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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Sanguinarine: an evaluation of in vivo cytogenetic activity.

Sanguinarine (SG), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, has been shown to possess anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In the UK and USA its salts has been in use in mouthwashes and toothpastes to inhibit dental plaque and improve gingival health. In India and Nepal consumption of mustard oil contaminated with argemone seeds containing sanguinarine, was associated with "dropsy" syndrome. In the present study, SG was evaluated in vivo in mouse bone marrow cells for its ability to induce clastogenicity and DNA damage in terms of increased sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies. Doses of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg body weight of SG given intra peritoneally induced a positive dose-dependent significant clastogenicity and SCE frequency increases (trend test alpha < or = 0.05). The minimum effective concentration to induce clastogenic and DNA damage was 10mg of SG/kg body weight. In addition to examining SCEs, the BrdUrd-differential technique was utilized to assess the effect of SG on cell replication. The analysis revealed that SG treatment did not significantly affect the distribution of cells among the different phases of the cell cycle. The proliferation rate index and average generation time data were statistically non-significant. This indicated that the alkaloid was not cytotoxic to the bone marrow cells at the doses tested. Based on the results of the present findings, the use of this alkaloid should be restricted.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed2004

Nitric oxide formation in the oropharyngeal tract: possible influence of cigarette smoking.

Cigarette smoking reduces the level of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air by an unknown mechanism. The view that part of the effect of cigarette smoking on NO production should occur in the oropharyngeal tract is supported by several studies. We have therefore compared smokers and non-smokers regarding non-enzymatic formation of NO from nitrite in the oral cavity since this is a primary candidate target for cigarette smoke. We have also looked at NO synthase-dependent NO formation in the mucosa of the oropharyngeal tract as an alternative target for the inhibitory effect induced by cigarette smoke. Smokers exhaled 67% lower levels of NO than controls (p<0.01, n=15 each group). We could not detect any significant difference in salivary nitrite, nitrate or ascorbate between smokers and non-smokers. Mouthwash with the antibacterial agent chlorhexidine reduced salivary nitrite (-65%) and exhaled NO levels (-10%) similarly in the two groups. Immunohistochemical techniques revealed dense expression of inducible (but not endothelial or neuronal) NO synthase in the squamous epithelium of non-inflamed tonsillar and gingival tissue biopsies. In the same biopsies, significant Ca2+ -independent citrulline-forming activity was detected. We found no difference between smoking and non-smoking subjects regarding NO-synthase expression and in vitro activity. In another group of non-smoking subjects (n=10), spraying the oropharyngeal tract with the NO-synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (250 mg) significantly reduced exhaled NO levels for at least 30 min (-18%, p<0.01). Our data suggest that cigarette smoking does not affect non-enzymatic NO formation from nitrite in saliva. However, NO is also formed by inducible NO synthase in the squamous epithelium of the normal oropharyngeal tract. We suggest that cigarette smoking may down-regulate enzymatic NO formation in the oropharyngeal compartment as well as in the bronchial compartment.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The relationship between oral malodor and volatile sulfur compound-producing bacteria.

Halitosis can be a crippling social problem, and standard dental treatments and mouthwashes often provide only temporary relief. The mouth is home to hundreds of bacterial species that produce several fetid substances as a result of protein degradation. Volatile sulfur compound (VSC)-producing bacteria colonizing the lingual dorsum have recently been implicated in the generation of halitosis. Detection of VSCs, such as methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfite, via organoleptic and objective methods, can aid in the identification of their source. Following comprehensive evaluation for possible causes, most halitosis in patients seen in an ENT practice can be localized to the tongue. We review methods of diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor from the overgrowth of proteolytic, anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria on the crevices of the lingual dorsum. Bacteriologic analysis of biofilm and scraped specimens obtained from the lingual dorsum and other oral sites, primarily gingival pockets and tonsillar crypts, can identify VSC-producing bacteria. Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Actinobacillus, and Fusobacterium species are the most common organisms identified. Halitosis is an oral phenomenon, with almost no cases originating distal to the tonsils. Halitosis arising from the lingual dorsum secondary to overpopulated VSC-producing bacteria can be successfully managed with a combination of mechanical cleansing using tongue brushes or scrapes and chemical solutions containing essential oils, zinc chloride, and cetylpyridinium chloride.

