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PubMed2005

Weight change, weight change intention, and the incidence of mobility limitation in well-functioning community-dwelling older adults.

BACKGROUND: Obesity increases the risk for functional decline in later years, but the functional consequences of weight change in older adults are currently unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether weight, weight change, and weight change intention are associated with risk for mobility limitation in elderly persons. METHODS: This study included 2,932 well-functioning black and white men and women aged 70 to 79 years, participating in the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study, who were followed for 30 months. At baseline, reported weight change of 5 or more pounds during the previous year and weight change intention were assessed. Mobility limitation was defined as reported difficulty or inability to walk one-quarter mile or to climb 10 steps during two consecutive semiannual assessments during a period of 30 months. RESULTS: Approximately 30% of participants developed mobility limitation. Higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased risk for mobility limitation. Unintentional weight loss in the previous year was associated with increased risk for mobility limitation in the extremely obese, which was defined as BMI >or= 35 (hazard ratios [HR], =3.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.84--7.79), and the normal BMI, which was defined as BMI<25 (HR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.80--3.60). In persons with BMI 25 to 29.9, intentional weight loss (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.12--2.25) and weight fluctuation with any intention (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.10--2.28) increased the risk for mobility limitation. Unintentional weight gain or fluctuation did not confer additional risk for mobility limitation compared with weight stability, regardless of the level of body weight. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of well-functioning elderly persons, functional consequences of past weight change depended on the type of weight change, intentionality, and current measured body weight.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Discrete mobility of single-stranded DNA in non-denaturing gel electrophoresis.

Gel electrophoresis is the standard method to separate, identify and purify nucleic acids. SSCP detects single base changes by altered mobility of single-stranded segments electrophoresed through non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Herein, changes in electrophoretic mobilities due to single base substitutions were measured for single-stranded segments of lengths ranging from 333 to 547 nt. A 484 nt segment in exon H of the human factor IX gene was studied most intensively. After SSCP, mobilities were determined by scanning autoradiograms at very high resolution (1200 d.p.i.), which allowed precise measurement of mobilities. When the mobilities of 46 single base substitutions were characterized, the distribution of mutant segments relative to a wild-type control was found to be discrete, i.e. the observed mobility values occurred in distinct ranges. Discrete mobility distributions were seen at different electrophoretic temperatures, buffer concentrations, segment lengths and segment sequences. In addition: (i) single base substitutions caused discontinuous distributions between highly dispersed and sharp bands; (ii) at least one single-stranded segment produced two sharp bands of similar intensity. These observations suggest that: (i) the single base changes in DNA segments in the size range 333-547 nt result in discrete conformational changes; (ii) individual DNA molecules of the same DNA segment can occasionally adopt two or more discrete conformations.

DNA, Single-Stranded↗

PubMed1997

Distribution and association of chronic disease and mobility difficulty across four body mass index categories of African-American women.

A majority of African-American women over the age of 50 are obese, have at least one chronic disease, and experience mobility difficulty. Using self-reported data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Study of 1,150 African-American women aged 30-70 years, this report first compares chronic disease prevalence and severity, pain, sensory deficits, and mobility difficulty across four categories of body mass index and, second, investigates whether body mass index affects the association of chronic disease with mobility difficulty. Body mass index was categorized as low, medium, high, and severe, being equal to 19-24 (20%), 25-29 (38%), 30-34 (24%), and 35 or over (18%), respectively. There were few differences when comparing the medium category with either the low or high category. Those in the severe body mass index category, however, reported significantly more frequent and severe hypertension, diabetes, cancer, heart disease, arthritis, pain, sensory deficits, and mobility difficulty than did those in the medium body mass index category. Obesity did not appear to affect the association between chronic disease and mobility difficulty. The relatively high rates of mobility difficulty observed among the severe body mass index group appear to be more likely a result of relatively high chronic disease prevalence and severity than to a disproportionate impact of these on mobility.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2003

Sperm mobility phenotype not determined by sperm quality index.

