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PubMed2004

The effects of forage provision and group size on the behavior of calves.

The effects of providing alternative forages to individual or group-reared calves on their behavior were examined in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, 24 calves were reared in groups of 3 or individually in straw-bedded pens from age 1 to 7 wk. One-half of the calves in each treatment were provided with ad libitum cut perennial ryegrass herbage. Grass intakes and time spent eating grass were greater for grouped calves than for individual calves. Providing grass reduced concentrate intake of grouped calves and reduced the time that all calves, but particularly individual calves, spent eating straw bedding. Ruminating time was increased by offering grass to grouped calves compared with individual calves. Grass reduced the frequency of calves licking their buckets and their pen, vocalizing, and investigating their pen. Particularly for grouped calves provision of grass reduced all grooming. Group rearing reduced the frequency of calves licking their bucket, vocalizing, and investigating their pen, but had no effect on the frequency of pen licking. Calves were weaned at wk 7 and transferred to indoor silage feeding or grazing. Most effects of group rearing and grass provision were not maintained after weaning, but calves that had received grass ate for longer periods when turned out to pasture. In experiment 2, 72 calves were offered a mixture of straw, molasses, and pot ale syrup or grass hay. Calves offered the straw mixture ate more forage and concentrates and grew faster than calves offered hay. It was concluded that nontraditional forages, such as fresh grass and straw mixtures, could benefit the behavior and growth of calves compared with hay and straw.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2004

Increasing amounts of conjugated linoleic acid progressively reduces milk fat synthesis immediately postpartum.

Mixed conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers decrease milk fat synthesis during established lactation, but their ability to cause milk fat depression (MFD) immediately postpartum remains unclear. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 19) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 doses of rumen-protected (RP) CLA supplements (0, 200, 400, and 600 g/d); each dose provided equal amounts of fatty acids by replacing and balancing treatments with an RP supplement of palm fatty acid distallate. Doses provided a total of 468 g fatty acids/d and 0, 62, 125, or 187 g of mixed CLA isomers/d, respectively. The CLA supplement contained a variety of CLA isomers: 5.4% trans-8, cis-10; 6.3% cis-9, trans-11; 7.9% trans-10, cis-12; and 8.2% cis-11, trans-13 CLA. Each group received treatments from approximately -10 to 21 d relative to calving. To improve palatability and ensure complete consumption, doses were mixed with equal amounts of steam-flaked corn and dried molasses; one-half the supplement was fed at 0600 h, and the remaining supplement was fed at 1800 h. Milk yield and individual feed intake were recorded daily, and milk samples were obtained from each cow every 2nd day (at both milkings) starting on d 1 postpartum. There were no differences in dry matter intake (17.1 kg/d), milk yield (34.2 kg/d), protein content (3.74%), lactose content (4.61%), or yield of milk protein or lactose. The CLA supplementation decreased overall milk fat content in a dose-responsive manner (4.57, 3.97, 3.32, and 3.10, respectively), and milk fat yield displayed the same progressive decline. The dose-dependent decrease in milk fat content was evident during wk 1 and became highly significant during wk 2 and 3. The milk fat yield response pattern was similar, and by d 21, the highest RP-CLA supplement decreased milk fat content and yield by 49 and 56%, respectively. These data clearly indicate RP-CLA can markedly (40 to 50%) induce MFD immediately postpartum without negatively affecting other production parameters.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2005

Effect of abomasal pectin infusion on digestion and nitrogen balance in lactating dairy cows.