Halitosis↗

PubMed2006

Ulcerative uremic stomatitis associated with untreated chronic renal failure: report of a case and review of the literature.

Uremic stomatitis represents a relatively uncommon intraoral complication seen, mostly, in cases of end-stage renal disease or undiagnosed/untreated chronic renal failure. Its incidence has decreased due to the advent of renal dialysis. Clinically uremic stomatitis is characterized by the presence of painful plaques and crusts that are usually distributed on the buccal mucosa, dorsal or ventral surface of the tongue, gingiva, lips, and floor of the mouth. Treatment consists of improvement of urea blood concentration and the underlying renal failure, supported by increased oral hygiene with antiseptic mouthwashes and antimicrobial/antifungal agents if necessary. Although uremic stomatitis occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease, we report a case of a patient who exhibited an ulcerative form of uremic stomatitis related to the sudden relapse of uremia, although not in an advanced stage of her renal disease. A description of the clinical and microscopic appearance is given along with our hypothesis for the pathogenesis of the disease.

Aged, 80 and over↗

PubMed2005

Recruitment rates and fear of phlebotomy in pediatric patients in a genetic study of epilepsy.

This study examined participation rates and reasons for refusal in a genetic study of human epilepsy. The study enrolled children with epilepsy and their parents, and required signing informed consent, verbalizing assent, and giving a peripheral blood sample. One hundred sixty-eight children met inclusion criteria; 137 agreed to enroll (82%), and 31 refused (18%). Sixteen of thirty-one patients (52%) who refused cited fear of phlebotomy as the reason for refusal. All patients refusing due to fear of phlebotomy did not require blood tests for clinical purposes. As fear of phlebotomy is the primary reason for study refusal, obtaining DNA samples from a buccal swab or mouthwash protocol may be an alternative for some studies, although there are limitations to these methods. Further analysis of the factors influencing decisions to decline study enrollment is warranted. These data will help in the design of future genetic studies and may increase future participation rates.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Selection of oral microbial adhesion antagonists using biotinylated Streptococcus sanguis and a human mixed oral microflora.

A microtitre assay has been developed using hydroxyapatite-coated wells and Streptococcus sanguis NCTC 10904 at 10(7) cells per ml. A number of models representing toothpaste and mouthwash usage were adopted to detect the anti-adherent efficacy of a polyvinylmethylether maleic acid copolymer (PVM/MA), polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene block copolymer (PO/EO), two casein-derived peptides and selected silicones. The results not only confirmed the anti-adherence property of the selected components but also indicated possible molecular interactions leading to the observed performance. To account for the diversity of oral microbial cells in vivo, a further testing system was developed. This involved submerging a hydroxyapatite disc in a mixed culture of human salivary microbial cells, and exposing it to different treatments using the active component either in an aqueous dispersion or in a toothpaste. The effect of toothpastes containing PO/EO, dimethicone copoyol or PVM/MA was investigated over a 4-h incubation with microflora. These tests showed that in a toothpaste formulation the anti-adherent efficacy may be reduced when compared with an aqueous dispersion containing the same or nearly the same concentration of the active component.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed2000

Potentiometric determination of nitrate in products used for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity.

In this paper, a rapid, simple and inexpensive potentiometric method for the determination of the potassium nitrate contained in different dentinal desensitizer products is described. The nitrate-selective electrode, using a tetraoctylammonium salt as sensor, was constructed without an internal filling solution. The ionic strength of the sample solutions was fixed by means of a 0.33 mol 1(-1) K2SO4 solution and direct potentiometry was used as the analytical technique of measurement. Precision and accuracy of the method developed were adequate since the mean of the relative standard deviations was 1.2% and the average percentage of spike recoveries was 100.9%. Eleven samples of toothpastes, gels and mouthwashes were analyzed by the proposed potentiometric method and the quality of the results was compared by means of linear regression analysis with those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), adopted as the reference technique. Satisfactory agreement was observed.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1999