We tested the capacity of the AviMate sperm quality analyzer to predict sperm mobility phenotype. A preliminary experiment was performed to determine a sperm concentration that afforded maximal sperm quality index (SQI) values with sperm from males with high sperm mobility. In order to facilitate comparison of sperm motility indexes, semen was diluted to aconstant concentration of 1.25 million sperm/mL rather than a constant ratio of 1:75 as recommended for the sperm quality analyzer. Thereafter, sperm mobility, motile concentration, and SQI were measured from a single ejaculate collected from each of 70 broiler breeders. Coefficients of variation were 60, 37, and 30%, respectively. Neither sperm mobility (r = 0.01) nor motile concentration (r = 0.14) was highly correlated with SQI. Neither motile concentration nor straight line velocity (VSL) differed (P > or = 0.05) among roosters whose SQI values were below or above one standard deviation from the population mean (n = 10 per group). In contrast, both motile concentration (P < or = 0.01) and VSL (P < or = 0.05) differed between roosters whose sperm mobility values were below or above a standard deviation from the population mean (n = 10 per group). Sperm mobility was a function of the size of a highly motile subpopulation of sperm. A replicate experiment was performed with a flock of New Hampshire roosters (n = 126). Neither the properties of motile sperm nor fertility differed among males characterized by extreme SQI scores. We concluded that variation in SQI scores was enigmatic because sperm concentration was controlled in our experiments, sperm viability was invariant, and motile concentration did not differ among roosters characterized by extreme SQI scores. In summary, the AviMate sperm quality analyzer did not predict sperm mobility phenotype.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Spinal mobility in young children. A normative study.

The purpose of this study was to collect values of back mobility on healthy children between the ages of 5 and 9 years. Normative values of back mobility have not been established for children under 10 years of age. Measurements of anterior and lateral spinal flexion were obtained from 282 children, using a standard flexion measurement procedure. Intraclass correlation estimates of reliability ranged from .77 to .89, indicating acceptable agreement and stability across and within raters. Girls demonstrated greater mobility than boys in all three measurements. Post hoc trend analyses revealed consistent increases in left and right lateral flexion with increasing age. No linear trend existed for anterior flexion. Using these data, we developed normative values of back mobility for each sex and age grouping. These measures of back mobility will provide the clinician with an empirically validated comparison to help identify early restrictions in back mobility in children with juvenile arthritis and other pediatric populations who are at risk for restrictions in back mobility. Early identification may lead to better prevention and more timely and effective treatment programs.

Back↗

PubMed1991

Joint mobilization for children with central nervous system disorders: indications and precautions.

Because clinicians are introducing joint mobilization into treatment programs for children with cerebral palsy, we felt that a review of the procedure and its scientific basis would be timely. The goals of the introductory section of this article are to define joint mobilization as it has been used for adults with musculoskeletal disabilities, to discuss various rationales for its effects, to describe contraindications and precautions for its use, and to discuss its efficacy as reported in the research literature. The latter part of the article deals with the use of joint mobilization for children with central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In an effort to understand precautions for the use of joint mobilization in children, musculoskeletal development will be described both for typically developing children and for children with spastic cerebral palsy. Indications for using joint mobilization techniques in children with spasticity will be outlined. Specific neurodevelopmental disabilities for which joint mobilization would be strongly contraindicated will be listed. Finally, future research directions in evaluating reliability of assessment of joint dysfunction and efficacy of joint mobilization in children will be discussed.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1995

Interrater reliability of lumbar accessory motion mobility testing.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study examined the interrater agreement, or reliability, of accessory motion mobility testing of the lumbar spine in patients with low back pain. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 18 patients with low back pain referred to the physical therapy outpatient department of a university teaching hospital. METHODS: Six orthopedic physical therapists evaluated the posterior-anterior (P-A) accessory motion mobility at each of six levels, L-1 to the sacral base, on each subject. The mobility was recorded on a nine-point scale, and reproduction of pain was noted. The physical therapists noted any level at which mobility or pain findings were of significance to treat. To evaluate agreement on the identification of spinal levels, therapists were asked to identify one spinous process, which was arbitrarily marked on each subject. Kappa analyses and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to evaluate agreement on the level of the marked segment and the mobility at that level, respectively. RESULTS: The ICC for determination of the marked level was R(2,1) = .69 (95% confidence interval = .53-.82). The ICC for mobility findings at the marked level was R(2,1) = .25 (95% confidence interval = 0-.44). A secondary Kappa analysis to determine agreement on treatment decision making demonstrated similarly low levels of agreement. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: There is poor interrater agreement on determination of the segmental level of a marked spinous process. There is poor interrater reliability of P-A accessory mobility testing in the absence of corroborating clinical data. Caution should be exercised when physical therapists make clinical decisions related to the evaluation of motion at a specific spinal level using P-A accessory motion testing.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Evidence-based policy? The use of mobile phones in hospital.