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing carbohydrate fermentation in the large intestine would increase intestinal conversion of blood urea N to microbial protein, thereby reducing urinary N output. In experiment 1, 3 multiparous Holstein cows were used in an incomplete 4 x 4 Latin square with 14-d periods. Cows were fed the same basal diet and treatments were the abomasal infusion of 0, 0.5, or 1 kg/d of citrus pectin, or the addition of 1 kg/d of molasses to the basal diet. Experiment 2 used 6 cows in a double reversal design with four 21-d periods. Cows were fed one basal diet and treatments were the abomasal infusion of either 0 or 1 kg/d of pectin. In experiment 1, pectin infusion linearly decreased basal ration intake from 25.0 to 23.2 kg/d. This was prevented in experiment 2 by restricted feeding, and basal ration intake was 22.2 kg/d. Abomasal pectin caused numeric decreases in total tract apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and neutral detergent solubles in experiment 1 and significantly decreased starch digestibility in experiment 2, suggesting that pectin may have reduced postruminal nutrient digestibility. Pectin infusion did not affect milk yield but decreased milk fat percentage from 3.69 to 3.53% in experiment 2. Increasing abomasal pectin tended to decrease urinary N and increase fecal N in experiment 1 and these effects were significant in experiment 2. For both experiments, urinary N decreased 26 g/d, approximately 10% of daily urine N output. Abomasal pectin did not affect fecal pH or DM content; however, in experiment 2, pectin decreased fecal ammonia from 19.8 to 13.4 mmol/kg of DM and increased fecal purines from 13.8 to 15.8 mmol/kg of DM. In both experiments, excretion of fecal purines was increased from 15 g/d for 0 kg/d pectin to 18 g/d for 1 kg/d pectin, although this increase was only significant in experiment 2. These results suggest that manipulating dairy diets to increase postruminal fermentation may reduce urinary N and consequently manure ammonia losses. However, abomasal pectin tended to decrease both ruminal ammonia concentration and urinary purine derivative output in experiment 2, suggesting that postruminal pectin fermentation may have compromised rumen microbial protein production.

Abomasum↗

PubMed2007

Effects of varying doses of supplemental conjugated linoleic acid on production and energetic variables during the transition period.

Supplementing a high dose of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits milk fat synthesis in dairy cows immediately postpartum. During negative net energy balance (EBAL), it appears that moderate CLA-induced milk fat depression causes a positive response in milk yield; however, as milk fat depression becomes more severe, the milk yield response diminishes. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 31) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments beginning 9 +/- 6 d before expected calving and ceased at 40 d in milk (DIM): 1) 578 g/d of a rumen-inert (RI) palm fatty acid distillate (control), 2) 600 g/d of RI-CLA for the entire trial period (CLA-1), and 3) 600 g/d of RI-CLA until 10 DIM followed by 200 g/d for the remainder of the trial (CLA-2). Each dose provided equal amounts of fatty acids by replacing and balancing each treatment with a RI palm fatty acid distillate. Doses provided a total of 522 g of fatty acids/ d and 0, 174, or 58 (depending upon DIM) g of CLA (mixed isomers)/d. To improve palatability, doses were mixed with 600 g/d of dried molasses; one-half of the supplement was fed at 0800 h, and the remainder at 1900 h. Individual milk yield, dry matter intake, and body weight were recorded daily and milk composition determined every other day. There was no overall CLA effect on either the content or yield of milk protein or lactose. Both CLA treatments decreased overall milk fat content (26.0 and 18.3%) and yield (22.5 and 17.3%) with CLA-induced milk fat depression becoming significant by d 8. The CLA-induced milk fat depression increased in magnitude with progressing DIM until reaching a plateau on d 18 for CLA-1 (43%) and on d 14 for CLA-2 (33%), although neither milk fat trans-10, cis-12 CLA content (1.8 mg/g) nor its transfer efficiency (6.3%) changed over time. Treatments had no effect on overall dry matter intake or milk yield, but there was a treatment x time interaction for milk production, as cows fed either CLA treatment had increased milk yield after the second week of lactation. Cows fed either CLA treatment had a significant improvement in overall EBAL (-5.1 vs. -1.8 Mcal/d), a decrease in nonesterified fatty acid levels (12%), and an increase in glucose levels (11%). A dietary supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 CLA markedly improves EBAL and bioenergetic variables and increases milk yield in the total mixed ration-fed transitioning dairy cow.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Amounts and sources of protein for dairy calves.

