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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Maternity in adolescents in the districts and neighborhoods of Barcelona: its association with the socioeconomic level and the prevalence of low weight at birth. The Working Group of Maternal-Child Health of the Municipal Institute of Health of Barcelona].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of birth rates and low birth weight among teenagers from the health districts and neighbourhoods of Barcelona and their association with social and economic level. DESIGN: Environmental study. SETTING: City of Barcelona. METHODS: The birth rates for under-20 year olds resident in Barcelona for the periods 1980-1982, 1987-1992 and 1990-1992 were calculated. The index of family economic capacity (IFEC) was used as a social and economic indicator. The coefficient of Spearman was used as a correlative measurement. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Between the periods 1980-1982 and 1990-1992, a 65% drop in the adolescent birth rate was observed. The correlation of birth rates with the IFEC for the district fell from -0.91 to -0.69 in the same period. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent birth rates have very uneven geographical distribution, which correlates with the distribution of income. The percentage of low weight at birth is higher in the poorest districts, but the association with IFEC is much weaker.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2000

Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth.

BACKGROUND: One way of attempting to improve fetal growth has been nutrient supplementation for the mother when fetal growth is impaired. Different nutrients such as carbohydrates and amino acids have been suggested as treatments for impaired fetal growth. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of nutrient administration for suspected fetal growth impairment on fetal growth and perinatal outcome. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. Date of last search: December 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: Acceptably controlled trials of nutrient administration for suspected impaired fetal growth compared to placebo or no treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial quality was assessed. MAIN RESULTS: Three studies involving 121 women were included. They were small and/or had methodological limitations. No difference was detected in the number of small for gestational age infants whose mothers had received nutrients compared to those who did not (relative risk for calf blood extract 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20 to 1.47; for glucose 1.11, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.92; for galactose 0.78, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.54. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is not enough evidence to evaluate the use of nutrient therapy for suspected impaired fetal growth. The studies were too small to detect any rare adverse effects.

Dietary Supplements↗
PubMed1993

Adjustment formulae for maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and unconjugated oestriol to maternal weight and smoking.

Serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and unconjugated oestriol (uE3) were measured in serum samples of 4131 non-smoking and 1018 smoking women during the second trimester of pregnancy. The levels of all three analytes decreased with increasing body weight. The AFP median was significantly increased in smokers in a dose-response association; hCG decreased by 21 per cent and uE3 decreased by 3 per cent in smokers in a non-dose-related fashion. Regression functions for adjustment of serum levels for weight and smoking should be considered in risk estimation for Down syndrome in order to give a woman's individual risk more precisely.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1990

Fetal damage due to maternal phenylketonuria: effects of dietary treatment and maternal phenylalanine concentrations around the time of conception (an interim report from the UK Phenylketonuria Register).

In 94 infants born to women with PKU, birth weight and head circumference were inversely and linearly related to the mothers' phenylalanine concentrations close to conception; with each 200 mumols/L rise in phenylalanine concentrations, birth weight fell by 98 g and head circumference by 0.46 cm. This relationship was highly significant and appeared to be the same whether or not the mother received a low phenylalanine diet. Even in the 28 infants whose mothers conceived on a strict low phenylalanine diet, birth weights and head circumferences, corrected for sex and gestation, were a little below the population norms (3421 g and 34.7 cm compared with 3600 g and 35.2 cm respectively) although the differences were not statistically significant. Optimal fetal growth occurred only in infants whose mothers had phenylalanine concentrations close to the normal range at conception. Dietary treatment started after conception did not appear to confer any benefit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Maternal and fetal responses to a maternal aerobic exercise program.

To investigate the effects of exercise on the pregnant woman and her fetus, 20 pregnant women were studied during the second and third trimesters. Twelve of the women participated in an aerobic exercise program while eight women did not perform any regular exercise and served as a control group. On the basis of submaximal exercise test results, an 18% improvement and a 4% decline in absolute aerobic capacity (liters of oxygen per minute) were observed in the exercise and control groups, respectively. Functional aerobic capacity (milliliters of oxygen per kilogram per minute) rose 8% in the exercise group and declined 10% in the control group. A small but significant rise in fetal heart rate was measured during the exercise sessions. A comparison of pregnancy outcome of the two groups showed no differences in labor duration, Apgar scores, or fetal growth.

Exercise Test↗
PubMed1985

Maternal serum progesterone, 17 beta-estradiol and estriol are increased in pregnancies which follow treatment with human menopausal gonadotropins: effects of multiple gestation and maternal endocrine status.

A high incidence of premature labor, incompetent cervix and fetal wastage occurs in multiple gestations which follow treatment with human menopausal gonadotropins (HMG). In order to determine the effect of treatment with HMG on hormone secretion in human pregnancy, progesterone (PROG), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were determined by radioimmunoassay in 341 serum specimens from 229 normal singleton pregnancies and in 79 serum specimens from 20 pregnancies following induction of ovulation with HMG in women with either hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) or the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO). Fitting equations were found for the log transformed normal values and the residuals were obtained by subtraction of the predicted normal values from the log transformed values observed in the HMG pregnancies. In pregnancies which followed treatment with HMG, PROG and E2 were initially elevated above normal. As pregnancy progressed, the deviation from normal became proportionately less. PROG (P less than 0.025) was lower and E2 (P less than 0.025) and E3 (P less than 0.05) were higher in PCO pregnancies than in HA pregnancies. Multiple gestation produced increases in PROG (P less than 0.005), E2 (P less than 0.005) and E3 (P less than 0.001) in comparison to singleton pregnancies.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1989

The development of the fetal rat intestine and its reaction to maternal diabetes. II. Effect of mild and severe maternal diabetes.

Diabetes during pregnancy induces specifically structural and functional changes in the fetal endocrine pancreas. Other organs are affected as well. In this study, the fetal intestinal tract which is in close connection with the endocrine pancreas was analysed during diabetic gestation. The disease was induced by two different doses of streptozotocin which led to a mild or severe diabetic state in the mother. In fetuses from mildly diabetic as well as from severely diabetic rats, the time sequence in the appearance of the differentiated cells was identical and similar to that of controls. However, morphometric analysis of the intestine of fetuses from severely diabetic rats revealed a decrease in each of the parameters measured which led to a general hypotrophy of the intestine. In the fetuses from mildly diabetic rats, the values of the morphometric parameters of the duodenal mucosa remained unchanged and comparable to those of the control group. The vascularisation of the duodenum is modified in these fetuses because the volume density of the blood vessels is significantly increased. In conclusion, both diabetic states of the mother induce various alterations in the fetal intestine, including the blood vessels. The nature of the structural changes observed in the intestine could lead to modifications in the function of the entero-pancreatic system in these fetuses.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Maternal immunity to measles and infant immunity at less than twelve months of age relative to maternal place of birth.

Sera from infants aged 5 to 11 months and from their mothers were used to investigate the level and duration of transplacentally derived measles antibody. The infants of foreign-born, inner-city mothers were more likely to have measles antibody and were less likely to get measles. Infants of foreign-born mothers, because they are less likely to respond to measles vaccine, may require different vaccine strategies than infants of mothers born in the United States.

Antibodies, Viral↗