Apovarepsilon(4) allele increases the risk for exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the Apovarepsilon(4) allele is associated with an increased risk for exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia (SI) in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). METHODS: One-hundred and sixty-six NIDDM patients with normal rest electrocardiography were selected randomly. Of them, 77 cases were SI, and 89 without SI. Seventy-two healthy individuals without SI were also selected as controls. Polymerase chain reaction/ASO probes was used to determined their mouthwash DNA apolipoprotein E genotypes. RESULTS: (1) In the NIDDM with SI group, the prevalence of epsilon(4)/(3) was 31.2%, which was significantly higher than 9.7% in control and 7.9% in NIDDM without SI (P<0.005). epsilon(3)/(3) was 55.8%, which was significantly lower than 73.6% in control and NIDDM without SI (P<0.05). (2) In the NIDDM without SI group, epsilon(4)/(3) was 7.9%, which was significantly lower than 18.7% in NIDDM (P<0.05). In addition, the epsilon(4) allele prevalence was 19.5%, which was significantly higher than 5.6% in NIDDM without SI (P<0.005), and 9% in control, 12% in NIDDM (P<0.05). (3) In the epsilon(4)/(3)epsilon(4)/(4) group for NIDDM, the prevalence of SI was 77%, which was significantly higher than 39% in the epsilon(3)/(3) group and 29% in the epsilon(2)/(2)epsilon(3)/(2) group (P<0.005). CONCLUSION: The epsilon(4) allele increases the risk for SI in NIDDM.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

The alcohols: ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol.

More than 6 per cent of poisonings involve alcohols and glycols, reflecting their availability in a wide range of household products, including aftershave, brake fluid, gas line antifreeze, model airplane fuel, mouthwash, rubbing alcohol, and windshield washing solution. Diagnosis involves recognition of an osmolal gap and variable degrees and delays in development of an anion gap metabolic acidosis. Therapeutic modalities are similar for methanol and ethylene glycol, both cases requiring ethanol-blocking of alcohol dehydrogenase and hemodialysis. More often, treatment of ethanol and isopropanol poisoning is limited to supportive care.

1-Propanol↗

PubMed2002

Usnic acid.

Since its first isolation in 1844, usnic acid [2,6-diacetyl-7,9-dihydroxy-8,9b-dimethyl-1,3(2H,9bH)-dibenzo-furandione] has become the most extensively studied lichen metabolite and one of the few that is commercially available. Usnic acid is uniquely found in lichens, and is especially abundant in genera such as Alectoria, Cladonia, Usnea, Lecanora, Ramalina and Evernia. Many lichens and extracts containing usnic acid have been utilized for medicinal, perfumery, cosmetic as well as ecological applications. Usnic acid as a pure substance has been formulated in creams, toothpaste, mouthwash, deodorants and sunscreen products, in some cases as an active principle, in others as a preservative. In addition to antimicrobial activity against human and plant pathogens, usnic acid has been shown to exhibit antiviral, antiprotozoal, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Ecological effects, such as antigrowth, antiherbivore and anti-insect properties, have also been demonstrated. A difference in biological activity has in some cases been observed between the two enantiomeric forms of usnic acid. Recently health food supplements containing usnic acid have been promoted for use in weight reduction, with little scientific support. The emphasis of the current review is on the chemistry and biological activity of usnic acid and its derivatives in addition to rational and ecologically acceptable methods for provision of this natural compound on a large scale.

Analgesics↗

PubMed1988

Simple non-invasive method to obtain DNA for gene analysis.

A technique is described which demonstrates that sufficient human DNA for direct gene analysis can be isolated from buccal epithelial cells obtained by mouthwash. This procedure is much simpler and cheaper than existing methods and, combined with DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction, should allow community screening for carrier status for single gene defects such as cystic fibrosis.

Cheek↗

PubMed2006

[Erythema multiforme majus and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection].

BACKGROUND: Erythema multiforme majus of infectious origin is an acute eruptive syndrome seen more commonly in young subjects and characterised by an appearance of round target lesions. In most cases, it is associated with infection involving Herpes simplex virus or Mycoplasma pneumoniae. We report an original case of erythema multiforme majus subsequent to infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. CASE REPORT: An 18 year-old man was hospitalised for management of generalised skin rash comprising lesions in rings, associated with bullous and post-bullous lesions, chiefly in the oral (preventing eating) and genital areas in a setting of febrile cough. Various bacterial agents (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae) and viral agents were suspected, but serological testing for Chlamydia pneumoniae alone was positive with IgM of 128 IU and IgG of 64 IU. The outcome was favourable within several days following administration of symptomatic treatment (rehydration, mouthwashes, etc.) and aetiological treatment (acyclovir: 30 mg/kg/d, ofloxacine: 400 mg/d). At D15, serologic tests for Mycoplasma pneumoniae continued to be negative. Anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae IgM and IgG were 256 IU. At D30, IgM was 128 IU while IgG remained at 256 IU. DISCUSSION: The existence of a systematic skin rash comprising typical target lesions and mucosal lesions in the oral and genital areas suggested to us a diagnosis of erythema multiforme majus. Screening for the agents generally responsible was negative and drug-induced rash was ruled out. Serological tests for Chlamydia pneumoniae were positive at various times, resulting in diagnosis of erythema multiforme majus secondary to infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Following demonstration of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae using reliable methods and the elimination of other causes of erythema multiforme majus, dermatologists should opt for this aetiology in order to optimise treatment.