Female Holstein calves (178) were fed rations varying from 10 to 17% crude protein (air dry) from 30 to 102 days of age. Ten percent was inadequate resulting in less body weight, gain, withers height, and heart girth than rations containing 12 to 17% crude protein. In trial 1 addition of urea, biuret, or ammonia-molasses to a 12% diet to make a 16% crude protein diet allowed gains and weights indistinguishable from those on a 12 or 16% crude protein soybean meal ration. In another trial, addition of urea, biuret, or ammonium propionate to a 10% ration to make a 14% ration allowed insignificantly greater gains and body weight. Gains and body weight were greater for the 14% soybean meal ration than the three non-protein-nitrogen rations for calves to 71 days of age but equal for 71 to 102 days. Gain, body weight, dry matter, and protein intakes at most dates and intervals were greater for calves fed the 14% soybean meal ration than the 10% ration. When 10, 12, 14, and 16% soybean meal rations were compared simultaneously, only the 10% crude protein ration gave inferior performance. Gains were reduced when average daily crude protein intake for the 72 day trail was 258 g or less. Calves fed lupine or dried poultry waste did not gain or consume as much as those fed comparable soybean meal rations. Calves fed a 17% crude protein ration from several protein sources plus alfalfa hay gained no much than those fed the 12 to 16% crude protein rations. Regression analysis relating dry matter and protein intake to body weight or gains indicated both dry matter intake and protein percentage were about equally important from day 41 to 72 and that after this age dry matter intake was of much greater importance than protein percentage. Protein intake expressed as g/day was not of importance in this regression. Weaning at day 42 allowed for greater body weight and gains than weaning at day 32. The difference in body weight was 2.5 kg at day 42 and 7 kg at day 102.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1980

Effect of feeding isoacids with urea on growth and nutrient utilization by lactating cows.

In the growth study 10 g each of isobutyrate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, n-valerate, and phenylacetate were mixed with 80 g of urea, 50 g of molasses, and 270 g of ground hay and fed to nine dairy heifers for 90 days. The control group was fed the same diet minus isoacids and phenylacetate. All animals were fed ad libitum timothy hay as the sole roughage. In the digestion trial, two mixtures of isoacids and a control ration were fed to nine lactating cows in a 3 X 3 Latin square design with 28-day feeding periods. Corn silage was the sole roughage, and concentrate was fed in proportion to milk production. Collection of feces and urine was for the last 5 days of each period. Mixture 1 of isoacids contained on a molar basis 28, 24, 24, and 24% of isobutyrate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, and n-valerate, respectively. Corresponding for mixture 2 were 36, 17, 17, and 30%. Addition of isoacids increased growth rate of younger animals but not older ones. The isoacid mixtures improved utilization of nitrogen by lactating cows. Urinary nitrogen decreased, and retention of absorbed nitrogen increased. Digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen were not affected by isoacid additions.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Effects of Masonex and forms of cottonseed hulls on dairy cows.

Thirty-six lactating Holstein cows were in a 5 X 3 factorial partially balanced incomplete block design with three missing categories to study effects of different forms of cottonseed hulls and liquid supplements on milk production and composition. Roughages were regular cottonseed hulls, pelleted cottonseed hulls, pelleted cottonseed hulls with 9% fat, pelleted undelinted cottonseed hulls, and pelleted undelinted cottonseed hulls with 9% fat. Liquid supplements were 8% Maxonex2 (hemicellulose extract) and 8% cane molasses. Control had no supplement. All rations were adjusted to contain 30% cottonseed hulls. Roughages with added fat gave total rations of 2.5% added fat (air dry). Least square means for daily intake of dry matter, milk yield, and fat percent were regular cottonseed hulls 21.6 kg, 20.3 kg, 3.37%; pelleted cottonseed hulls 20.3 kg, 21.4 kg, 3.06%; pelleted cottonseed hulls plus fat 20.1 kg, 21.1 kg, 2.51%; pelleted undelinted cottonseed plus fat 19.4 kg, 20.9 kg, 2.73%. Pelleted cottonseed hulls increased milk yield, decreased dry matter intake and milk fat percent, but did not affect milk fat yields. Rations with pelleted undelinted cottonseed hulls resulted in higher milk fat percent and body weight than pelleted cottonseed hulls. Added fat decreased milk fat percent and yield because of high degree and unsaturation. Liquid treatments produced no detectable effects on dry matter intake, milk yield, or fat percent.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1982