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based policies have become increasingly accepted in clinical practice. However, policies on many of the non-clinical activities that take place in health care facilities may be less frequently evidence based. METHODS: We carried out a review of literature on safety of mobile phones in hospitals and survey of practice in selected European countries. RESULTS: When first evidence on the dangers of electronic interference associated with mobile phones appeared in the 1990s, hospitals in many countries introduced complete bans on mobile phones. Yet a review of recent evidence suggests that there is no significant risk from using mobile phones in hospitals as long as they are more than a metre away from sensitive equipment, whereas the risk to the most modern equipment is even less. With the technological evolution of mobile phones, the residual risk of interference appears to be minimal and controllable. Although some countries are reluctant to relax regulation, others now limit bans to areas in which sensitive equipment is used and some discourage the use of mobile phones on the grounds of noise exposure. CONCLUSION: With new technology on the doorstep, the potential benefits and risks associated with mobile phones should be examined explicitly in the light of the evidence.

Cell Phone↗

PubMed1998

Sperm mobility: a quantitative trait of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Sperm from each rooster within a base population (n = 271) were evaluated with a mobility assay validated in previous work. Frequency analysis confirmed a normal distribution for the variable of sperm mobility. Repeated-measure analysis of males categorized by phenotype demonstrated that average and high sperm mobility phenotypes were distinct and independent of time. Sperm morphology, fertilizing ability, and ATP content were compared between phenotypes. Fertility and sperm ATP content differed (p < 0.001) between phenotypes, whereas sperm morphology did not (p > 0.05). Experimentation with washed sperm demonstrated that phenotype was fully expressed when mitochondrial respiration was the only source of ATP. Sperm mobility increased (p < 0.001) when sperm from average males were exposed to calyculin A, a protein phosphatase inhibitor. Correlation analyses were performed with data from a subpopulation (n = 46) whose range, mean, and variance were equivalent to those of the base population. Neither body weight nor the combined weight of the testes was correlated with sperm mobility (r = -0.02 and 0.01, respectively). In contrast, sperm ATP content was correlated with sperm mobility (r = 0.80). We attribute phenotypic differences in sperm mobility to differential rates of mitochondrial ATP synthesis.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1999

Sperm mobility: A primary determinant of fertility in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Previous research demonstrated that sperm mobility is a quantitative trait of the domestic fowl. The trait is quantified by measuring the absorbance of an Accudenz solution after overlay with a sperm suspension and brief incubation at body temperature. In the present work, average and high sperm mobility phenotypes (n = 30 males per phenotype) were selected from a base population. Differences were found between sperm oxygen consumption (p < 0.0001), acylcarnitine content (p < 0.05), linear velocity (p < 0.001), and straightness (p < 0.001), a trajectory variable measured with the Hobson SpermTracker. Oxygen consumption and stearoylcarnitine content of sperm from the high-mobility phenotype were twice those observed with sperm from average males, implying a pivotal role for mitochondria. On the basis of these results, a graded relationship was predicted between fertility and sperm mobility. Males (n = 48) were chosen at random from another base population, sperm mobility was measured per male, and each ejaculate was used to inseminate 8-12 hens (8 x 10(7) viable sperm per hen). When fertility was plotted as a function of sperm mobility, data points approximated a skewed logistic function. The hypothesis that vaginal immunoglobulins constitute an immunological barrier to sperm transport was tested and rejected. Therefore, we concluded that sperm mobility is a primary determinant of fertility in the fowl.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Atrial natriuretic peptide contributes to physiological control of lipid mobilization in humans.

In humans, lipid mobilization is considered to depend mainly on sympathetic nervous system activation and catecholamine action. A contribution of ANP was hypothesized because we have previously shown that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a lipolytic agent on isolated human fat cells. Control of lipid-mobilizing mechanisms was investigated using in situ microdialysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) in healthy young men during two successive exercise bouts performed at 35% and 60% peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) after placebo or acute oral tertatolol (nonselective beta-antagonist) treatment. In placebo-treated subjects, infusion of propranolol in the probe (100 micromol/l) only partially reduced (40%) the increment in extracellular glycerol concentration (EGC) promoted by exercise. Moreover, oral beta-adrenergic receptor blockade did not prevent exercise-induced lipid mobilization in SCAT while exerting fat cell beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Exercise-induced increase in plasma ANP was potently amplified by oral tertatolol. A positive correlation was found between EGC and plasma ANP levels but also between extracellular cGMP (i.e., index of ANP-mediated lipolysis) and EGC. Thus, we demonstrate that exercise-induced lipid mobilization resistant to local propranolol and lipid-mobilizing action observed under oral beta-blockade is related to the action of ANP. Oral beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, which potentiates exercise-induced ANP release by the heart, may contribute to lipid mobilization in SCAT. The potential relevance of an ANP-related lipid-mobilizing pathway is discussed.