Acyclovir↗

PubMed2001

A direct-staining method to evaluate the mucoadhesion of polymers from aqueous dispersion.

A novel technique to evaluate polymer adhesion to human buccal cells following exposure to aqueous polymer dispersion, both in vitro and in vivo, is described. Adhering polymer has been visualised by staining with 0.1% (w/v) of either Alcian blue (60 min) or Eosin (10 min) solution, uncomplexed dye being removed by 0.25 M sucrose washings. The extent of polymer adhesion was quantified by measuring the relative staining intensity of control and polymer-treated cells by image analysis. In vitro, Carbopol 974P, polycarbophil (Noveon AA-1) and chitosan (CL 113) were found to adhere to human buccal cells from 0.10% (w/w) aqueous dispersions of these polymers. Following in vivo administration as a mouthwash, these polymers persisted upon the human buccal mucosa for at least 1 h.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed2003

Screening of traditionally used South African plants for antifungal activity against Candida albicans.

Twenty-four South African medicinal plants were screened against Candida albicans standard strain ATCC 10231 and two clinical isolates from a 5-month-old baby and an adult, in an attempt to find a traditional remedy to treat oral candidiasis, which is prevalent in HIV-patients. Allium sativum L. and Tulbaghia violacea L. aqueous bulb extracts had MIC values of 0.56 and 3.25mg/ml respectively, whilst Polygala myrtifolia L. leaves and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. rhizome extracts had MIC values of 1.56 mg/ml when tested against the 5-month-old isolate. Fresh water extracts stored at 4, 23 and 33 degrees C over a period of a week, were used to determine the stability of these extracts. Allium sativum and Tulbaghia violacea maintained activity at 4 degrees C, but not at higher temperatures, whereas Polygala myrtifolia and Glycyrrhiza glabra lost activity within a day even at 4 degrees C. The unpleasant taste of the two species with a garlic smell, could however not be masked, and as the smell following the eating of the two species would lead to HIV-patients being recognised, these two plants where not considered for further investigation. Therefore, Polygala myrtifolia and Glycyrrhiza glabra are being further investigated for use as an oral mouthwash in clinics and homes.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The benefits of the 3T3 NRU test in the safety assessment of cosmetics: long-term experience from pre-marketing testing in the Czech Republic.

We have introduced the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test for methodological, economical and ethical reasons as a regular part of tier pre-marketing testing to assess local tolerance of raw materials for cosmetics, household chemicals and final cosmetic products. Using the 3T3 cell line according to the standard INVITTOX protocol No.64 (NRU Assay) the borderline concentration, relevant to the highest tolerated dose, is determined for each material. The toxic effect is reached at different concentration levels specific for individual cosmetics categories, depending on their chemical characteristics. Typical ranges of cytotoxicity for specific categories of cosmetics were established after testing of hundreds of materials. The range lies between 1 microg/ml (anti-dandruff shampoos), up to 2000 microg/ml (toothpastes and mouthwashes). The 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test is a sensitive tool able to identify more aggressive products, that are also more likely to evoke irritation in human skin. It was even possible to detect protective effects of one natural herbal ingredient. The comparative study of cytotoxicity test results and human patch test results from a group of essential oils is presented. Cytotoxicity tests represent a highly ethical approach for estimation of irritancy. On the basis of in vitro test results suggesting low risk we can proceed to confirmatory tests in human volunteers.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed2002

Exposure of oral mucosa to bioactive milk factors reduces severity of chemotherapy-induced mucositis in the hamster.