Response to abomasal infusion of methionine of weaned dairy calves fed a complete pelleted starter ration based on by-product feeds.

Three abomasal infusion trials were to determine the first-limiting amino acid for nitrogen retention of postweaned Holstein bull calves fed a starter ration based on cereal by-product feeds. Ration ingredients contributed the following percentages of total amino acids: wheat middlings 38, brewer's grains 24, hominy feed 21, oat hulls 10, distiller's grains 6, and molasses 1. Dry matter of the pelleted ration contained 13 to 14% crude protein and .23 to .26% sulfur. Each trial was a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square with 9-day periods. Calves were weaned at 4 wk and infusions initiated at 5 to 6 wk of age. Abomasal infusion of the 10 essential amino acids, an isonitrogenous quantity of an equimolar mixture of alanine, asparagine, glutamate, glycine, and serine, or an isocaloric quantity of glucose indicated that essential amino acid(s) rather than nonspecific nitrogen or energy was limiting protein synthesis. Quadratic responses in urine nitrogen excretion and retained nitrogen occurred when 0, .3, .6, and 1.2 g L-methionine/kg starter ration were infused. Greatest responses occurred with .6 g methionine, which increased retained nitrogen 11 and 19% and decreased urine nitrogen 7 and 10%. The relationship between infused methionine and plasma methionine was linear. Infusions in all trials had no effect on digestibility of energy and nitrogen.

Abomasum↗

PubMed1986

Body protein losses estimated by nitrogen balance and potassium-40 counting.

Body protein losses estimated from N balance were compared with those estimated by 40K counting. Six nonlactating dairy cows were fed an adequate N diet for 7 wk, a low N diet for 9 wk, and a replete N diet for 3 wk. The low N diet contained high cell wall grass hay plus ground corn, starch, and molasses. Soybean meal was added to the low N diet to increase N in the adequate N and replete N diets. Intake was measured daily. Digestibilities, N balance, and body composition (estimated by 40K counting) were determined during each dietary regimen. During low N treatment, hay dry matter intake declined 2 kg/d, and supplement increased about .5 kg/d. Dry matter digestibility was not altered by N treatment. Protein and acid detergent fiber digestibilities decreased from 40 and 36% during adequate N to 20 and 2%, respectively, during low N. Fecal and urinary N also declined when cows were fed the low N diet. By the end of repletion, total intake, fiber, and protein digestibilities as well as N partition were similar to or exceeded those during adequate N intake. Body protein (N) loss was estimated by N balance to be about 3 kg compared with 8 kg by 40K counting. Body fat losses (32 kg) were large because of low energy digestibility and intake. Seven kilograms of body fat were regained during repletion, but there was no change in body protein.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Supplying the energy and fiber needs of dairy cows from alternate feed sources.

Alternate feeds are a major resource of the dairy industry. The major issue involving them is a method to predict accurately nutritive value from laboratory analyses. Variation in nutrient content of most alternate feeds is greater than in feed grains. Another issue is which depression factors to use in adjusting values for TDN from maintenance to production intakes. The NRC uses an average depression of 8% for all feeds; others think each feedstuff should be depressed individually, and discount factors have been proposed. For some alternate feeds, large differences in net energy estimates occur. Neutral detergent fiber has been proposed as an indicator of productive energy, but it has several deficiencies with alternate feeds high in fat, molasses, or ash. A summative equation based on fat, ash, protein, NDF, and lignin has wider application for predicting NE1 for all feeds. A roughage value index reflects a feed's property to stimulate chewing and rumination. Its use has special relevance for alternate feeds with small particle sizes, which may induce little chewing. Supplemental fat may increase the metabolizable energy converted to milk, but respiration experiments are needed.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1994

Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae extract on milk yield in a commercial dairy herd.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of an Aspergillus oryzae extract in combination with a yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on milk yield and composition, rectal temperatures, and rumen parameters in a commercial dairy herd. Pluriparous Holstein cows (n = 521) in early lactation were assigned to a 130-d trial from May to September 1992. Treatments were control (no additive) and yeast culture (56 g/d) plus A. oryzae (3 g/d). Both groups were fed a TMR composed of alfalfa silage, alfalfa hay, corn silage, rolled barley, rolled corn, grass screenings, whole cottonseed, wet citrus pulp, molasses supplement, protein pellet, and minerals. No differences were detected in actual milk, 3.5% FCM, or percentages of milk fat or protein. Percentages of lactose and SNF were lower for the group fed yeast culture plus A. oryzae. Rectal temperatures were lower for cows fed yeast culture plus A. oryzae for 7 of 17 readings made during the summer. The greatest difference occurred during hotter months.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

Effect of whole cottonseed on serum constituents, fragility of erythrocyte cells, and reproduction of growing Holstein heifers.

A 431-d experiment was conducted to determine the effects of whole cottonseed containing gossypol (7400 mg/kg) on growth and development from weaning until pregnancy in Holstein heifers. Treatment diets (n = 5) contained 0, 15, or 30% whole cottonseed. The basal diet included alfalfa hay, corn grain, soybean meal, molasses, and dicalcium phosphate. Gossypol content of the treatment diets was 0, 1300, and 2000 mg/kg, and gossypol content in feces was 0, 290, and 1170 mg/kg, respectively, for treatments containing 0, 15, and 30% whole cottonseed. Estimated ingestion of gossypol (accumulated) was 0, 8, and 12 g/kg of BW, respectively, for treatments containing 0, 15, and 30% whole cottonseed during the 431-d experiment. Erythrocyte fragility was similar among treatment groups on d -3; on d 228, erythrocyte fragility was similar for heifers fed treatments containing 0 and 15% whole cottonseed, but was lower than that for heifers fed the 30% whole cottonseed diet. However, on d 430, fragility of erythrocytes increased linearly as the percentage of whole cottonseed increased. Clinical profiles of serum suggest possible impairment of liver and kidney function on d 144 and 430. Age and BW at onset of puberty and pregnancy rates were similar among treatments. One heifer fed the 30% whole cottonseed died on d 396, possibly from gossypol toxicosis. Long-term dietary supplementation at 15 to 30% whole cottonseed for long periods should be examined further for gossypol content and toxicity response of heifers and for effects on growth and development.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1997

Comparison of barley and sorghum grain processed at different densities for lactating dairy cows.

To vary ruminally degradable starch, sorghum grain was dry-rolled or steam-flaked to different densities and compared with dry-rolled barley in total mixed diets fed to 40 lactating cows (111 d of lactation) assigned to five dietary treatments. Diets contained (percentage of dry matter) 35% alfalfa hay, 4.1% cottonseed hulls, 10% whole cottonseed, 2% fish meal, 4% soybean meal, and 4.9% of a molasses, mineral, and vitamin supplement. Treatments were 40% sorghum grain either dry-rolled or steam-processed at flake densities of 437, 360, and 283 g/L. A fifth diet containing 42% dry-rolled barley was fed. Cows were blocked according to pretreatment (14 d) milk yield and received experimental diets for 56 d. Increasing ruminal starch degradability by including steam-flaked sorghum grain or barley in the diet did not increase milk yield or milk protein percentage and yield, as was shown in eight previous studies. Steam-flaked sorghum or dry-rolled barley in the diet decreased dry matter intake, resulting in a 10 to 19% higher efficiency of conversion of feed dry matter to milk than that for dry-rolled sorghum. Milk urea N was decreased, and milk casein yield tended to be increased, by steam-flaking sorghum at the moderate density compared with dry-rolling or fine flaking. Dietary protein was more efficiently converted to milk protein and casein from flaked sorghum and dry-rolled barley than from dry-rolled sorghum. In this study, increasing ruminal starch degradability resulted in higher feed efficiency and lower feed intakes, bu optimal flake densities for steam-processed sorghum gain to maximize milk and milk protein yield were not clarified.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1998