Adipocytes↗

PubMed1994

Volatile anesthetics and agonist-induced contractions in porcine coronary artery smooth muscle and Ca2+ mobilization in cultured immortalized vascular smooth muscle cells.

BACKGROUND: These experiments addressed four specific questions. Do isoflurane and halothane (0.5-3.0% in the gas phase) inhibit contractions evoked in isolated porcine coronary artery rings (without endothelium) by the specific Ca2+ mobilizing agonists serotonin, endothelin-1, and F-? Are contractions evoked by phorbol-activated protein kinase C inhibited by the anesthetics? In a well-characterized vascular smooth muscle cell culture model (A7r5 and A10), do the anesthetics attenuate serotonin- and endothelin-induced Ca2+ mobilization? Do the anesthetics inhibit intracellular Ca2+ mobilization via facilitated cAMP formation? METHODS: Tension was measured in rings suspended in organ chambers. Apparent intracellular Ca2+ was estimated in cells using indo-1 and flow cytometry. Cyclic AMP was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: At the anesthetic concentrations examined, isoflurane attenuated contractions evoked by serotonin and F- but not those induced by endothelin-1 or phorbol dibutyrate. In cells, isoflurane 2% attenuated 3 x 10(-5) M serotonin-induced Ca2+ mobilization by about 26%, whereas Ca2+ responses evoked by endothelin 10(-8) M were more resistant to anesthetic inhibitory effect. Halothane attenuated contractions in rings evoked by serotonin, endothelin, and F- but lacked effect on phorbol-induced responses. In cells, halothane 2% inhibited Ca2+ mobilization induced by serotonin by about 43% and that induced by endothelin by about 31%. Neither anesthetic facilitated cAMP formation. CONCLUSIONS: Isoflurane and halothane variably attenuated contractions evoked by Ca2+ mobilizing agonists--by a cellular action beyond the receptor level--but did not inhibit phorbol activated protein kinase C. Serotonin- and endothelin-induced Ca2+ mobilization was inhibited by isoflurane and halothane--but the mechanism does not depend upon increased cAMP.

Aluminum Compounds↗

PubMed2002

The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention.

The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of acute mobile phone exposure on a range of tasks which tapped capacity and processing speed within the attentional system. Thirty-eight healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to either an experimental group which was exposed to a connected mobile phone or a control group in which the mobile phone was switched off. Subjects remained blind to mobile phone status throughout duration of study. The experimental group were exposed to an electromagnetic field emitted by a 900 MHz mobile phone for 30 min. Cognitive performance was assessed at three points (prior to mobile phone exposure, at 15 and 30 min post-exposure) using six cognitive neuropsychological tests (digit span and spatial span forwards and backwards, serial subtraction and verbal fluency). Significant differences between the two groups were evident after 5 min on two tests of attentional capacity (digit span forwards and spatial span backwards) and one of processing speed (serial subtraction). In all three instances, performance was facilitated following mobile phone exposure. No deficits were evident. These findings are discussed in terms of possible functional and neuroanatomical bases.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Traditional measures of mobility performance and retinitis pigmentosa.

This study evaluated the effects of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) on mobility performance (walking speed, mobility incidents) under conditions of normal and reduced illumination and on self-perceived mobility difficulties. The results showed that RP subjects travel more slowly than the normally sighted subjects, that both normally sighted and RP subjects travel more slowly under reduced illumination, and that RP subjects are five times more likely to have a mobility incident under reduced illumination than the normally sighted subjects. Walking speed was significantly correlated with the visual characteristics: log minimum angle of resolution (log MAR), log peak contrast sensitivity (log CS), and visual field extent. Nearly 70% of the variance in the RP subjects' walking speed was accounted for by log CS and visual field extent. Responses on a mobility questionnaire showed that 80% of the RP subjects experienced mobility difficulty. Furthermore, self-reported, mobility-related behaviors were statistically related to walking speed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Blood flow in mobilized nerves: results in a rabbit sciatic nerve model.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immediate effect on capillary blood flow of surgical mobilization of 15 cm of the rabbit sciatic and tibial nerve. Capillary nerve blood flow was determined with 16-micron radioactive microspheres. Thirty-seven rabbits were divided into six groups. In the control group A (n = 7), the in situ nerve blood flow was determined. In group B (n = 7), the nerve was mobilized, leaving only the proximal and distal endoneurial vascular supplies; blood flow increased compared with in situ values in most segments. In group C (n = 5), the nerve was mobilized as in group B, but also transected distally; blood flow was markedly decreased in the distal segments but was maintained up to a diameter-to-length ratio of 1:63. In group D (n = 6), the nerve was not mobilized, but was transected proximally and distally; blood flow increased in all segments. In group E (n = 5), the nerve was mobilized and transected proximally and distally, leaving only nerve branches intact; blood flow was significantly higher in segments of the nerve from which nerve branches originated with the nerve receiving blood flow through its branches. In group F (n = 6), the nerve was mobilized, all extrinsic vessels except one were transected, and the proximal and distal nerve was transected; flow was maintained to a diameter:length ratio of 1:41 from the source of blood flow. Therefore, it does appear that long lengths of nerve may be mobilized and transposed while maintaining sufficient blood flow.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

The significance of high lumbar mobility and low lumbar strength for current and future low back pain in adolescents.