A biologically active extract containing bovine whey proteins, whey growth factor extract-A (WGFE-A) was administered topically to the oral mucosa of hamsters and its ability to prevent and treat chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis investigated. Oral mucositis was induced in Syrian golden hamsters through a combination treatment of the antimetabolite chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and mild abrasion of the cheek pouch. WGFE-A administered to the oral mucosa via hydrogel and liquid treatments, pre and concurrent to 5-FU therapy, resulted in significantly reduced mucosal ulceration. The protective effect was dose dependent with greatest benefit from WGFE-A doses applied at 4.2 mg/ml gel and 14 mg/ml mouthwash (P<0.01). The protective activity of WGFE-A also appeared related to mode of delivery. Administration of WGFE-A from an alternate vehicle Orabase(R) did not alleviate mucositis compared to WGFE-A applied in hydrogel. When administered continuously after the chemotherapy schedule, WGFE-A failed to reduce ulcer area when applied over a 12-day period. In a separate study, cell cycle staining indicated that cheek pouch mucosal epithelial cells pre-exposed to WGFE-A in-vivo showed a reduced rate of proliferation, measured as a 21% reduction in the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) cell labelling index (P<0.04). This was consistent with a protective mode of WGFE-A action against anti-metabolites such as 5-FU which target rapidly dividing cells. The results were also consistent with recent in vitro data showing protective properties from WGFE-A administered to epithelial cells given pre/concurrent to chemotherapy exposure. WGFE-A is known to contain mitogens which stimulate cells of mesenchymal origin and inhibit epithelial cell growth in culture. Several WGFE-A constituents are likely to confer protective effects on the cheek mucosa, including anti-proliferative, anti-apoptotic and anti-microbial factors. WGFE-A provides a potentially valuable source of topically delivered proteins for clinical application in preventing severe oral mucositis caused by chemotherapy.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Management of chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, oral mucositis, and diarrhoea.

The past 10 years have seen substantial advances in molecularly targeted therapies for treatment of patients with cancer; however, chemotherapy will continue to be used. Therefore, the toxic effects of chemotherapy must be readily managed-especially nausea, vomiting, mucositis, and diarrhoea. For moderately to highly emetogenic chemotherapy, standard prophylactic treatment is an antagonist for 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptors (5-HT3R) combined with dexamethasone for the acute phase, and dexamethasone with another agent for prevention of the delayed phase. Palonoestron (a 5-HT3R antagonist) and aprepitant (an antagonist for the protachykinin 1 receptor) have been introduced for the prevention of emesis. Other agents such as cannabinoids, gabapentin, and olanzapine might also be effective. There is no standard prophylactic regimen for chemotherapy-induced mucositis. The most common treatment is optimum care of the mouth by use of mouthwashes. Keratinocyte growth factor, molgromastim, and transforming growth factor beta3 may also reduce chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Severe diarrhoea is another potentially fatal complication of chemotherapy and is most common in patients treated with irinotecan. Several interventions have been assessed for prevention and treatment of diarrhoea such as high-dose loperamide, non-absorbable antibiotics, budesonide, thalidomide, and fish oils, but only loperamide is used routinely. Symptom management has become a focus of clinical research, and development of personalised medicine should identify patients at increased risk of toxic effects because of molecular or biochemical factors, thus leading to changes in dose, early intervention, or use of alternative therapies.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗

PubMed2002

Lanthanum(IlI) PVC membrane electrodes based on 1,3,5-trithiacyclohexane.

Novel plasticized polymeric membrane (PPME) and membrane-coated graphite (MCGE) electrodes based on 1,3,5-trithiacyclohexane for highly selective determination of La3+ ion have been developed. The electrodes exhibit Nernstian responses over very wide concentration ranges (8.0 x 10(-6)-5.0 x 10(-2) M for PPME and 4.0 x 10(-8)-1.0 x 10(-2) M for MCGE). The limit of detections were 5.0 x 10(-6) and 2.0 x 10(-8) M for PPME and MCGE, respectively. The electrodes possess a fast response time of approximately 10 s and can be used for at least 6 months without observing any deviation. The proposed electrodes revealed excellent selectivities for La3+ over a wide variety of alkali, alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal ions and could be used in a pH range of 5.0-8.0. The practical utility of the electrodes has been demonstrated by their use as indicator electrodes in the potentiometric titration of La3+ ions with EDTA and in determination of F- in some mouthwash preparations.

Cyclohexanes↗