Milk yield and composition of lactating cows fed steam-flaked sorghum and graded concentrations of ruminally degradable protein.

To determine the effect of various amounts of ruminally undegradable protein in the diets of lactating cows fed steam-flaked sorghum, 24 Holstein cows (90 +/- 50 d in milk) were assigned to three treatments: 0.8% urea, 6% soybean meal, or 5% fish meal. Respective percentages of ruminally undegradable protein in the diets (as a percentage of crude protein) were 30, 35, and 39%. All diets contained 37% alfalfa hay; 3 to 5% cottonseed hulls; 10 to 13% whole cottonseed; 39% steam-flaked sorghum (360 g/L); 5% of a molasses, mineral, and vitamin supplement; and the different protein supplements. Intake of dry matter was higher for cows fed urea than for cows fed soybean meal or fish meal diets. In cows that yielded more than 40 kg/d of milk (4 cows per treatment), the soybean meal and fish meal diets resulted in higher yields of milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk and a greater efficiency of conversion of feed to milk than did the urea diet. Cows that yielded less than 40 kg/d of milk (4 cows per treatment) at the beginning of treatment tended to yield more milk when fed urea than when fed the protein supplements. Nutrient digestibilities were not greatly affected by source of N, suggesting a beneficial effect of urea supplementation on nutrient digestibilities because replacement of protein supplements with cottonseed products caused the neutral detergent fiber content of the urea diet to be about 7% higher than that of the other diets. These data show that response to ruminally undegradable protein in diets of lactating cows fed steam-flaked sorghum was related to milk yield.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1994

Production variables and nutrient retention in single comb White Leghorn laying pullets fed diets supplemented with direct-fed microbials.

Two experiments were carried out for six and seven 28-d periods, respectively, with DeKalb XL Single Comb White Leghorn laying pullets to ascertain the effect of feeding 1,100 mg Lactobacillus (Lacto)/kg diet (ppm) and 2,200 ppm Lacto diets, and the supplementation of these diets with 1 and 3% fat, on layer performance and nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus retention. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal (C-S) control, C-S plus condensed cane molasses solubles (CCMS)-1,100 ppm Lacto (4.4 x 10(7) cfu/mg Lacto), and C-S plus CCMS-2,200 ppm Lacto (8.8 x 10(7) cfu/mg Lacto) without fat (Experiment 1) and without and with 1 and 3% supplemental fat to each Lacto level (Experiment 2). In both experiments, layers fed the 1,100 ppm Lacto diets had better (P < .05) hen-day production, daily feed consumption, egg mass, egg weight, egg size, and feed conversion than layers fed diets without Lacto. Egg mass, interior egg quality, and feed conversion (Experiment 1), mean body weight gains, and nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus retention (Experiment 2) were further improved (P < .05) with feeding 2,200 ppm Lacto diets. Feeding Lacto diets with 1% fat provided (P < .05) larger eggs and better (P < .05) nitrogen and phosphorus retention, whereas 3% fat decreased (P < .05) feed consumption and nutrient retention and improved (P < .05) feed conversion and body weight gain. Positive correlations between Lacto diets and nitrogen and calcium retentions, daily feed consumption, and egg size were observed. Feeding 1,100 ppm Lacto diets to layers stimulated appetite and improved egg production, egg mass, egg weight, egg size, and feed conversion. Addition of fat to Lacto diets reduced daily feed consumption and provided better feed conversion, egg masses, egg sizes, body weight gains, and nutrient retentions.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Utilization of fermented flocculated poultry sludge as a feed constituent for pigs.