STUDY DESIGN: This study comprised a cross-sectional part and a prospective part. OBJECTIVE: To study whether low lumbar extension strength, high lumbar mobility, and high mobility-extension strength ratios are related to current and future low back pain in adolescents. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Knowledge is sparse about the significance of lumbar mobility and strength for low back pain in adolescents. METHODS: The study population included all the adolescents in the eighth and ninth grades of a rural municipality (n = 44) and in an urban area (n = 61) during the 1996-1997 school year. At baseline, 88 adolescents (mean age, 14.7 years) participated in the study, giving a response rate of 84%. Low back pain was assessed by questionnaire as pain or discomfort in the low back during the preceding year. Sagittal lumbar mobility was tested by Schober's modified technique, and lumbar strength as static endurance extension strength. The follow-up part was conducted 3 years later, which included 98% of the adolescents. RESULTS: By bivariate and multivariate analyses in the cross-sectional part of the study, low back pain was found to be highly associated with low lumbar extension strength (P = 0.004-0.02), and high lumbar mobility-extension strength ratios (P = 0.005-0.04). Baseline low lumbar extension strength and high lumbar sagittal mobility-extension strength ratios (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively) predicted low back pain at follow-up assessment in multivariate analyses when control was used for gender, previous low back pain, physical activity, and well-being. No associations were found between plain sagittal mobility and low back pain. CONCLUSION: The study findings support theories suggesting insufficient strength and stability in the low back as important factors for both concurrent and future low back pain in adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Mobile bearings do not improve fixation in cemented total knee arthroplasty.

UNLABELLED: Mobile bearings were introduced to improve wear and knee kinematics. By uncoupling the forces generated at the articulation from the implant-bone interface this would, theoretically, also improve the fixation of the implant to bone. We did this study to evaluate whether mobile bearings improve the fixation of the tibial component to bone. Fifty-two consecutive knees in 47 patients (average age, 72 years; range, 62-84 years) with primary osteoarthrosis were randomized into two groups to receive a cemented total knee arthroplasty with either a fixed-bearing or mobile-bearing tibial component. The quality of fixation was analyzed with radiostereometric analysis for up to 2 years. Mobile bearings did not improve fixation. Both magnitudes and directions of component rotations were similar, and the number of implants with continuous migration was almost identical. Both implant types had a combination of subsidence and lift-off, but where the mobile bearing implants displayed more of subsidence, the fixed bearing knees showed more lift-off. It might be that the somewhat stiffer cobalt-chromium baseplate or the different joint conformity used in the mobile-bearing knees counteracts any potential effects of the mobile bearing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level I. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

The relationship between functional mobility and the intensity of physical therapy intervention in children with traumatic brain injury.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to describe the types of physical therapy (PT) procedural interventions used during inpatient rehabilitation for children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to examine the relationship between intensity of intervention and mobility changes. METHODS: We examined a consecutive series of 80 records of children and adolescents (mean age = 10.3 years) with TBI. Intensity of PT was calculated as the number of 15-minute PT units of service per day/length of stay. We used the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) to calculate mobility change scores between admission and discharge and the achievement of a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) consisting of an 11-point change. We used a series of hierarchical and logistic regression analyses to identify the relationship of PT intensity to mobility changes, while controlling for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: Therapeutic exercise was the most frequently recorded intervention. On average, PT intensity was provided at a level of 3.1 units (46.5 minutes) per day. After controlling for severity and age, intensity was significantly related to change in PEDI mobility scores; this effect was removed when controlling for admission scores. The MCID was related to PT intensity, even when controlling for initial status. CONCLUSIONS: Although the magnitude of the correspondence is small, the intensity of PT intervention in an inpatient rehabilitation hospital is related to positive changes in functional mobility scores and the achievement of an MCID. However, initial mobility status is an essential factor in the interpretation of change scores. Future studies are needed to determine whether controlled variations of PT service intensity have a differential effect on mobility recovery during inpatient rehabilitation.

Journal Article↗