Because of the stigma of an HIV-positive diagnosis, people are often reluctant to come forward and be tested, which makes it difficult for them to make informed decisions about their own future and that of their family. Nevertheless, since early in the epidemic, people living with HIV/AIDS have spoken out to present their personal perspectives on living with HIV and to challenge perceptions about who can and cannot become infected. However, there has been little research to explore their role in the global response to AIDS and the impact of public HIV disclosure on the HIV-positive persons themselves.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1994

[Increasing the reliability of anamnestic data by increasing the length of the interview].

In accordance with the theory of mental tests in this study it was tried to improve the reliability of diagnostic interview data by enhancing the number of items concerning the same biographical topic (= homogeneous items). Reliability was defined as stability of the statements in repeated interviews. The reliabilities of three interview items concerning different topics were calculated. The interviews were carried out under two different conditions: Under the experimental condition (30 subjects) the item, of which the stability was calculated, was the last in a series of ten homogeneous items, under the control conditions (30 subjects) the item was the last in a series of ten heterogeneous items. Under the experimental condition the reliabilities of two items, concerning the diseases of children and concerning the school record, were significantly improved. Not improved was the reliability of the appraisal of parent's educational methods. The reliabilities of the interview data not seemed to depend on the age of the subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Health care services for lesbian and bisexual women: some Canadian data.

Specific health needs and health services for lesbian and bisexual women are relatively invisible in existing research, with little Canadian data on these topics. To redress such gaps, data were selectively analyzed from a larger study with 98 lesbian/bisexual women living in a Maritime Province in Canada. As part of a semistructured interview, women were asked to indicate whether a particular health care service was important to them. General physical examination, Pap smear, breast examination, and holistic medicine were the four services chosen with the highest frequency. HIV/AIDS information/screening and safer sex information were judged important by over half of the participants. When asked to rank their top three services, however, participants chose the physical examination, holistic medicine, and psychological counseling. Our results are discussed in terms of barriers to basic health care, accessibility of services, and the importance of accurate information about AIDS and safer sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Adding insult to injury: workplace injury in English professional football.

Sociologists studying the topic of workplace injury have neglected professional athletes despite the fact that, for such employees, remaining 'active' at work is of paramount importance. This study involved semi-structured interviews with 47 current and former male professional footballers who all had careers in the English professional football leagues. The interviews focused on the players' experiences of injury and rehabilitation and their relationships with club managers, physiotherapists and doctors. The object of this empirical article concerns an examination of how professional footballers become, or perceive themselves as being, stigmatised when they are injured or in pain. For players, the social conditions of work, for example the internal competition for places, all have implications with respect to their presentation of self when they are claiming to be injured or in pain. The often conflict-ridden relations between players and managers, combined with a culture that normalises pain and injury, means that players often find themselves in health-compromising situations. Thus, examining this highly physical vocation provides an opportunity to add to the literature in which injury at work is socially produced through interpretive social interaction.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2003

Clinically-driven approach to improve arthroscopic techniques.

In this paper, a clinically-driven approach is introduced as the starting point for the improvement of arthroscopic techniques. The approach was divided into two phases. Phase 1 consisted of a combination of observations and discussions that resulted in the definition of clinically-relevant research topics. Phase 2 consisted of an interview which aimed at analysis of the general opinion on arthroscopy, and which assigned a priority ranking to the topics. Six research topics were defined. Based on the information collected, the conclusion is that the surgeons are satisfied with current arthroscopic techniques. A majority gives priority to the optimization of cartilage treatment and to the design of a steerable arthroscopic cutter. A minority gives priority to the expansion of arthroscopic techniques. The two-phase approach was fruitful in terms of establishing clinical problem areas, and of involving surgeons in the technical improvement of arthroscopic techniques.

Arthroscopes↗
PubMed2000

Human rights and religious backlash: the experience of a Bangladeshi NGO.

As part of a human rights education campaign, the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee fixed 700,000 posters throughout Bangladesh. This met with opposition from the religious organizations. This paper investigates the nature and cause of the backlash and sets out strategies for how development organizations can achieve their objectives in the face of opposition. The opposition was found to be in response to interpretations of the posters based on the Holy Koran and Islamic practices, and a perceived intrusion into the professional territory of religious organizations, which affected the socioeconomic interests of these organizations' representatives. It was therefore concluded that development organizations should pre-empt such opposition by spelling out their objectives to potential critics, and formulating programs that do not provide scope for opponents to undermine their development activities.

Asia↗
PubMed2004

Ready to be physically active? The effects of a course preparing low-income multiethnic women to be more physically active.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of a preintervention physical activity preparatory course on physical activity, and social, cognitive, and transtheoretical constructs. The sample included 82 low-income, multiethnic women (75% Latina) who completed an 8-week course designed to prepare them to become more active prior to randomization into a 10-month physical activity intervention. Participants completed precourse and postcourse measures. Paired-comparison t tests showed increases in knowledge, perceived social support for exercise, minutes of walking per week, and total cognitive and behavioral processes following the preparatory course. Perceived barriers and self-efficacy for exercise did not change from precourse to postcourse. Preintervention preparatory courses may be an effective way to increase social and cognitive constructs associated with physical activity behavior, potentially yielding a greater effect from subsequent interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mental health risks and problems encountered by illegal immigrants.

This article documents the emotional difficulties associated with the illegal Irish immigrant experience. Demographic data were collected and in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 Irish immigrants (13 had experiences as illegal immigrants and 4 were expert observers but did not have personal or first-hand experience on the topic). Content analysis of interview data documented positive and negative aspects of the illegal immigrant experience. Positive aspects included opportunity for adventure and the monetary benefit of illegal work. Negative aspects included difficulty finding satisfactory work, exploitation by employers, uncertainty about the future, vulnerability and fear over being apprehended and deported, and restrictions in numerous spheres of activity, including limited freedom to return home to visit family and friends. The findings sensitize mental health professionals to the difficulties experienced by illegal immigrants and provide direction for clinical interventions with this high-risk group.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

HIV vaccine knowledge and beliefs among communities at elevated risk: conspiracies, questions and confusion.

HIV vaccines offer the best long-term hope of controlling the AIDS pandemic. We explored HIV vaccine knowledge and beliefs among communities at elevated risk for HIV/AIDS. Participants (N=99; median age=33 years; 48% female; 22% African-American; 44% Latino; 28% white; 6% other) were recruited from seven high-risk venues in Los Angeles, California, using purposive, venue-based sampling. Results from nine focus groups revealed: 1) mixed beliefs and conspiracy theories about the existence of HIV vaccines; 2) hopefulness and doubts about future HIV vaccine availability; 3) lack of information about HIV vaccines; and 4) confusion about vaccines and how they work. Tailored HIV vaccine education that addresses the current status of HIV vaccine development and key vaccine concepts is warranted among communities at risk. Ongoing dialogue among researchers, public health practitioners and communities at risk may provide a vital opportunity to dispel misinformation and rumors and to cultivate trust, which may facilitate HIV vaccine trial participation and uptake of future HIV vaccines.

AIDS Vaccines↗