Flocculated poultry sludge was mixed with 3% molasses and was flow-therm pasteurized for 5 min at a core temperature of 95 C. The sludge was subsequently cooled to between 20 and 25 C and fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum as starter culture. Three groups of eight 8- to 10-wk-old, individually housed fattening pigs (Hypor) were fed according to a fixed scheme correlated with age. One control group received a restricted ration of commercial compound feed (Group A). The other control group was provided "nearly ad libitum" access to the same commercial compound feed (Group C). The experimental group received the same amount of commercial compound feed as Group A, but the diet was supplemented with fermented sludge, at an inclusion rate of 19 to 28% of the total ration (DM basis). The pigs fed the sludge-containing diet and those receiving the compound pig feed "nearly ad libitum" showed comparable growth results. It was concluded that the net energy (NEpig) level of .68 g DM of sludge was comparable to the NEpig level of 1 g compound pig feed (88% DM). A decrease in colony counts of Enterobacteriaceae in the intestinal tract of the pigs, was regarded as positive, as it might lower the risk of disturbance of the gut flora by enteropathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella. No adverse effects on health and performance were observed as a result of the feeding of pasteurized and subsequently fermented flocculated poultry sludge to fattening pigs. It is concluded that this sludge can serve as a valuable feed constituent as long as it is processed properly.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed1990

A54145, a new lipopeptide antibiotic complex: discovery, taxonomy, fermentation and HPLC.

A54145 is a complex of new lipopeptide antibiotics that inhibits Gram-positive bacteria and acts as a growth promotant for broiler chicks. Eight factors; A, B, C, D, E, F, A1 and B1; have been isolated and characterized. They contain four similar peptide nuclei, each of which is acylated with either an 2-decanoyl, n-decanoyl, or undecanoyl side chain. Taxonomic studies ascertained that the producing microorganism was a strain of Streptomyces fradiae. Fermentation studies determined that superior antibiotic yields were obtained in stirred bioreactors in a soybean flour-molasses medium employing a continuous glucose feed. These findings, interwoven with the selection of hyper-productive mutants, increased fermentation yields from less than 50 micrograms/ml to more than 1 mg/ml. An analytical HPLC system was developed for the identification and subsequent quantitation of each factor of the A54145 complex.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1976

Liver regeneration in rats administered high levels of carbohydrates.

Partially hepatectomized male rats were administered high levels of carbohydrates by drinker, in a casein-cellulose synthetic medium and in a commercial meal over a period of 10 days after surgery and the amount of liver regenerating or the increment ascertained; representative hepatic glycogen changes were also followed. Of the carbohydrate solutions, 5% levulose, 5% levulose+5% glucose and 10% sucrose increased the extent of liver regeneration as was also the case with the synthetic diet suplemented with 30 and 60% glucose, 30 and 60% levulose, 30% levulose+30% glucose, 30% each of galactose and the arabinoglactan, Stractan and 60% each of sucrose, honey and unsulphured molasses. The liver increments and glycogen contents were in the control range for animals fed the synthetic diet containing 30% each of lactose, sorbitol, corn starch and raffinose pentahydrate, 5% ascorbic acid and 15% L-arabinose but the liver glycogen was depressed with 30% xylose, a diet which was poorly tolerated; 15% mannitol caused a decrease inthe increment. The incorporation of several sugars into the commercial rat meal, including xylose (11%), raffinose (15%), L-arabinose (8%), D-arabinose (5%), L-sorbose (17%), galactosamine (0.20%) and galactono-gamma-lactone (10%), led to little change over the control increments. In intact rats fed the synthetic diet containing 30% each of glucose, lactose, galactose, sucrose and levulose for an interval of 10 days, the wet and dry liver--body weight ratios were significantly elevated only with the last two sugars but liver glycogen was increased in each instance.

Animals↗